Abstract
An ideal isotropic fiber propagates undisturbed in any state of polarization launched into the fiber. Under ideal conditions of perfect cylindrical geometry and isotropic material, a mode excited with its polarization in one direction would not couple with the mode in the orthogonal direction. Real fibers possess some amount of anisotropy because of an accidental loss of circular symmetry. This loss is due to either a non-circular geometry of the fiber or a non-symmetrical stress field in the fiber cross section. Thus, small deviations from the cylindrical geometry or small fluctuations in material anisotropy result in a mixing of the two polarization states and the mode degeneracy is broken. Thus, the mode propagation constant becomes slightly different for the modes polarized in orthogonal directions. This property is referred to as modal birefringence [35].
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Biswas, A., Milovic, D., Edwards, M. (2010). Birefringent Fibers. In: Mathematical Theory of Dispersion-Managed Optical Solitons. Nonlinear Physical Science. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-10220-2_4
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