Skip to main content

Point Defects and Impurities in Bulk GaN Studied by Positron Annihilation Spectroscopy

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Technology of Gallium Nitride Crystal Growth

Part of the book series: Springer Series in Materials Science ((SSMATERIALS,volume 133))

Abstract

Positron annihilation spectroscopy is an experimental technique that allows for the selective detection of vacancy defects in semiconductors, providing a means to both identify and quantify them. This chapter first gives a short introduction to positron annihilation techniques, and then proceeds to present an overview of the positron studies of vacancy defects and impurities in bulk and quasi-bulk GaN. Both the in-grown and processing induced defects are addressed.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. R.N. West, Adv. Phys. 22, 263 (1973)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  2. P.J. Schultz, K.G. Lynn, Rev. Mod. Phys. 60, 701 (1988)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  3. M.J. Puska, R.M. Nieminen, Rev. Mod. Phys. 66, 841 (1994)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  4. P. Asoka-Kumar, K.G. Lynn, D.O. Welch, J. Appl. Phys. 76, 4935 (1994)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  5. P. Hautojärvi (ed.), Topics in Current Physics, vol. 12, Positrons in Solids (Springer, Heidelberg, 1979)

    Google Scholar 

  6. W. Brandt, A. Dupasquier (eds.), Positron Solid-State Physics (North-Holland, Amsterdam, 1983)

    Google Scholar 

  7. A. Dupasquier, A.P. Mills Jr., (eds.), Proceedings of the International School of Physics Enrico Fermi Course CXXV, Positron Spectroscopy of Solids (IOS, Amsterdam, 1995)

    Google Scholar 

  8. K. Saarinen, P. Hautojärvi, C. Corbel, in Identification of Defects in Semiconductors, Semiconductors and Semimetals, vol. 51A, ed. by M. Stavola (Academic, New York, 1998), p. 209

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  9. R. Krause-Rehberg, H.S. Leipner, Positron Annihilation in Semiconductors (Springer, Heidelberg, 1999)

    Google Scholar 

  10. K. Saarinen, in III–V Nitride Semiconductors: Electrical, Structural and Defects Properties, ed. by M.O. Manasreh (Elsevier, Amsterdam, 2000), p. 109

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  11. K. Saarinen, T. Laine, S. Kuisma, J. Nissilä, P. Hautojärvi, L. Dobrzyński, J.M. Baranowski, K. Pakula, R. Stepniewski, M. Wojdak, A. Wysmołek, T. Suski, M. Leszczyński, I. Grzegory, S. Porowski, Phys. Rev. Lett. 79, 3030 (1997)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  12. K. Saarinen, J. Nissilä, P. Hautojärvi, J. Likonen, T. Suski, I. Grzegory, B. Łucznik, S. Porowski, Appl. Phys. Lett. 75, 2441 (1999)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  13. K. Saarinen, J. Nissilä, J. Oila, V. Ranki, M. Hakala, M.J. Puska, P. Hautojärvi, J. Likonen, T. Suski, I. Grzegory, B. Łucznik, S. Porowski, Phys. B 274, 33 (1999)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  14. T. Suski, E. Litwin-Staszewska, P. Perlin, P. Wiśniewski, H. Teisseyre, I. Grzegory, M. Boćkowski, S. Porowski, K. Saarinen, J. Nissilä, J. Cryst. Growth 230, 368 (2001)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  15. K. Saarinen, V. Ranki, T. Suski, M. Boćkowski, I. Grzegory, J. Cryst. Growth 246, 281 (2002)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  16. F. Tuomisto, T. Suski, H. Teisseyre, M. Kryśko, M. Leszczyński, B. Łucznik, I. Grzegory, S. Porowski, D. Wasik, A. Witowski, W. Gȩbicki, P. Hageman, K. Saarinen, Phys. Status Solidi (B) 240, 289 (2003)

    Google Scholar 

  17. F. Tuomisto, K. Saarinen, B. Łucznik, I. Grzegory, H. Teisseyre, T. Suski, S. Porowski, P.R. Hageman, J. Likonen, Appl. Phys. Lett. 86, 031915 (2005)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  18. J. Oila, J. Kivioja, V. Ranki, K. Saarinen, D.C. Look, R.J. Molnar, S.S. Park, S.K. Lee, J.Y. Han, Appl. Phys. Lett. 82, 3433 (2003)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  19. D. Gogova, A. Kasic, H. Larsson, B. Pécz, R. Yakimova, B. Magnusson, B. Monemar, F. Tuomisto, K. Saarinen, C. Miskys, M. Stutzmann, C. Bundesmann, M. Schubert, Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 43, 1264 (2004)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  20. D. Gogova, A. Kasic, H. Larsson, B. Monemar, F. Tuomisto, K. Saarinen, L. Dobos, B. Pécz, P. Gibart, B. Beaumont, J. Appl. Phys. 96, 799 (2004)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  21. T. Paskova, P.P. Paskov, E.M. Goldys, E. Valcheva, V. Darakchieva, U. Södervall, M. Godlewski, M. Zieliński, S. Hautakangas, K. Saarinen, C.F. Carlström, Q. Wahab, B. Monemar, J. Cryst. Growth 273, 118 (2004)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  22. M. Misheva, H. Larsson, D. Gogova, B. Monemar, Phys. Status Solidi (A) 202, 713 (2005)

    Google Scholar 

  23. D. Gogova, C. Hemmingsson, B. Monemar, E. Talik, M. Kruczek, F. Tuomisto, K. Saarinen, J. Phys. D Appl. Phys. 38, 2332 (2005)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  24. S. Hautakangas, V. Ranki, I. Makkonen, M.J. Puska, K. Saarinen, L. Liszkay, D. Seghier, H.P. Gislason, J.A. Freitas, R.L. Henry, X. Xu, D.C. Look, Phys. B 376, 424 (2006)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  25. D. Gogova, D. Siche, R. Fornari, B. Monemar, P. Gibart, L. Dobos, B. Pecz, F. Tuomisto, R. Bayazitov, G. Zollo, Semicond. Sci. Tech. 21, 702 (2006)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  26. S. Hautakangas, I. Makkonen, V. Ranki, M.J. Puska, K. Saarinen, X. Xu, D.C. Look, Phys. Rev. B 73, 193301 (2006)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  27. F. Tuomisto, T. Paskova, S. Figge, D. Hommel, B. Monemar, J. Cryst. Growth 300, 251 (2007)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  28. F. Tuomisto, T. Paskova, R. Kröger, S. Figge, D. Hommel, B. Monemar, R. Kersting, Appl. Phys. Lett. 90, 121915 (2007)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  29. K. Saarinen, S. Hautakangas, F. Tuomisto, Phys. Scripta. T126, 105 (2006)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  30. K. Saarinen, T. Suski, I. Grzegory, D.C. Look, Phys. Rev. B 64, 233201 (2001)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  31. K. Saarinen, T. Suski, I. Grzegory, D.C. Look, Phys. B 308, 77 (2001)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  32. F. Tuomisto, K. Saarinen, T. Paskova, B. Monemar, M. Bockowski, T. Suski, J. Appl. Phys. 99, 066105 (2006)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  33. F. Tuomisto, S. Hautakangas, I. Makkonen, V. Ranki, M.J. Puska, K. Saarinen, M. Bockowski, T. Suski, T. Paskova, B. Monemar, Phys. Status Solidi (B) 243, 1436 (2006)

    Google Scholar 

  34. F. Tuomisto, V. Ranki, D.C. Look, G.C. Farlow, Phys. Rev. B 76, 165207 (2007)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  35. F. Tuomisto, D.C. Look, G.C. Farlow, Phys. B 401–402, 604 (2007)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. S. Valkealahti, R.M. Nieminen, Appl. Phys. A 35, 51 (1984)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  37. I. Makkonen, M. Hakala, M.J. Puska, Phys. Rev. B 73, 035103 (2006)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  38. M. Alatalo, B. Barbiellini, M. Hakala, H. Kauppinen, T. Korhonen, M.J. Puska, K. Saarinen, P. Hautojärvi, R.M. Nieminen, Phys. Rev. B 54, 2397 (1996)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  39. I. Makkonen, M.J. Puska, Phys. Rev. B 76, 054119 (2007)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  40. K. Saarinen, P. Hautojärvi, A. Vehanen, R. Krause, G. Dlubek, Phys. Rev. B 39, 5287 (1989)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  41. C. Corbel, F. Pierre, K. Saarinen, P. Hautojärvi, P. Moser, Phys. Rev. B 45, 3386 (1992)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  42. M.J. Puska, C. Corbel, R.M. Nieminen, Phys. Rev. B 41, 9980 (1990)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  43. J. Mäkinen, C. Corbel, P. Hautojärvi, P. Moser, F. Pierre, Phys. Rev. B 39, 10162 (1989)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  44. J. Mäkinen, P. Hautojärvi, C. Corbel, J. Phys. Condens. Mat. 4, 5137 (1992)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  45. K. Saarinen, S. Kuisma, J. Mäkinen, P. Hautojärvi, M. Törnqvist, C. Corbel, Phys. Rev. B 51, 14152 (1995)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  46. D. Schödlbauer, P. Sperr, G. Kögel, W. Triftshäuser, Nucl. Instrum. Methods B 34, 258 (1988)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  47. R. Suzuki, Y. Kobayashi, T. Mikado, H. Ohgaki, M. Chiwaki, T. Yamazaki, T. Tomimatsu, Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 30, L532 (1991)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  48. M. Alatalo, H. Kauppinen, K. Saarinen, M.J. Puska, J. Mäkinen, P. Hautojärvi, R.M. Nieminen, Phys. Rev. B 51, 4176 (1995)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  49. P. Asoka-Kumar, M. Alatalo, V.J. Ghosh, A.C. Kruseman, B. Nielsen, K.G. Lynn, Phys. Rev. Lett. 77, 2097 (1996)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  50. S. Hautakangas, J. Oila, M. Alatalo, K. Saarinen, L. Liszkay, D. Seghier, H.P. Gislason, Phys. Rev. Lett. 90, 137402 (2003)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  51. E. Frayssinet, W. Knap, S. Krukowski, P. Perlin, P. Wisniewski, T. Suski, I. Grzegory, S. Porowski, J. Cryst. Growth 230, 442 (2001)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  52. F. Tuomisto, A. Pelli, K.M. Yu, W. Walukiewicz, W.J. Schaff, Phys. Rev. B 75, 193201 (2007)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  53. J. Neugebauer, C.G. Van de Walle, Appl. Phys. Lett. 69, 503 (1996)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  54. J. Oila, V. Ranki, J. Kivioja, K. Saarinen, P. Hautojärvi, J. Likonen, J.M. Baranowski, K. Pakula, T. Suski, M. Leszczynski, I. Grzegory, Phys. Rev. B 63, 045205 (2001)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  55. Y. Nakano, T. Kachi, J. Appl. Phys. 91, 884 (2002)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  56. A. Uedono, K. Ito, H. Nakamori, K. Mori, Y. Nakano, T. Kachi, S. Ishibashi, T. Ohdaira, R. Suzuki, J. Appl. Phys. 102, 084505 (2007)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  57. T. Paskova, D. Hommel, P.P. Paskov, V. Darakchieva, B. Monemar, M. Bockowski, T. Suski, I. Grzegory, F. Tuomisto, K. Saarinen, N. Ashkenov, M. Schubert, Appl. Phys. Lett. 88, 141909 (2006)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  58. T. Mattila, R.M. Nieminen, Phys. Rev. B 55, 9571 (1997)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  59. D.C. Look, G.C. Farlow, P.J. Drevinsky, D.F. Bliss, J.R. Sizelove, Appl. Phys. Lett. 83, 3525 (2003)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  60. B. Szucs, A. Gali, Z. Hajnal, P. Deak, C.G. Van de Walle, Phys. Rev. B 68, 085202 (2003)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  61. S. Limpijumnong, C.G. Van de Walle, Phys. Rev. B 69, 035207 (2004)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  62. K.H. Chow, L.S. Vlasenko, P. Johannesen, C. Bozdog, G.D. Watkins, A. Usui, H. Sunakawa, C. Sasaoka, M. Mizuta, Phys. Rev. B 69, 045207 (2004)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Filip Tuomisto .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2010 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Tuomisto, F. (2010). Point Defects and Impurities in Bulk GaN Studied by Positron Annihilation Spectroscopy. In: Ehrentraut, D., Meissner, E., Bockowski, M. (eds) Technology of Gallium Nitride Crystal Growth. Springer Series in Materials Science, vol 133. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-04830-2_14

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-04830-2_14

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-642-04828-9

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-642-04830-2

  • eBook Packages: Physics and AstronomyPhysics and Astronomy (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics