Abstract
Temperature-dependent change in refractive index of photonic waveguide devices is useful in several applications such as thermo-optic (TO) wavelength tuning and TO switching. The TO effect, however, becomes a significant burden in wavelength-filtering devices such as ring resonators and arrayed waveguide gratings (AWG) which need stable operation independent of ambient temperature. Precise temperature control is usually necessary for the stable functioning of the wavelength filters, and it cannot but cause the problem of high power consumption and high production cost. Silicon has a very high TO coefficient compared to silica, and the temperature dependence is one of the big hurdles that must be overcome to realize a massive commercialization of silicon photonics technology. This chapter reviews the various approaches to overcome the high temperature-dependent wavelength shift of photonic waveguide devices and discuss the possibility of athermal technology suitable for the silicon photonics industry.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsReferences
Y. Kokubun, N. Funato, M. Takizawa, Athermal waveguides for temperature-independent lightwave devices. Photon. Technol. Lett. 5, 1297–1300 (1993)
Y. Kokubun, M. Takizawa, S. Taga, Three-dimensional athermal waveguides for temperature independent lightwave devices. Electron. Lett. 30, 1223–1224 (1994)
Y. Kokubun, S. Yoneda, S. Matsuura, Temperature-independent optical filter at 1.55 pm wavelength using a silica-based athermal waveguide. Electron. Lett. 34, 367–369 (1998)
Y. Inoue, A. Kaneko, F. Hanawa, H. Takahashi, K. Hattori, S. Sumida, Athermal silica-based arrayed-waveguide grating multiplexer. Electron. Lett. 33, 1945–1947 (1997)
T. Saito, K. Nara, Y. Nekado, J. Hasegawa, K. Kashihara, 100 GHz-32ch athermal AWG with extremely low temperature dependency of center wavelength, in Proceedings of the Optical Fiber Communication Conference, MF47, Atlanta (2003)
J. Hasegawa, K. Kashihara, Ultra-low-loss athermal AWG module with a large number of channels, Furukawa Review No. 26 (2004)
P. Dumon, G. Priem, L.R. Nunes, W. Bogaerts, D.V. Thourhout, P. Bienstman, T.K. Liang, M. Tsuchiya, P. Jaenen, S. Beckx, J. Wouters, R. Baets, Linear and nonlinear nanophotonic devices based on silicon-on-insulator wire waveguides. Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 45, 6589–6602 (2006)
T. Baehr-Jones, M. Hochberg, C. Walker, E. Chan, D. Koshinz, W. Krug, A. Scherer, Analysis of the tuning sensitivity of silicon-on-insulator optical ring resonators. J. Lightwave Technol. 23, 4215–4221 (2005)
W.N. Ye, J. Michel, L.C. Kimerling, Athermal high-index-contrast waveguide design. Photon. Technol. Lett. 20, 882–884 (2008)
V. Raghunathan, W.N. Ye, J. Hu, T. Izuhara, J. Michel, L. Kimerling, Athermal operation of Silicon waveguides spectral, second order and footprint dependencies, Opt. Express 18, 17631–17639 (2010)
M. M. de Lima, Jr., R. G. Lacerda, J. Vilcarromero, and F. C. Marques, Coefficient of thermal expansion and elastic modulus of thin films, J.Appl. Phys. 86, 4936-4942 (1999)
National Physical Laboratory Kaye and Laby Table of Physical and Chemical Constants, Version 1.1, (2010), http://www.kayelaby.npl.co.uk/general_physics/2_3/2_3_5.html, and http://www.kayelaby.npl.co.uk/chemistry/3_11/3_11_1.html
G.T. Jhonston, Wavelength dependence of dn/dT in infrared-transmitting semiconductor materials. Appl. Opt. 16, 1796–1797 (1977)
Y.P. Varshni, Temperature dependence of the energy gap in semiconductors. Physica 34, 149–154 (1967)
J. Bovington, R. Wu, K.-T. Cheng, J.E. Bowers, Thermal stress implications in athermal TiO2 waveguides on a silicon substrate. Opt. Express 22, 661–666 (2014)
J.-M. Lee, Influence of titania cladding on SOI grating coupler and 5 μm-radius ring resonator. Opt. Commun. 338, 101–105 (2015)
J.-M. Lee, D.-J. Kim, H.-K. Ahn, S.-H. Park, G. Kim, Temperature dependence of silicon nanophotonic ring resonator with a polymeric overlayer. J. Lightwave Technol. 25, 2236–2243 (2007)
J.-M. Lee, D.-J. Kim, G.-H. Kim, O.-K. Kwon, K.-J. Kim, G. Kim, Controlling temperature dependence of silicon waveguide using slot structure. Opt. Express 16, 1645–1652 (2008)
V.R. Almeida, Q. Xu, C.A. Barrios, M. Lipson, Guiding and confining light in void nanostructure. Opt. Lett. 29, 1209–1211 (2004)
J. Teng, P. Dumon, W. Bogaerts, H. Zhang, X. Jian, X. Han, M. Zhao, G. Morthier, R. Baets, Athermal silicon-on-insulator ring resonators by overlaying a polymer cladding on narrowed waveguides. Opt. Express 17, 14627–14633 (2009)
L. Wang, W. Bogaerts, P. Dumon, S.K. Selvaraja, J. Teng, S. Pathak, X. Han, J. Wang, X. Jian, M. Zhao, R. Baets, G. Morthier, Athermal arrayed waveguide gratings in silicon-on insulator by overlaying a polymer cladding on narrowed arrayed waveguides. Appl. Opt. 51, 1251–1256 (2012)
V. Raghunathan, T. Izuhara, J. Michel, L. Kimerling, Stability of polymer-dielectric bi-layers for athermal silicon photonics. Opt. Express 20, 16059–16066 (2012)
P. Alipour, A.H. Atabaki, A.A. Eftekhar, A. Adibi, Titania-Clad Microresonators on SOI with athermal performance, in Proceedings of the Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics, JThE44 , San Jose (2010)
S.S. Djordjevic, K. Shang, B. Guan, S.T.S. Cheung, L. Liao, J. Basak, H.-F. Liu, S.J.B. Yoo, CMOS-compatible, athermal silicon ring modulators clad with titanium dioxide. Opt. Express 21, 13958–13968 (2013)
M. Uenuma, T. Moooka, Temperature-independent silicon waveguide optical filter. Opt. Lett. 34, 599–601 (2009)
B. Guha, A. Gondarenko, M. Lipson, Minimizing temperature sensitivity of silicon Mach–Zehnder interferometers. Opt. Express 18, 1879–1887 (2010)
S. Dwivedi, H. D’heer, W. Bogaerts, A compact all-silicon temperature insensitive filter for WDM and bio-sensing applications, Photon. Technol. Lett. 25, 2167–2170 (2013)
J.-M. Lee, M-S. Kim, C.J. Oton, M. Fournier, P. Labeye, F. Testa, CMOS-compatible Athermal 400 GHz-spaced MZI Interleaver, in Proceedings of the CLEO Pacific Rim, 25J2-2, Busan, Korea (2015)
J.R. Devore, Refractive indices of rutile and sphalerite. J. Opt. Soc. Am. 41, 416–419 (1951)
M.R. Saleem, P. Silfsten, S. Honkanen, J. Turunen, Thermal properties of TiO2 films grown by atomic layer deposition. Thin Solid Films 520, 5442–5446 (2012)
B. Guha, J. Cardenas, M. Lipson, Athermal silicon microring resonators with titanium oxide cladding. Opt. Express 21, 26557–26563 (2013)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2016 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Lee, JM. (2016). Athermal Silicon Photonics. In: Pavesi, L., Lockwood, D. (eds) Silicon Photonics III. Topics in Applied Physics, vol 122. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-10503-6_3
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-10503-6_3
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-10502-9
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-10503-6
eBook Packages: Physics and AstronomyPhysics and Astronomy (R0)