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Strategies for Adaptation to Waterlogging and Hypoxia in Nitrogen Fixing Nodules of Legumes

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Waterlogging Signalling and Tolerance in Plants

Abstract

Symbiotic nitrogen fixation between legumes and rhizobia bacteria occurs in a microaerobic environment within a specialized organ, the root nodule. The fixation of dinitrogen requires a considerable energy input and a high respiratory rate, but the fundamental nitrogen fixation enzyme, nitrogenase, is inactivated by free oxygen. Because of this apparent conundrum, the diffusion of oxygen into the nodule infection zone is exquisitely regulated in response to multiple environmental cues, and becomes sensitive to alterations in the external rhizosphere oxygen tension. As a result, most legumes are sensitive to waterlogging, showing reductions in nodulation and productivity in flooded soils. Nevertheless, certain legumes have evolved developmental strategies to modulate the pathway of oxygen diffusion to the nodule, the patterns of nodule formation on roots and stems, and altered pathways of bacterial invasion to adapt to flooding conditions. In the present chapter, the regulation of oxygen diffusion and adaptations to waterlogged conditions by nitrogen fixing nodules of flooding-sensitive and flooding-tolerant legumes are discussed.

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Abbreviations

ACC:

1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate

GA:

Gibberellic acid

IT:

Infection thread

K m :

Michaelis constant

kPa:

kilopascal

LRB:

Lateral root boundary

Oi :

Free oxygen concentration within the infected cells

PIP:

Plasma membrane intrinsic protein

P f :

Osmotic water permeability

RHC:

Root hair curling

ROS:

Reactive oxygen species

TIP:

Tonoplast intrinsic protein

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Acknowledgments

Supported by National Science Foundation grant MCB-0618075 to DMR.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA

    Daniel M. Roberts & Won Gyu Choi

  2. Program in Genome Science and Technology, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA

    Daniel M. Roberts & Jin Ha Hwang

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Correspondence to Daniel M. Roberts .

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  1. Dipto. Ortoflorofrutticoltura, Università Firenze, Viale delle Idee 30, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019, Italy

    Stefano Mancuso

  2. School of Agricultural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia

    Sergey Shabala

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Roberts, D.M., Choi, W.G., Hwang, J.H. (2010). Strategies for Adaptation to Waterlogging and Hypoxia in Nitrogen Fixing Nodules of Legumes. In: Mancuso, S., Shabala, S. (eds) Waterlogging Signalling and Tolerance in Plants. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-10305-6_3

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