Zusammenfassung
Die Erkrankungen des Endometriums werden umfassend abgehandelt, mit einem Schwerpunkt auf der Diagnostik des Endometriumkarzinoms. Dieses wird einschließlich seiner molekularen Pathogenese, der Varianten, Vorstufen und Differentialdiagnosen erörtert. Weitere wesentliche Themen sind die Neoplasien des Endometriumstromas, funktionelle Störungen sowie der Einfluss von Hormonen einschließlich iatrogener Veränderungen und Entzündungen. Die beschriebenen Erkrankungen sind mittels zahlreicher histologischer Bilder ausführlich dokumentiert. Neben Pathologen sind auch onkologisch tätige Gynäkologen und internistische Onkologen als Zielgruppe vorgesehen.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Literatur
NN (1987) Combination oral contraceptive use and the risk of endometrial cancer. The Cancer and Steroid Hormone Study of the Centers for Disease Control and the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development. JAMA 257:796–800
NN (2006) ACOG committee opinion. No. 336: Tamoxifen and uterine cancer. Obstet Gynecol 107:1475–1478
Abeler VM, Kjorstad KE (1990) Serous papillary carcinoma of the endometrium: a histopathological study of 22 cases. Gynecol Oncol 39:266–271
Abeler VM, Kjorstad KE (1991) Clear cell carcinoma of the endometrium: a histopathological and clinical study of 97 cases. Gynecol Oncol 40:207–217
Abeler VM, Kjorstad KE (1991) Endometrial adenocarcinoma in Norway. A study of a total population. Cancer 67:3093–3103
Abeler VM, Kjorstad KE (1992) Endometrial adenocarcinoma with squamous cell differentiation. Cancer 69:488–495
Abeler VM, Kjorstad KE, Nesland JM (1991) Undifferentiated carcinoma of the endometrium. A histopathologic and clinical study of 31 cases. Cancer 68:98–105
Abeler VM, Nenodovic M (2011) Diagnostic immunohistochemistry in uterine sarcomas: a study of 397 cases. Int J Gynecol Pathol 30:236–243
Abeler VM, Royne O, Thoresen S, Danielsen HE, Nesland JM, Kristensen GB (2009) Uterine sarcomas in Norway. A histopathological and prognostic survey of a total population from 1970 to 2000 including 419 patients. Histopathology 54:355–364
Abeler VM, Vergote IB, Kjorstad KE, Trope CG (1996) Clear cell carcinoma of the endometrium. Prognosis and metastatic pattern. Cancer 78:1740–1747
Abrams J, Talcott J, Corson JM (1989) Pulmonary metastases in patients with low-grade endometrial stromal sarcoma. Clinicopathologic findings with immunohistochemical characterization. Am J Surg Pathol 13:133–140
Aksel S, Jones GS (1974) Etiology and treatment of dysfunctional uterine bleeding. Obstet Gynecol 44:1–13
Al-Hussaini M, Stockman A, Foster H, McCluggage WG (2004) WT-1 assists in distinguishing ovarian from uterine serous carcinoma and in distinguishing between serous and endometrioid ovarian carcinoma. Histopathology 44:109–115
Ali A, Black D, Soslow RA (2007) Difficulties in assessing the depth of myometrial invasion in endometrial carcinoma. Int J Gynecol Pathol 26:115–123
Alkushi A, Irving J, Hsu F et al (2003) Immunoprofile of cervical and endometrial adenocarcinomas using a tissue microarray. Virchows Arch 442:271–277
Alkushi A, Kobel M, Kalloger SE, Gilks CB (2010) High-grade endometrial carcinoma: serous and grade 3 endometrioid carcinomas have different immunophenotypes and outcomes. Int J Gynecol Pathol 29:343–350
Altchek A (1977) Dysfunctional uterine bleeding in adolescence. Clin Obstet Gynecol 20:633–650
Amant F, Coosemans A, Debiec-Rychter M, Timmerman D, Vergote I (2009) Clinical management of uterine sarcomas. Lancet Oncol 10:1188–1198
Amant F, Moerman P, Neven P, Timmerman D, Van Limbergen E, Vergote I (2005) Endometrial cancer. Lancet 366:491–505
Ambros RA, Sherman ME, Zahn CM, Bitterman P, Kurman RJ (1995) Endometrial intraepithelial carcinoma: a distinctive lesion specifically associated with tumors displaying serous differentiation. Hum Pathol 26:1260–1267
An HJ, Logani S, Isacson C, Ellenson LH (2004) Molecular characterization of uterine clear cell carcinoma. Mod Pathol 17:530–537
Andrews WW, Shah SR, Goldenberg RL, Cliver SP, Hauth JC, Cassell GH (1995) Association of post-cesarean delivery endometritis with colonization of the chorioamnion by Ureaplasma urealyticum. Obstet Gynecol 85:509–514
Ansari-Lari MA, Staebler A, Zaino RJ, Shah KV, Ronnett BM (2004) Distinction of endocervical and endometrial adenocarcinomas: immunohistochemical p16 expression correlated with human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA detection. Am J Surg Pathol 28:160–167
Auerbach HE, LiVolsi VA, Merino MJ (1988) Malignant mixed Mullerian tumors of the uterus. An immunohistochemical study. Int J Gynecol Pathol 7:123–130
Baak JP, Mutter GL (2005) EIN and WHO94. J Clin Pathol 58:1–6
Baak JP, Mutter GL, Robboy S et al (2005) The molecular genetics and morphometry-based endometrial intraepithelial neoplasia classification system predicts disease progression in endometrial hyperplasia more accurately than the 1994 World Health Organization classification system. Cancer 103:2304–2312
Baak JP, Nauta JJ, Wisse-Brekelmans EC, Bezemer PD (1988) Architectural and nuclear morphometrical features together are more important prognosticators in endometrial hyperplasias than nuclear morphometrical features alone. J Pathol 154:335–341
Baker RJ, Hildebrandt RH, Rouse RV, Hendrickson MR, Longacre TA (1999) Inhibin and CD99 (MIC2) expression in uterine stromal neoplasms with sex-cord-like elements. Hum Pathol 30:671–679
Barakat RR, Wong G, Curtin JP, Vlamis V, Hoskins WJ (1994) Tamoxifen use in breast cancer patients who subsequently develop corpus cancer is not associated with a higher incidence of adverse histologic features. Gynecol Oncol 55:164–168
Bergeron C, Nogales FF, Masseroli M et al (1999) A multicentric European study testing the reproducibility of the WHO classification of endometrial hyperplasia with a proposal of a simplified working classification for biopsy and curettage specimens. Am J Surg Pathol 23:1102–1108
Bergman L, Beelen ML, Gallee MP, Hollema H, Benraadt J, van Leeuwen FE (2000) Risk and prognosis of endometrial cancer after tamoxifen for breast cancer. Comprehensive Cancer Centres' ALERT Group. Assessment of Liver and Endometrial cancer Risk following Tamoxifen. Lancet 356:881–887
Bitterman P, Chun B, Kurman RJ (1990) The significance of epithelial differentiation in mixed mesodermal tumors of the uterus. A clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical study. Am J Surg Pathol 14:317–328
Blom R, Guerrieri C (1999) Adenosarcoma of the uterus: a clinicopathologic, DNA flow cytometric, p53 and mdm-2 analysis of 11 cases. Int J Gynecol Cancer 9:37–43
Blom R, Malmstrom H, Guerrieri C (1999) Endometrial stromal sarcoma of the uterus: a clinicopathologic, DNA flow cytometric, p53, and mdm-2 analysis of 17 cases. Int J Gynecol Cancer 9:98–104
Bokhman JV (1983) Two pathogenetic types of endometrial carcinoma. Gynecol Oncol 15:10–17
Boss SM, Huster WJ, Neild JA, Glant MD, Eisenhut CC, Draper MW (1997) Effects of raloxifene hydrochloride on the endometrium of postmenopausal women. Am J Obstet Gynecol 177:1458–1464
Brinton LA, Berman ML, Mortel R et al (1992) Reproductive, menstrual, and medical risk factors for endometrial cancer: results from a case-control study. Am J Obstet Gynecol 167:1317–1325
Bruner KL, Rodgers WH, Gold LI et al (1995) Transforming growth factor beta mediates the progesterone suppression of an epithelial metalloproteinase by adjacent stroma in the human endometrium. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 92:7362–7366
Bulmer JN, Lunny DP, Hagin SV (1988) Immunohistochemical characterization of stromal leucocytes in nonpregnant human endometrium. Am J Reprod Immunol Microbiol 17:83–90
Carcangiu ML, Chambers JT (1992) Uterine papillary serous carcinoma: a study on 108 cases with emphasis on the prognostic significance of associated endometrioid carcinoma, absence of invasion, and concomitant ovarian carcinoma. Gynecol Oncol 47:298–305
Carcangiu ML, Tan LK, Chambers JT (1997) Stage IA uterine serous carcinoma: a study of 13 cases. Am J Surg Pathol 21:1507–1514
Cassell GH, Cole BC (1981) Mycoplasmas as agents of human disease. N Engl J Med 304:80–89
Cassell GH, Younger JB, Brown MB et al (1983) Microbiologic study of infertile women at the time of diagnostic laparoscopy. Association of Ureaplasma urealyticum with a defined subpopulation. N Engl J Med 308:502–505
Castilla MA, Moreno-Bueno G, Romero-Perez L et al (2011) Micro-RNA signature of the epithelial-mesenchymal transition in endometrial carcinosarcoma. J Pathol 223:72–80
Catasus L, D'Angelo E, Pons C, Espinosa I, Prat J (2010) Expression profiling of 22 genes involved in the PI3K-AKT pathway identifies two subgroups of high-grade endometrial carcinomas with different molecular alterations. Mod Pathol 23:694–702
Chang KL, Crabtree GS, Lim-Tan SK, Kempson RL, Hendrickson MR (1990) Primary uterine endometrial stromal neoplasms. A clinicopathologic study of 117 cases. Am J Surg Pathol 14:415–438
Chekmareva M, Ellenson LH, Pirog EC (2008) Immunohistochemical differences between mucinous and microglandular adenocarcinomas of the endometrium and benign endocervical epithelium. Int J Gynecol Pathol 27:547–554
Chen JL, Trost DC, Wilkinson EJ (1985) Endometrial papillary adenocarcinomas: two clinicopathological types. Int J Gynecol Pathol 4:279–288
Chiang S, Oliva E (2011) Cytogenetic and molecular aberrations in endometrial stromal tumors. Hum Pathol 42:609–617
Christopherson WM, Alberhasky RC, Connelly PJ (1982) Carcinoma of the endometrium: I. A clinicopathologic study of clear-cell carcinoma and secretory carcinoma. Cancer 49:1511–1523
Chu PG, Arber DA, Weiss LM, Chang KL (2001) Utility of CD10 in distinguishing between endometrial stromal sarcoma and uterine smooth muscle tumors: an immunohistochemical comparison of 34 cases. Mod Pathol 14:465–471
Cirisano Jr FD, Robboy SJ, Dodge RK et al (2000) The outcome of stage I-II clinically and surgically staged papillary serous and clear cell endometrial cancers when compared with endometrioid carcinoma. Gynecol Oncol 77:55–65
Clement PB (1989) Mullerian adenosarcomas of the uterus with sarcomatous overgrowth. A clinicopathological analysis of 10 cases. Am J Surg Pathol 13:28–38
Clement PB (2000) The pathology of uterine smooth muscle tumors and mixed endometrial stromal-smooth muscle tumors: a selective review with emphasis on recent advances. Int J Gynecol Pathol 19:39–55
Clement PB, Scully RE (1976) Uterine tumors resembling ovarian sex-cord tumors. A clinicopathologic analysis of fourteen cases. Am J Clin Pathol 66:512–525
Clement PB, Scully RE (1989) Mullerian adenosarcomas of the uterus with sex cord-like elements. A clinicopathologic analysis of eight cases. Am J Clin Pathol 91:664–672
Clement PB, Scully RE (1990) Mullerian adenofibroma of the uterus with invasion of myometrium and pelvic veins. Int J Gynecol Pathol 9:363–371
Clement PB, Scully RE (1990) Mullerian adenosarcoma of the uterus: a clinicopathologic analysis of 100 cases with a review of the literature. Hum Pathol 21:363–381
Clisham PR, Cedars MI, Greendale G, Fu YS, Gambone J, Judd HL (1992) Long-term transdermal estradiol therapy: effects on endometrial histology and bleeding patterns. Obstet Gynecol 79:196–201
Cohen I, Perel E, Flex D et al (1999) Endometrial pathology in postmenopausal tamoxifen treatment: comparison between gynaecologically symptomatic and asymptomatic breast cancer patients. J Clin Pathol 52:278–282
Connelly PJ, Alberhasky RC, Christopherson WM (1982) Carcinoma of the endometrium. III. Analysis of 865 cases of adenocarcinoma and adenoacanthoma. Obstet Gynecol 59:569–575
Cook LS, Weiss NS, Schwartz SM et al (1995) Population-based study of tamoxifen therapy and subsequent ovarian, endometrial, and breast cancers. J Natl Cancer Inst 87:1359–1364
Creasman WT (1997) Endometrial cancer: incidence, prognostic factors, diagnosis, and treatment. Semin Oncol 24(Suppl 1):S1140–S1150
Creasman WT, Morrow CP, Bundy BN, Homesley HD, Graham JE, Heller PB (1987) Surgical pathologic spread patterns of endometrial cancer. A Gynecologic Oncology Group Study. Cancer 60(Suppl):2035–2041
Crum CP, Richart RM, Fenoglio CM (1981) Adenoacanthosis of endometrium: a clinicopathologic study in premenopausal women. Am J Surg Pathol 5:15–20
Czernobilsky B, Katz Z, Lancet M, Gaton E (1980) Endocervical-type epithelium in endometrial carcinoma: a report of 10 cases with emphasis on histochemical methods for differential diagnosis. Am J Surg Pathol 4:481–489
D'Angelo E, Prat J (2010) Uterine sarcomas: a review. Gynecol Oncol 116:131–139
Dabbs DJ, Geisinger KR, Norris HT (1986) Intermediate filaments in endometrial and endocervical carcinomas. The diagnostic utility of vimentin patterns. Am J Surg Pathol 10:568–576
Dallenbach-Hellweg G (1987) Histopathology of the endometrium, 4th edn. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York
Davies GC, Huster WJ, Lu Y, Plouffe Jr L, Lakshmanan M (1999) Adverse events reported by postmenopausal women in controlled trials with raloxifene. Obstet Gynecol 93:558–565
de Jong RA, Nijman HW, Wijbrandi TF, Reyners AK, Boezen HM, Hollema H (2011) Molecular markers and clinical behavior of uterine carcinosarcomas: focus on the epithelial tumor component. Mod Pathol 24:1368–1379
DeLellis RA, Lloyd RV, Heitz PU, Eng C (eds) (2004) Tumours of endocrine organs. IARC Press, Lyon
Deligdisch L (1993) Effects of hormone therapy on the endometrium. Mod Pathol 6:94–106
Deligdisch L (2000) Hormonal pathology of the endometrium. Mod Pathol 13:285–294
Delmas PD, Bjarnason NH, Mitlak BH et al (1997) Effects of raloxifene on bone mineral density, serum cholesterol concentrations, and uterine endometrium in postmenopausal women. N Engl J Med 337:1641–1647
Demopoulos RI, Genega E, Vamvakas E, Carlson E, Mittal K (1996) Papillary carcinoma of the endometrium: morphometric predictors of survival. Int J Gynecol Pathol 15:110–118
Demopoulos RI, Greco MA (1983) Mucinous metaplasia of the endometrium: ultrastructural and histochemical characteristics. Int J Gynecol Pathol 1:383–390
Duncan DA, Varner RE, Mazur MT (1989) Uterine herpes virus infection with multifocal necrotizing endometritis. Hum Pathol 20:1021–1024
Eifel P, Hendrickson M, Ross J, Ballon S, Martinez A, Kempson R (1982) Simultaneous presentation of carcinoma involving the ovary and the uterine corpus. Cancer 50:163–170
Eifel PJ, Ross J, Hendrickson M, Cox RS, Kempson R, Martinez A (1983) Adenocarcinoma of the endometrium. Analysis of 256 cases with disease limited to the uterine corpus: treatment comparisons. Cancer 52:1026–1031
el-Naggar AK, Abdul-Karim FW, Silva EG, McLemore D, Garnsey L (1991) Uterine stromal neoplasms: a clinicopathologic and DNA flow cytometric correlation. Hum Pathol 22:897–903
Ellenson LH, Ronnett BM, Soslow RA, Zaino RJ, Kurman RJ (2011) Endometrial carcinoma. In: Kurman RJ, Ellenson LH, Ronnett BM (eds) Blaustein's pathology of the female genital tract, 6th edn. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 393–452
Enriori CL, Reforzo-Membrives J (1984) Peripheral aromatization as a risk factor for breast and endometrial cancer in postmenopausal women: a review. Gynecol Oncol 17:1–21
Euscher ED, Malpica A, Deavers MT, Silva EG (2005) Differential expression of WT-1 in serous carcinomas in the peritoneum with or without associated serous carcinoma in endometrial polyps. Am J Surg Pathol 29:1074–1078
Evans HL (1982) Endometrial stromal sarcoma and poorly differentiated endometrial sarcoma. Cancer 50:2170–2182
Ferenczy A (1976) Studies on the cytodynamics of human endometrial regeneration. I. Scanning electron microscopy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 124:64–74
Ferenczy A (1976) Studies on the cytodynamics of human endometrial regeneration. II. Transmission electron microscopy and histochemistry. Am J Obstet Gynecol 124:582–595
Ferenczy A, Bertrand G, Gelfand MM (1979) Proliferation kinetics of human endometrium during the normal menstrual cycle. Am J Obstet Gynecol 133:859–867
Ferenczy A, Richart RM, Agate Jr FJ, Purkerson ML, Dempsey EW (1972) Scanning electron microscopy of the human endometrial surface epithelium. Fertil Steril 23:515–521
Fisher B, Costantino JP, Wickerham DL et al (1998) Tamoxifen for prevention of breast cancer: report of the National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project P-1 Study. J Natl Cancer Inst 90:1371–1388
Frank TS, Cook SM, Del Buono EA, Wilson MD (1992) A simplified method for detecting cytomegalovirus by polymerase chain reaction from histologic sections of small biopsies. Mod Pathol 54:449–454
Frank TS, Himebaugh KS, Wilson MD (1992) Granulomatous endometritis associated with histologically occult cytomegalovirus in a healthy patient. Am J Surg Pathol 16:716–720
Fujii H, Yoshida M, Gong ZX et al (2000) Frequent genetic heterogeneity in the clonal evolution of gynecological carcinosarcoma and its influence on phenotypic diversity. Cancer Res 60:114–120
Gadducci A, Sartori E, Landoni F et al (1996) Endometrial stromal sarcoma: analysis of treatment failures and survival. Gynecol Oncol 63:247–253
Gallardo A, Prat J (2009) Mullerian adenosarcoma: a clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical study of 55 cases challenging the existence of adenofibroma. Am J Surg Pathol 33:278–288
George E, Lillemoe TJ, Twiggs LB, Perrone T (1995) Malignant mixed mullerian tumor versus high-grade endometrial carcinoma and aggressive variants of endometrial carcinoma: a comparative analysis of survival. Int J Gynecol Pathol 14:39–44
George E, Manivel JC, Dehner LP, Wick MR (1991) Malignant mixed mullerian tumors: an immunohistochemical study of 47 cases, with histogenetic considerations and clinical correlation. Hum Pathol 22:215–223
Gitsch G, Friedlander ML, Wain GV, Hacker NF (1995) Uterine papillary serous carcinoma. A clinical study. Cancer 75:2239–2243
Gitsch G, Hanzal E, Jensen D, Hacker NF (1995) Endometrial cancer in premenopausal women 45 years and younger. Obstet Gynecol 85:504–508
Gollard R, Kosty M, Bordin G, Wax A, Lacey C (1995) Two unusual presentations of mullerian adenosarcoma: case reports, literature review, and treatment considerations. Gynecol Oncol 59:412–422
Goodman A, Zukerberg LR, Rice LW, Fuller AF, Young RH, Scully RE (1996) Squamous cell carcinoma of the endometrium: a report of eight cases and a review of the literature. Gynecol Oncol 61:54–60
Greenwood SM, Moran JJ (1981) Chronic endometritis: morphologic and clinical observations. Obstet Gynecol 58:176–184
Gronroos M, Salmi TA, Vuento MH et al (1993) Mass screening for endometrial cancer directed in risk groups of patients with diabetes and patients with hypertension. Cancer 71:1279–1282
Hattab EM, Allam-Nandyala P, Rhatigan RM (1999) The stromal component of large endometrial polyps. Int J Gynecol Pathol 18:332–337
Hendrickson M, Atkins KA (2007) Uterus and Fallopian tubes. In: Histology for pathologists, 3rd edn. Lippincott Williams&Wilkins, Philadelphia
Hendrickson M, Ross J, Eifel P, Martinez A, Kempson R (1982) Uterine papillary serous carcinoma: a highly malignant form of endometrial adenocarcinoma. Am J Surg Pathol 6:93–108
Hendrickson MR, Kempson RL (1980) Endometrial epithelial metaplasias: proliferations frequently misdiagnosed as adenocarcinoma. Report of 89 cases and proposed classification. Am J Surg Pathol 4:525–542
Hoogendoorn WE, Hollema H, van Boven HH et al (2008) Prognosis of uterine corpus cancer after tamoxifen treatment for breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 112:99–108
Horwitz RI, Feinstein AR, Horwitz SM, Robboy SJ (1981) Necropsy diagnosis of endometrial cancer and detection-bias in case/control studies. Lancet 2:66–68
Hrzenjak A, Moinfar F, Tavassoli FA et al (2005) JAZF1/JJAZ1 gene fusion in endometrial stromal sarcomas: molecular analysis by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction optimized for paraffin-embedded tissue. J Mol Diagn 7:388–395
Huang HY, Ladanyi M, Soslow RA (2004) Molecular detection of JAZF1-JJAZ1 gene fusion in endometrial stromal neoplasms with classic and variant histology: evidence for genetic heterogeneity. Am J Surg Pathol 28:224–232
Huntsman DG, Clement PB, Gilks CB, Scully RE (1994) Small-cell carcinoma of the endometrium. A clinicopathological study of sixteen cases. Am J Surg Pathol 18:364–375
Inthasorn P, Carter J, Valmadre S, Beale P, Russell P, Dalrymple C (2002) Analysis of clinicopathologic factors in malignant mixed Mullerian tumors of the uterine corpus. Int J Gynecol Cancer 12:348–353
Jemal A, Siegel R, Ward E, Murray T, Xu J, Thun MJ (2007) Cancer statistics. CA Cancer J Clin 57:43–66
Johnstone FD, McGoogan E, Smart GE, Brettle RP, Prescott RJ (1994) A population-based, controlled study of the relation between HIV infection and cervical neoplasia. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 101:986–991
Kaku T, Silverberg SG, Major FJ, Miller A, Fetter B, Brady MF (1992) Adenosarcoma of the uterus: a Gynecologic Oncology Group clinicopathologic study of 31 cases. Int J Gynecol Pathol 11:75–88
Kaku T, Tsukamoto N, Tsuruchi N, Sugihara K, Kamura T, Nakano H (1992) Endometrial metaplasia associated with endometrial carcinoma. Obstet Gynecol 80:812–816
Kanbour-Shakir A, Tobon H (1991) Primary clear cell carcinoma of the endometrium: a clinicopathologic study of 20 cases. Int J Gynecol Pathol 10:67–78
Katahira A, Akahira J, Niikura H et al (2004) Small cell carcinoma of the endometrium: report of three cases and literature review. Int J Gynecol Cancer 14:1018–1023
Kaufman RH, Binder GL, Gray Jr PM, Adam E (1977) Upper genital tract changes associated with exposure in utero to diethylstilbestrol. Obstet Gynecol Surv 32:611–613
Kendall BS, Ronnett BM, Isacson C et al (1998) Reproducibility of the diagnosis of endometrial hyperplasia, atypical hyperplasia, and well-differentiated carcinoma. Am J Surg Pathol 22:1012–1019
Kennedy MM, Baigrie CF, Manek S (1999) Tamoxifen and the endometrium: review of 102 cases and comparison with HRT-related and non-HRT-related endometrial pathology. Int J Gynecol Pathol 18:130–137
Kim KR, Scully RE (1990) Peritoneal keratin granulomas with carcinomas of endometrium and ovary and atypical polypoid adenomyoma of endometrium. A clinicopathological analysis of 22 cases. Am J Surg Pathol 14:925–932
Kim MA, Lee HS, Yang HK, Kim WH (2004) Cytokeratin expression profile in gastric carcinomas. Hum Pathol 35:576–581
Kitchener HC, Trimble EL (2009) Endometrial cancer state of the science meeting. Int J Gynecol Cancer 19:134–140
Kiviat NB, Wolner-Hanssen P, Eschenbach DA et al (1990) Endometrial histopathology in patients with culture-proved upper genital tract infection and laparoscopically diagnosed acute salpingitis. Am J Surg Pathol 14:167–175
Klemi PJ, Alanen KA, Salmi T (1995) Detection of malignancy in endometrium by brush sampling in 1042 symptomatic patients. Int J Gynecol Cancer 5:222–225
Koontz JI, Soreng AL, Nucci M et al (2001) Frequent fusion of the JAZF1 and JJAZ1 genes in endometrial stromal tumors. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98:6348–6353
Korcum AF, Aksu G, Ozdogan M, Erdogan G, Taskin O (2008) Stage I small cell carcinoma of the endometrium: survival and management options. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 87:122–126
Koss LG, Schreiber K, Oberlander SG, Moussouris HF, Lesser M (1984) Detection of endometrial carcinoma and hyperplasia in asymptomatic women. Obstet Gynecol 64:1–11
Kounelis S, Jones MW, Papadaki H, Bakker A, Swalsky P, Finkelstein SD (1998) Carcinosarcomas (malignant mixed mullerian tumors) of the female genital tract: comparative molecular analysis of epithelial and mesenchymal components. Hum Pathol 29:82–87
Krishnamurthy S, Jungbluth AA, Busam KJ, Rosai J (1998) Uterine tumors resembling ovarian sex-cord tumors have an immunophenotype consistent with true sex-cord differentiation. Am J Surg Pathol 22:1078–1082
Kumar A, Schneider V (1983) Metastases to the uterus from extrapelvic primary tumors. Int J Gynecol Pathol 2:134–140
Kumar NB, Hart WR (1982) Metastases to the uterine corpus from extragenital cancers. A clinicopathologic study of 63 cases. Cancer 50:2163–2169
Kurihara S, Oda Y, Ohishi Y et al (2008) Endometrial stromal sarcomas and related high-grade sarcomas: immunohistochemical and molecular genetic study of 31 cases. Am J Surg Pathol 32:1228–1238
Kurman RJ, Kaminski PF, Norris HJ (1985) The behavior of endometrial hyperplasia. A long-term study of "untreated" hyperplasia in 170 patients. Cancer 56:403–412
Kurman RJ, Norris HJ (1982) Evaluation of criteria for distinguishing atypical endometrial hyperplasia from well-differentiated carcinoma. Cancer 49:2547–2559
Kurman RJ, Scully RE (1976) Clear cell carcinoma of the endometrium: an analysis of 21 cases. Cancer 37:872–882
Laatikainen T, Andersson B, Karkkainen J, Wahlstrom T (1983) Progestin receptor levels in endometria with delayed or incomplete secretory changes. Obstet Gynecol 62:592–595
Lahti E, Blanco G, Kauppila A, Apaja-Sarkkinen M, Taskinen PJ, Laatikainen T (1993) Endometrial changes in postmenopausal breast cancer patients receiving tamoxifen. Obstet Gynecol 81:660–664
Larson B, Silfversward C, Nilsson B, Pettersson F (1990) Endometrial stromal sarcoma of the uterus. A clinical and histopathological study. The Radiumhemmet series. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 35:239–249
Lax S (2009) Mesenchymal uterine tumors. Stromal tumors and other rare mesenchymal neoplasms. Pathologe 30:284–291
Lax S (2011) Precursor lesions of endometrial carcinoma: diagnostic approach and molecular pathology. Pathologe 32(Suppl 2):255–264
Lax S, Dietel M, Löning T, Hauptmann S, Böcker W (2008) Weibliche Geschlechtsorgane. In: Böcker W, Denk H, Heitz PU, Moch H (eds) Pathologie, 4th edn. Elsevier Urban&Fischer, München Jena, pp 927–970
Lax SF (2004) Molecular genetic pathways in various types of endometrial carcinoma: from a phenotypical to a molecular-based classification. Virchows Arch 444:213–223
Lax SF (2007) Molecular genetic changes in epithelial, stromal and mixed neoplasms of the endometrium. Pathology 39:46–54
Lax SF, Kendall B, Tashiro H, Slebos RJ, Hedrick L (2000) The frequency of p53, K-ras mutations, and microsatellite instability differs in uterine endometrioid and serous carcinoma: evidence of distinct molecular genetic pathways. Cancer 88:814–824
Lax SF, Kurman RJ (1997) A dualistic model for endometrial carcinogenesis based on immunohistochemical and molecular genetic analyses. Verh Dtsch Ges Pathol 81:228–232
Lax SF, Kurman RJ, Pizer ES, Wu L, Ronnett BM (2000) A binary architectural grading system for uterine endometrial endometrioid carcinoma has superior reproducibility compared with FIGO grading and identifies subsets of advance-stage tumors with favorable and unfavorable prognosis. Am J Surg Pathol 24:1201–1208
Lax SF, Pizer ES, Ronnett BM, Kurman RJ (1998) Clear cell carcinoma of the endometrium is characterized by a distinctive profile of p53, Ki-67, estrogen, and progesterone receptor expression. Hum Pathol 29:551–558
Lax SF, Pizer ES, Ronnett BM, Kurman RJ (1998) Comparison of estrogen and progesterone receptor, Ki-67, and p53 immunoreactivity in uterine endometrioid carcinoma and endometrioid carcinoma with squamous, mucinous, secretory, and ciliated cell differentiation. Hum Pathol 29:924–931
Lehman MB, Hart WR (2001) Simple and complex hyperplastic papillary proliferations of the endometrium: a clinicopathologic study of nine cases of apparently localized papillary lesions with fibrovascular stromal cores and epithelial metaplasia. Am J Surg Pathol 25:1347–1354
Levi F, Franceschi S, Negri E, La Vecchia C (1993) Dietary factors and the risk of endometrial cancer. Cancer 71:3575–3581
Levi F, La Vecchia C, Negri E, Parazzini F, Franceschi S (1992) Body mass at different ages and subsequent endometrial cancer risk. Int J Cancer 50:567–571
Lidor A, Ismajovich B, Confino E, David MP (1986) Histopathological findings in 226 women with post-menopausal uterine bleeding. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 65:41–43
Lillemoe TJ, Perrone T, Norris HJ, Dehner LP (1991) Myogenous phenotype of epithelial-like areas in endometrial stromal sarcomas. Arch Pathol Lab Med 115:215–219
Lindenman E, Shepard MK, Pescovitz OH (1997) Mullerian agenesis: an update. Obstet Gynecol 90:307–312
Lininger RA, Ashfaq R, Albores-Saavedra J, Tavassoli FA (1997) Transitional cell carcinoma of the endometrium and endometrial carcinoma with transitional cell differentiation. Cancer 79:1933–1943
Longacre TA, Chung MH, Rouse RV, Hendrickson MR (1996) Atypical polypoid adenomyofibromas (atypical polypoid adenomyomas) of the uterus. A clinicopathologic study of 55 cases. Am J Surg Pathol 20:1–20
Loy TS, Calaluce RD, Keeney GL (1996) Cytokeratin immunostaining in differentiating primary ovarian carcinoma from metastatic colonic adenocarcinoma. Mod Pathol 9:1040–1044
Magriples U, Naftolin F, Schwartz PE, Carcangiu ML (1993) High-grade endometrial carcinoma in tamoxifen-treated breast cancer patients. J Clin Oncol 11:485–490
Major FJ, Blessing JA, Silverberg SG et al (1993) Prognostic factors in early-stage uterine sarcoma. A Gynecologic Oncology Group study. Cancer 71(Suppl):1702–1709
Malpica A, Tornos C, Burke TW, Silva EG (1995) Low-stage clear-cell carcinoma of the endometrium. Am J Surg Pathol 19:769–774
Masterton R, Armstrong EM, More IA (1975) The cyclical variation in the percentage of ciliated cells in the normal human endometrium. J Reprod Fertil 42:537–540
Matsui N, Kawano Y, Nakamura S, Miyakawa I (2004) Changes in vascular endothelial growth factor production associated with decidualization by human endometrial stromal cells in vitro. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 83:138–143
Maxwell GL, Schildkraut JM, Calingaert B et al (2006) Progestin and estrogen potency of combination oral contraceptives and endometrial cancer risk. Gynecol Oncol 103:535–540
Mazur MT (1981) Atypical polypoid adenomyomas of the endometrium. Am J Surg Pathol 5:473–482
Mazur MT, Kurman RJ (2005) Diagnosis of endometrial biopsies and curettings: A practical approach, 2nd edn. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York
McCluggage WG, Sumathi VP, Maxwell P (2001) CD10 is a sensitive and diagnostically useful immunohistochemical marker of normal endometrial stroma and of endometrial stromal neoplasms. Histopathology 39:273–278
McCracken AW, D'Agostino AN, Brucks AB, Kingsley WB (1974) Acquired cytomegalovirus infection presenting as viral endometritis. Am J Clin Pathol 61:556–560
Melhem MF, Tobon H (1987) Mucinous adenocarcinoma of the endometrium: a clinico-pathological review of 18 cases. Int J Gynecol Pathol 6:347–355
Moinfar F, Azodi M, Tavassoli FA (2007) Uterine sarcomas. Pathology 39:55–71
Moinfar F, Regitnig P, Tabrizi AD, Denk H, Tavassoli FA (2004) Expression of androgen receptors in benign and malignant endometrial stromal neoplasms. Virchows Arch 444:410–414
Monte NM, Webster KA, Neuberg D, Dressler GR, Mutter GL (2010) Joint loss of PAX2 and PTEN expression in endometrial precancers and cancer. Cancer Res 70:6225–6232
Moore KL, Persaud TVN (1996) Embryologie. Schattauer, Stuttgart New York
Moreno-Bueno G, Sanchez-Estevez C, Cassia R et al (2003) Differential gene expression profile in endometrioid and nonendometrioid endometrial carcinoma: STK15 is frequently overexpressed and amplified in nonendometrioid carcinomas. Cancer Res 63:5697–5702
Morrow CP, Bundy BN, Kurman RJ et al (1991) Relationship between surgical-pathological risk factors and outcome in clinical stage I and II carcinoma of the endometrium: a Gynecologic Oncology Group study. Gynecol Oncol 40:55–65
Mutter GL (2000) Endometrial intraepithelial neoplasia (EIN): will it bring order to chaos? The Endometrial Collaborative Group. Gynecol Oncol 76:287–290
Mutter GL, Baak JP, Crum CP, Richart RM, Ferenczy A, Faquin WC (2000) Endometrial precancer diagnosis by histopathology, clonal analysis, and computerized morphometry. J Pathol 190:462–469
Mutter GL, Ferenczy A (2002) Anatomy and histology of the uterine corpus. In: Kurman RJ (ed) Blaustein's pathology of the female genital tract. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 383–419
Nogales-Ortiz F, Tarancon I, Nogales Jr FF (1979) The pathology of female genital tuberculosis. A 31-year study of 1436 cases. Obstet Gynecol 53:422–428
Norris HJ, Tavassoli FA, Kurman RJ (1983) Endometrial hyperplasia and carcinoma. Diagnostic considerations. Am J Surg Pathol 7:839–847
Nucci MR, O'Connell JT, Huettner PC, Cviko A, Sun D, Quade BJ (2001) h-Caldesmon expression effectively distinguishes endometrial stromal tumors from uterine smooth muscle tumors. Am J Surg Pathol 25:455–463
Nucci MR, Prasad CJ, Crum CP, Mutter GL (1999) Mucinous endometrial epithelial proliferations: a morphologic spectrum of changes with diverse clinical significance. Mod Pathol 12:1137–1142
O'Connell FP, Wang HH, Odze RD (2005) Utility of immunohistochemistry in distinguishing primary adenocarcinomas from metastatic breast carcinomas in the gastrointestinal tract. Arch Pathol Lab Med 129:338–347
Oliva E, Clement PB, Young RH, Scully RE (1998) Mixed endometrial stromal and smooth muscle tumors of the uterus: a clinicopathologic study of 15 cases. Am J Surg Pathol 22:997–1005
Oliva E, Young RH, Clement PB, Bhan AK, Scully RE (1995) Cellular benign mesenchymal tumors of the uterus. A comparative morphologic and immunohistochemical analysis of 33 highly cellular leiomyomas and six endometrial stromal nodules, two frequently confused tumors. Am J Surg Pathol 19:757–768
Pang LC (1998) Endometrial stromal sarcoma with sex cord-like differentiation associated with tamoxifen therapy. South Med J 91:592–594
Parazzini F, Franceschi S, La Vecchia C, Chatenoud L, Di Cintio E (1997) The epidemiology of female genital tract cancers. Int J Gynecol Cancer 7:169–181
Parazzini F, La Vecchia C, Bocciolone L, Franceschi S (1991) The epidemiology of endometrial cancer. Gynecol Oncol 41:1–16
Parazzini F, La Vecchia C, Negri E, Moroni S, Chatenoud L (1995) Smoking and risk of endometrial cancer: results from an Italian case-control study. Gynecol Oncol 56:195–199
Park SY, Kim BH, Kim JH, Lee S, Kang GH (2007) Panels of immunohistochemical markers help determine primary sites of metastatic adenocarcinoma. Arch Pathol Lab Med 131:1561–1567
Park SY, Kim HS, Hong EK, Kim WH (2002) Expression of cytokeratins 7 and 20 in primary carcinomas of the stomach and colorectum and their value in the differential diagnosis of metastatic carcinomas to the ovary. Hum Pathol 33:1078–1085
Pautier P, Genestie C, Rey A et al (2000) Analysis of clinicopathologic prognostic factors for 157 uterine sarcomas and evaluation of a grading score validated for soft tissue sarcoma. Cancer 88:1425–1431
Pecorelli S (2009) Revised FIGO staging for carcinoma of the vulva, cervix, and endometrium. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 105:103–104
Persson I, Adami HO, Bergkvist L et al (1989) Risk of endometrial cancer after treatment with oestrogens alone or in conjunction with progestogens: results of a prospective study. BMJ 298:147–151
Pickar JH, Thorneycroft I, Whitehead M (1998) Effects of hormone replacement therapy on the endometrium and lipid parameters: a review of randomized clinical trials, 1985 to 1995. Am J Obstet Gynecol 178:1087–1099
Pitman MB, Young RH, Clement PB, Dickersin GR, Scully RE (1994) Endometrioid carcinoma of the ovary and endometrium, oxyphilic cell type: a report of nine cases. Int J Gynecol Pathol 13:290–301
Popiolek D, Yee H, Levine P, Vamvakas E, Demopoulos RI (2003) MIB1 as a possible predictor of recurrence in low-grade endometrial stromal sarcoma of the uterus. Gynecol Oncol 90:353–357
Poropatich C, Rojas M, Silverberg SG (1987) Polymorphonuclear leukocytes in the endometrium during the normal menstrual cycle. Int J Gynecol Pathol 6:230–234
Potischman N, Hoover RN, Brinton LA et al (1996) Case-control study of endogenous steroid hormones and endometrial cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 88:1127–1135
Prat J (2009) FIGO staging for uterine sarcomas. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 104:177–178
Pschyrembel W, Strauss G, Petri E (1991) Praktische Gynäkologie. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin New York
Rall K, Barresi G, Walter M et al (2011) A combination of transcriptome and methylation analyses reveals embryologically-relevant candidate genes in MRKH patients. Orphanet J Rare Dis 6:32
Ramalingam P, Malpica A, Silva EG, Gershenson DM, Liu JL, Deavers MT (2004) The use of cytokeratin 7 and EMA in differentiating ovarian yolk sac tumors from endometrioid and clear cell carcinomas. Am J Surg Pathol 28:1499–1505
Randall TC, Kurman RJ (1997) Progestin treatment of atypical hyperplasia and well-differentiated carcinoma of the endometrium in women under age. Obstet Gynecol 40(90):434–440
Reslova T, Tosner J, Resl M, Kugler R, Vavrova I (1999) Endometrial polyps. A clinical study of 245 cases. Arch Gynecol Obstet 262:133–139
Ricci E, Moroni S, Parazzini F et al (2002) Risk factors for endometrial hyperplasia: results from a case-control study. Int J Gynecol Cancer 12:257–260
Robb JA, Benirschke K, Barmeyer R (1986) Intrauterine latent herpes simplex virus infection: I. Spontaneous abortion. Hum Pathol 17:1196–1209
Robb JA, Benirschke K, Mannino F, Voland J (1986) Intrauterine latent herpes simplex virus infection: II. Latent neonatal infection. Hum Pathol 17:1210–1217
Ronnett BM, Kurman RJ (2002) Precursor lesions of endometrial carcinoma. In: Kurman RJ (ed) Blaustein's pathology of the female genital tract. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 467–500
Ronnett BM, Zaino RJ, Ellenson LH, Kurman RJ (2002) Endometrial carcinoma. In: Kurman RJ (ed) Blaustein's pathology of the female genital tract. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 501–559
Rorat E, Wallach RC (1984) Papillary metaplasia of the endometrium: clinical and histopathologic considerations. Obstet Gynecol 64(Suppl):90S–92S
Rosenblatt KA, Thomas DB (1991) Hormonal content of combined oral contraceptives in relation to the reduced risk of endometrial carcinoma. The WHO Collaborative Study of Neoplasia and Steroid Contraceptives. Int J Cancer 49:870–874
Ross JC, Eifel PJ, Cox RS, Kempson RL, Hendrickson MR (1983) Primary mucinous adenocarcinoma of the endometrium. A clinicopathologic and histochemical study. Am J Surg Pathol 7:715–729
Rush DS, Tan J, Baergen RN, Soslow RA (2001) h-Caldesmon, a novel smooth muscle-specific antibody, distinguishes between cellular leiomyoma and endometrial stromal sarcoma. Am J Surg Pathol 25:253–258
Ryder DE (1982) Verrucous carcinoma of the endometrium--a unique neoplasm with long survival. Obstet Gynecol 59(Suppl):78S–80S
Sabini G, Chumas JC, Mann WJ (1992) Steroid hormone receptors in endometrial stromal sarcomas. A biochemical and immunohistochemical study. Am J Clin Pathol 97:381–386
Sakuragi N, Hareyama H, Todo Y et al (2000) Prognostic significance of serous and clear cell adenocarcinoma in surgically staged endometrial carcinoma. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 79:311–316
Sayage L, Gunby R, Gonwa T, Husberg B, Goldstein R, Klintmalm G (1990) Cytomegalovirus endometritis after liver transplantation. Transplantation 49:815–817
Schlosshauer PW, Ellenson LH, Soslow RA (2002) Beta-catenin and E-cadherin expression patterns in high-grade endometrial carcinoma are associated with histological subtype. Mod Pathol 15:1032–1037
Scholten AN, Smit VT, Beerman H, van Putten WL, Creutzberg CL (2004) Prognostic significance and interobserver variability of histologic grading systems for endometrial carcinoma. Cancer 100:764–772
Scully RE, Bonfiglio TA, Kurman RJ, Silverberg SG, Wilkinson EJ (1994) Histological typing of female genital tract tumours, 2nd edn. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York
Seidman JD, Wasserman CS, Aye LM, MacKoul PJ, O'Leary TJ (1999) Cluster of uterine mullerian adenosarcoma in the Washington, DC metropolitan area with high incidence of sarcomatous overgrowth. Am J Surg Pathol 23:809–814
Seltzer VL, Levine A, Spiegel G, Rosenfeld D, Coffey EL (1990) Adenofibroma of the uterus: multiple recurrences following wide local excision. Gynecol Oncol 37:427–431
Sereepapong W, Suwajanakorn S, Triratanachat S et al (2000) Effects of clomiphene citrate on the endometrium of regularly cycling women. Fertil Steril 73:287–291
Sharma V, Whitehead M, Mason B et al (1990) Influence of superovulation on endometrial and embryonic development. Fertil Steril 53:822–829
Sherman ME, Bitterman P, Rosenshein NB, Delgado G, Kurman RJ (1992) Uterine serous carcinoma. A morphologically diverse neoplasm with unifying clinicopathologic features. Am J Surg Pathol 16:600–610
Sherman ME, Bur ME, Kurman RJ (1995) endometrial cancer and its putative precursors: evidence for diverse pathways of tumorigenesis. Hum Pathol 53(26):1268–1274
Sherman ME, Mazur MT, Kurman RJ (2002) Benign diseases of the endometrium. In: Kurman RJ (ed) Blaustein's pathology of the female genital tract. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 421–466
Sherman ME, Ronnett BM, Ioffe OB et al (2008) Reproducibility of biopsy diagnoses of endometrial hyperplasia: evidence supporting a simplified classification. Int J Gynecol Pathol 27:318–325
Sherman ME, Sturgeon S, Brinton LA et al (1997) Risk factors and hormone levels in patients with serous and endometrioid uterine carcinomas. Mod Pathol 10:963–968
Silva EG, Deavers MT, Bodurka DC, Malpica A (2006) Association of low-grade endometrioid carcinoma of the uterus and ovary with undifferentiated carcinoma: a new type of dedifferentiated carcinoma? Int J Gynecol Pathol 25:52–58
Silva EG, Jenkins R (1990) Serous carcinoma in endometrial polyps. Mod Pathol 3:120–128
Silva EG, Tornos CS, Follen-Mitchell M (1994) Malignant neoplasms of the uterine corpus in patients treated for breast carcinoma: the effects of tamoxifen. Int J Gynecol Pathol 13:248–258
Silver SA, Cheung AN, Tavassoli FA (1999) Oncocytic metaplasia and carcinoma of the endometrium: an immunohistochemical and ultrastructural study. Int J Gynecol Pathol 18:12–19
Silverberg SG, Kurman RJ (1992) Tumors of the uterine corpus and gestational trophoblastic disease. American Registry of Pathology, Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Washington DC
Silverberg SG, Major FJ, Blessing JA et al (1990) Carcinosarcoma (malignant mixed mesodermal tumor) of the uterus. A Gynecologic Oncology Group pathologic study of 203 cases. Int J Gynecol Pathol 9:1–19
Sinykin MB, Goolin RC, Baar MM (1956) Irregular shedding of the endometrium. Am J Obstet Gynecol 71:990–1000
Soslow RA, Chung MH, Rouse RV, Hendrickson MR, Longacre TA (1996) Atypical polypoid adenomyofibroma (APA) versus well-differentiated endometrial carcinoma with prominent stromal matrix: an immunohistochemical study. Int J Gynecol Pathol 15:209–206
Soslow RA, Pirog E, Isacson C (2000) Endometrial intraepithelial carcinoma with associated peritoneal carcinomatosis. Am J Surg Pathol 24:726–732
Spiegel GW (1995) Endometrial carcinoma in situ in postmenopausal women. Am J Surg Pathol 19:417–432
Spiegel GW, Austin RM, Gelven PL (1996) Transitional cell carcinoma of the endometrium. Gynecol Oncol 60:325–330
Spirtos NJ, Yurewicz EC, Moghissi KS, Magyar DM, Sundareson AS, Bottoms SF (1985) Pseudocorpus luteum insufficiency: a study of cytosol progesterone receptors in human endometrium. Obstet Gynecol 65:535–540
Spitz IM, Bardin CW (1993) Mifepristone (RU 486)--a modulator of progestin and glucocorticoid action. N Engl J Med 329:404–412
Staebler A, Sherman ME, Zaino RJ, Ronnett BM (2002) Hormone receptor immunohistochemistry and human papillomavirus in situ hybridization are useful for distinguishing endocervical and endometrial adenocarcinomas. Am J Surg Pathol 26:998–1006
Steinbakk A, Gudlaugsson E, Aasprong OG et al (2011) Molecular biomarkers in endometrial hyperplasias predict cancer progression. Am J Obstet Gynecol 204:357.e1–12
Stern RA, Svoboda-Newman SM, Frank TS (1996) Analysis of chronic endometritis for Chlamydia trachomatis by polymerase chain reaction. Hum Pathol 27:1085–1088
Sugiyama T, Ohta S, Nishida T, Okura N, Tanabe K, Yakushiji M (1998) Two cases of endometrial adenocarcinoma arising from atypical polypoid adenomyoma. Gynecol Oncol 71:141–144
Sultan C, Biason-Lauber A, Philibert P (2009) Mayer-Rokitansky-Kuster-Hauser syndrome: recent clinical and genetic findings. Gynecol Endocrinol 25:8–11
Sutton GP, Stehman FB, Michael H, Young PC, Ehrlich CE (1986) Estrogen and progesterone receptors in uterine sarcomas. Obstet Gynecol 68:709–714
Tai LH, Tavassoli FA (2002) Endometrial polyps with atypical (bizarre) stromal cells. Am J Surg Pathol 26:505–509
Tashiro H, Isacson C, Levine R, Kurman RJ, Cho KR, Hedrick L (1997) gene mutations are common in uterine serous carcinoma and occur early in their pathogenesis. Am J Pathol 53(150):177–185
Tavassoli FA, Devilee P (eds) (2003) Tumours of the breast and female genital organs. IARC Press, Lyon
Tavassoli FA, Norris HJ (1981) Mesenchymal tumours of the uterus. VII. A clinicopathological study of 60 endometrial stromal nodules. Histopathology 5:1–10
Taylor-Robinson D, McCormack WM (1980) The genital mycoplasmas (first of two parts). N Engl J Med 302:1003–1010
Taylor-Robinson D, McCormack WM (1980) The genital mycoplasmas (second of two parts). N Engl J Med 302:1063–1067
Taylor-Robinson D, Thomas BJ (1980) The role of Chlamydia trachomatis in genital-tract and associated diseases. J Clin Pathol 33:205–233
Tobon H, Watkins GJ (1985) Secretory adenocarcinoma of the endometrium. Int J Gynecol Pathol 4:328–335
Tresserra F, Lopez-Yarto M, Grases PJ, Ubeda A, Pascual MA, Labastida R (2003) Endometrial hyperplasia with secretory changes. Gynecol Oncol 88:386–393
Trimble CL, Kauderer J, Zaino R et al (2006) Concurrent endometrial carcinoma in women with a biopsy diagnosis of atypical endometrial hyperplasia: a Gynecologic Oncology Group study. Cancer 106:812–819
Ulbright TM, Roth LM (1985) Metastatic and independent cancers of the endometrium and ovary: a clinicopathologic study of 34 cases. Hum Pathol 16:28–34
van Hoeven KH, Hudock JA, Woodruff JM, Suhrland MJ (1995) Small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the endometrium. Int J Gynecol Pathol 14:21–29
van Rijswijk RE, Tognon G, Burger CW, Baak JP, Kenemans P, Vermorken JB (1994) The effect of chemotherapy on the different components of advanced carcinosarcomas (malignant mixed mesodermal tumors) of the female genital tract. Int J Gynecol Cancer 4:52–60
Voigt LF, Weiss NS, Chu J, Daling JR, McKnight B, van Belle G (1991) Progestagen supplementation of exogenous oestrogens and risk of endometrial cancer. Lancet 338:274–277
Wada H, Enomoto T, Fujita M et al (1997) Molecular evidence that most but not all carcinosarcomas of the uterus are combination tumors. Cancer Res 57:5379–5385
Weissman SM, Bellcross C, Bittner CC et al (2011) Genetic counseling considerations in the evaluation of families for Lynch syndrome – a review. J Genet Couns 20:5–19
Wentz AC (1980) Endometrial biopsy in the evaluation of infertility. Fertil Steril 33:121–124
Wentz AC (1982) Diagnosing luteal phase inadequacy. Fertil Steril 37:334–335
Westrom L (1980) Incidence, prevalence, and trends of acute pelvic inflammatory disease and its consequences in industrialized countries. Am J Obstet Gynecol 138:880–892
Wheeler DT, Bell KA, Kurman RJ, Sherman ME (2000) Minimal uterine serous carcinoma: diagnosis and clinicopathologic correlation. Am J Surg Pathol 24:797–806
Wheeler DT, Bristow RE, Kurman RJ (2007) Histologic alterations in endometrial hyperplasia and well-differentiated carcinoma treated with progestins. Am J Surg Pathol 31:988–998
Winkler B, Reumann W, Mitao M, Gallo L, Richart RM, Crum CP (1984) Chlamydial endometritis. A histological and immunohistochemical analysis. Am J Surg Pathol 8:771–778
Wittekind C, Meyer HJ (2010) TNM Klassifikation maligner Tumoren. Wiley-VCH, Weinheim
Wolfson AH, Sightler SE, Markoe AM et al (1992) The prognostic significance of surgical staging for carcinoma of the endometrium. Gynecol Oncol 45:142–146
Yamada SD, Burger RA, Brewster WR, Anton D, Kohler MF, Monk BJ (2000) Pathologic variables and adjuvant therapy as predictors of recurrence and survival for patients with surgically evaluated carcinosarcoma of the uterus. Cancer 88:2782–2786
Yemelyanova A, Ji H, Shih Ie M, Wang TL, Wu LS, Ronnett BM (2009) Utility of p16 expression for distinction of uterine serous carcinomas from endometrial endometrioid and endocervical adenocarcinomas: immunohistochemical analysis of 201 cases. Am J Surg Pathol 33:1504–1514
Yilmaz A, Rush DS, Soslow RA (2002) Endometrial stromal sarcomas with unusual histologic features: a report of 24 primary and metastatic tumors emphasizing fibroblastic and smooth muscle differentiation. Am J Surg Pathol 26:1142–1150
Yoshida Y, Kurokawa T, Fukuno N, Nishikawa Y, Kamitani N, Kotsuji F (2000) Markers of apoptosis and angiogenesis indicate that carcinomatous components play an important role in the malignant behavior of uterine carcinosarcoma. Hum Pathol 31:1448–1454
Young RH, Hart WR (1998) Metastatic intestinal carcinomas simulating primary ovarian clear cell carcinoma and secretory endometrioid carcinoma: a clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical study of five cases. Am J Surg Pathol 22:805–815
Young RH, Scully RE (1987) Oxyphilic clear cell carcinoma of the ovary. A report of nine cases. Am J Surg Pathol 11:661–667
Young RH, Scully RE (1992) Uterine carcinomas simulating microglandular hyperplasia. A report of six cases. Am J Surg Pathol 16:1092–1097
Young RH, Treger T, Scully RE (1986) Atypical polypoid adenomyoma of the uterus. A report of 27 cases. Am J Clin Pathol 86:139–145
Zaino RJ (2009) FIGO staging of endometrial adenocarcinoma: a critical review and proposal. Int J Gynecol Pathol 28:1–9
Zaino RJ, Kauderer J, Trimble CL et al (2006) Reproducibility of the diagnosis of atypical endometrial hyperplasia: a Gynecologic Oncology Group study. Cancer 106:804–811
Zaino RJ, Kurman R, Herbold D et al (1991) The significance of squamous differentiation in endometrial carcinoma. Data from a Gynecologic Oncology Group study. Cancer 68:2293–2302
Zaino RJ, Kurman RJ, Brunetto VL et al (1998) Villoglandular adenocarcinoma of the endometrium: a clinicopathologic study of 61 cases: a gynecologic oncology group study. Am J Surg Pathol 22:1379–1385
Zaino RJ, Kurman RJ, Diana KL, Morrow CP (1996) Pathologic models to predict outcome for women with endometrial adenocarcinoma: the importance of the distinction between surgical stage and clinical stage--a Gynecologic Oncology Group study. Cancer 77:1115–1121
Zaloudek C, Hayashi GM, Ryan IP, Powell CB, Miller TR (1997) Microglandular adenocarcinoma of the endometrium: a form of mucinous adenocarcinoma that may be confused with microglandular hyperplasia of the cervix. Int J Gynecol Pathol 16:52–59
Zaloudek C, Hendrickson MR (2002) Mesenchymal tumors of the uterus. In: Kurman RJ (ed) Blaustein's pathology of the female genital tract. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 561–615
Zaloudek CJ, Norris HJ (1981) Adenofibroma and adenosarcoma of the uterus: a clinicopathologic study of 35 cases. Cancer 48:354–366
Zaman SS, Mazur MT (1993) Endometrial papillary syncytial change. A nonspecific alteration associated with active breakdown. Am J Clin Pathol 99:741–745
Zelmanowicz A, Hildesheim A, Sherman ME et al (1998) Evidence for a common etiology for endometrial carcinomas and malignant mixed mullerian tumors. Gynecol Oncol 69:253–257
Zheng W, Khurana R, Farahmand S, Wang Y, Zhang ZF, Felix JC (1998) p53 immunostaining as a significant adjunct diagnostic method for uterine surface carcinoma: precursor of uterine papillary serous carcinoma. Am J Surg Pathol 22:1463–1473
Zhu XQ, Shi YF, Cheng XD, Zhao CL, Wu YZ (2004) Immunohistochemical markers in differential diagnosis of endometrial stromal sarcoma and cellular leiomyoma. Gynecol Oncol 92:71–79
Zielonke N, Hackl M, Baldaszti E (2010) Krebsinzidenz und Krebsmortalität in Österreich. Statistik Austria, Wien
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2013 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Lax, S. (2013). Erkrankungen des Endometriums. In: Klöppel, G., Kreipe, H., Remmele, W., Dietel, M. (eds) Pathologie. Pathologie. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-04564-6_19
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-04564-6_19
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-04563-9
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-04564-6
eBook Packages: Medicine (German Language)