Skip to main content

Akute und chronische Hepatitis

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Pathologie

Part of the book series: Pathologie ((PATHOL))

  • 3853 Accesses

Zusammenfassung

Das Kapitel befasst sich mit den Formen der „Hepatitis“, die durch die eigentlichen Hepatitisviren (hepatotrope Viren) sowie durch nichthepatotrope Viren wie Epstein-Barr-Virus (EBV), Zytomegalievirus (CMV), Herpes-simplex-Virus (HSV) oder andere Viren hervorgerufen werden. Auch die selteneren Formen der nichtviralen infektiösen Hepatitis werden beschrieben. Besonderes Augenmerk wird auf die klinisch-pathologischen Korrelationen sowie auf die morphologischen Gemeinsamkeiten und Unterschiede gelegt, wobei zahlreiche histopathologische Abbildungen die theoretischen Grundlagen veranschaulichen.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 309.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 399.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Literatur

  1. Abe H, Beninger PR, Ikejiri N, Setoyama H, Sata M, Tanikawa K (1982) Light microscopic findings of liver biopsy specimens from patients with hepatitis type A and comparison with type B. Gastroenterology 82:938–947

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Adams JS, Walker DH (1981) The liver in Rocky Mountain spotted fever. Am J Clin Pathol 75:156–161

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Ader F, Chatellier D, Le Berre R, Morand P, Fourrier F (2006) Fulminant Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) hepatitis in a young immunocompetent subject. Med Mal Infect 36:396–398

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Ahsan N, Holman MJ, Riley TR, Abendroth CS, Langhoff EG, Yang HC (1998) Peloisis hepatis due to Bartonella henselae in transplantation: a hemato-hepato-renal syndrome. Transplantation 65:1000–1003

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Akinoglu A, Demiryurek H, Guzel C (1991) Alveolar hydatid disease of the liver: a report on thirty-nine surgical cases in eastern Anatolia, Turkey. Am J Trop Med Hyg 45:182–189

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Alatrakchi N, Koziel M (2009) Regulatory T cells and viral liver disease. J Viral Hepat 16:223–239

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Altes J, Salas A, Riera M, Udina M, Galmes A, Balanzat J, Ballesteros A et al (1991) Visceral leishmaniasis: another HIV-associated opportunistic infection? Report of eight cases and review of the literature. AIDS 5:201–207

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Anand A, Gray ES, Brown T, Clewley JP, Cohen BJ (1987) Human parvovirus infection in pregnancy and hydrops fetalis. N Engl J Med 316:183–186

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Anderson S, Nevins CL, Green LK, El-Zimaity H, Anand BS (2001) Assessment of liver histology in chronic alcoholics with and without hepatitis C virus infection. Dig Dis Sci 46:1393–1398

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Arif A, Levine RA, Sanderson SO, Bank L, Velu RP, Shah A, Mahl TC et al (2003) Regression of fibrosis in chronic hepatitis C after therapy with interferon and ribavirin. Dig Dis Sci 48:1425–1430

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Asher LV, Innis BL, Shrestha MP, Ticehurst J, Baze WB (1990) Virus-like particles in the liver of a patient with fulminant hepatitis and antibody to hepatitis E virus. J Med Virol 31:229–233

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Avci Z, Turul T, Catal F, Olgar S, Baykan A, Tekfam O, Gurgey A (2002) Thrombocytopenia and emperipolesis in a patient with hepatitis a infection. Pediatr Hematol Oncol 19:67–70

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Bach N, Thung SN, Schaffner F (1992) The histological features of chronic hepatitis C and autoimmune chronic hepatitis: a comparative analysis. Hepatology 15:572–577

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Badaro R, Jones TC, Carvalho EM, Sampaio D, Reed SG, Barral A, Teixeira R et al (1986) New perspectives on a subclinical form of visceral leishmaniasis. J Infect Dis 154:1003–1011

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Batts KP, Ludwig J (1995) Chronic hepatitis. An update on terminology and reporting. Am J Surg Pathol 19:1409–1417

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Bean P (2002) Latest discoveries on the infection and coinfection with hepatitis D virus. Am Clin Lab 21:25–27

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Beaugerie L, Teilhac MF, Deluol AM, Fritsch J, Girard PM, Rozenbaum W, Le Quintrec Y et al (1992) Cholangiopathy associated with Microsporidia infection of the common bile duct mucosa in a patient with HIV infection. Ann Intern Med 117:401–402

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Bedossa P, Poynard T (1996) An algorithm for the grading of activity in chronic hepatitis C. Hepatology 24:289–293

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Bedossa P, Dargere D, Paradis V (2003) Sampling variability of liver fibrosis in chronic hepatitis C. Hepatology 38:1449–1457

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Beissner RS, Rappaport ES, Diaz JA (1987) Fatal case of Epstein-Barr virus-induced lymphoproliferative disorder associated with a human immunodeficiency virus infection. Arch Pathol Lab Med 111:250–253

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Bethony J, Brooker S, Albonico M, Geiger SM, Loukas A, Diemert D, Hotez PJ (2006) Soil-transmitted helminth infections: ascariasis, trichuriasis, and hookworm. Lancet 367:1521–1532

    Google Scholar 

  22. Bhamarapravati N, Tuchinda P, Boonyapaknavik V (1967) Pathology of Thailand haemorrhagic fever: a study of 100 autopsy cases. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 61:500–510

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Bianchi L, Gudat F (1976) Sanded nuclei in hepatitis B: eosinophilic inclusions in liver cell nuclei due to excess in hepatitis B core antigen formation. Lab Invest 35:1–5

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Bissig KD, Wieland SF, Tran P, Isogawa M, Le TT, Chisari FV, Verma IM (2010) Human liver chimeric mice provide a model for hepatitis B and C virus infection and treatment. J Clin Invest 120:924–930

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  25. Bonacini M (1992) Hepatobiliary complications in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection. Am J Med 92:404–411

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Bonacini M, Govindarajan S, Kohla M, Lai MM, Lindsay KL (2007) Intrahepatic lymphocyte phenotypes in hepatitis C virus infection: a comparison between cirrhotic and non-cirrhotic livers. Minerva Gastroenterol Dietol 53:1–7

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Bortolami M, Kotsafti A, Cardin R, Farinati F (2008) Fas / FasL system, IL-1beta expression and apoptosis in chronic HBV and HCV liver disease. J Viral Hepat 15:515–522

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Bowen DG, Walker CM (2005) Adaptive immune responses in acute and chronic hepatitis C virus infection. Nature 436:946–952

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Boyer JL, Klatskin G (1970) Pattern of necrosis in acute viral hepatitis. Prognostic value of bridging (subacute hepatic necrosis). N Engl J Med 283:1063–1071

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Brooks SE, Audretsch JJ (1978) Hepatic ultrastructure in congenital syphilis. Arch Pathol Lab Med 102:502–505

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Bruguera M, Bordas JM, Rodes J (1979) Atlas of laparoscopy and biopsy of the liver. Saunders, Philadelphia

    Google Scholar 

  32. Brundler MA, Rodriguez-Baez N, Jaffe R, Weinberg AG, Rogers BB (2003) Adenovirus ascending cholangiohepatitis. Pediatr Dev Pathol 6:156–159

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Burt FJ, Swanepoel R, Shieh WJ, Smith JF, Leman PA, Greer PW, Coffield LM et al (1997) Immunohistochemical and in situ localization of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) virus in human tissues and implications for CCHF pathogenesis. Arch Pathol Lab Med 121:839–846

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Cacoub P, Poynard T, Ghillani P, Charlotte F, Olivi M, Piette JC, Opolon P (1999) Extrahepatic manifestations of chronic hepatitis C. Arthritis Rheum 42:2204–2212

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Callea F (1988) Immunohistochemical techniques for the demonstration of viral antigens in liver tissue. Ric Clin Lab 18:223231

    Google Scholar 

  36. Candotti D, Allain JP (2009) Transfusion-transmitted hepatitis B virus infection. J Hepatol 51:798–809

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Caredda F, Rossi E, d’Arminio Monforte A, Zampini L, Re T, Meroni B, Moroni M (1985) Hepatitis B virus-associated coinfection and superinfection with delta agent: indistinguishable disease with different outcome. J Infect Dis 151:925–928

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Carme B, Ngaporo AI, Ngolet A, Ibara JR, Ebikili B (1992) Disseminated African histoplasmosis in a Congolese patient with AIDS. J Med Vet Mycol 30:245–248

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Carmichael GP Jr., Zahradnik JM, Moyer GH, Porter DD (1979) Adenovirus hepatitis in an immunosuppressed adult patient. Am J Clin Pathol 71:352–355

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Cervantes F, Bruguera M, Carbonell J, Force L, Webb S (1982) Liver disease in brucellosis. A clinical and pathological study of 40 cases. Postgrad Med J 58:346–350

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  41. Chalasani N, Wilcox CM (1996) Etiology, evaluation, and outcome of jaundice in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Hepatology 23:728–733

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Chang Y, Cesarman E, Pessin MS, Lee F, Culpepper J, Knowles DM, Moore PS (1994) Identification of herpesvirus-like DNA sequences in AIDS-associated Kaposi’s sarcoma. Science 266:1865–1869

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Chariot P, Drogou I, de Lacroix-Szmania I, Eliezer-Vanerot MC, Chazaud B, Lombes A, Schaeffer A et al (1999) Zidovudine-induced mitochondrial disorder with massive liver steatosis, myopathy, lactic acidosis, and mitochondrial DNA depletion. J Hepatol 30:156–160

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Chen TJ, Liaw YF (1988) The prognostic significance of bridging hepatic necrosis in chronic type B hepatitis: a histopathologic study. Liver 8:10–16

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Chisari FV, Isogawa M, Wieland SF (2010) Pathogenesis of hepatitis B virus infection. Pathol Biol (Paris) 58:258–266

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Chisari FV (2005) Unscrambling hepatitis C virus-host interactions. Nature 436:930–932

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Choe G, Lee HS, Seo JK, Chai JY, Lee SH, Eom KS, Chi JG (1993) Hepatic capillariasis: first case report in the Republic of Korea. Am J Trop Med Hyg 48:610–625

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Choo QL, Kuo G, Weiner AJ, Overby LR, Bradley DW, Houghton M (1989) Isolation of a cDNA clone derived from a blood-borne non-A, non-B viral hepatitis genome. Science 244:359–362

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Chotiyaputta W, Lok AS (2009) Role of antiviral therapy in the prevention of perinatal transmission of hepatitis B virus infection. J Viral Hepat 16:91–93

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Christie KE, Haukenes G (1979) Measles virus specific precipitins in sera from patients with chronic active hepatitis. Scand J Infect Dis 11:99–106

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Chu CM, Liaw YF (1992) Immunohistological study of intrahepatic expression of hepatitis B core and E antigens in chronic type B hepatitis. J Clin Pathol 45:791–795

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  52. Clarke J, Craig RM, Saffro R, Murphy P, Yokoo H (1979) Cytomegalovirus granulomatous hepatitis. Am J Med 66:264–269

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Clouston AD, Powell EE, Walsh MJ, Richardson MM, Demetris AJ, Jonsson JR (2005) Fibrosis correlates with a ductular reaction in hepatitis C: roles of impaired replication, progenitor cells and steatosis. Hepatology 41:809–818

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Coker RJ, Clark D, Claydon EL, Gompels M, Ainsworth JG, Lucas SB, Miller R et al (1991) Disseminated pneumocystis carinii infection in AIDS. J Clin Pathol 44:820–823

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  55. Conlan JW, North RJ (1992) Early pathogenesis of infection in the liver with the facultative intracellular bacteria Listeria monocytogenes, Francisella tularensis, and Salmonella typhimurium involves lysis of infected hepatocytes by leukocytes. Infect Immun 60:5164–5171

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  56. Crane GG (1986) Hyperreactive malarious splenomegaly (tropical splenomegaly syndrome). Parasitol Today 2:4–9

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Crum-Cianflone N, Collins G, Medina S, Asher D, Campin R, Bavaro M, Hale B et al (2010) Prevalence and factors associated with liver test abnormalities among human immunodeficiency virus-infected persons. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 8:183–191

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Dalton HR, Bendall RP, Keane FE, Tedder RS, Ijaz S (2009) Persistent carriage of hepatitis E virus in patients with HIV infection. N Engl J Med 361:1025–1027

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Daly JJ, Baker GF (1984) Pinworm granuloma of the liver. Am J Trop Med Hyg 33:62–64

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Dance DA (2000) Melioidosis as an emerging global problem. Acta Trop 74:115–119

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Dane DS, Cameron CH, Briggs M (1970) Virus-like particles in serum of patients with Australia-antigen-associated hepatitis. Lancet 1:695–698

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Davis KJ, Anderson AO, Geisbert TW, Steele KE, Geisbert JB, Vogel P, Connolly BM et al (1997) Pathology of experimental Ebola virus infection in African green monkeys. Involvement of fibroblastic reticular cells. Arch Pathol Lab Med 121:805–819

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. De Brito T, Prado MJ, Negreiros VA, Nicastri AL, Sakata EE, Yasuda PH, Santos RT et al (1992) Detection of leptospiral antigen (L. interrogans serovar copenhageni serogroup Icterohaemorrhagiae) by immunoelectron microscopy in the liver and kidney of experimentally infected guinea-pigs. Int J Exp Pathol 73:633–642

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  64. Demir M, Lang S, Nierhoff D, Drebber U, Hardt A, Wedemeyer I, Schulte S et al (2013) Stepwise combination of simple noninvasive fibrosis scoring systems increases diagnostic accuracy in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. J Clin Gastroenterol 47:719–726

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Desmet VJ, Gerber M, Hoofnagle JH, Manns M, Scheuer PJ (1994) Classification of chronic hepatitis: diagnosis, grading and staging. Hepatology 19:1513–1520

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Dienes HP, Popper H, Manns M, Baumann W, Thoenes W, Meyer Zum Buschenfelde KH (1989) Histologic features in autoimmune hepatitis. Z Gastroenterol 27:325–330

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Diepolder HM (2009) New insights into the immunopathogenesis of chronic hepatitis C. Antivir Res 82:103–109

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Drebber U, Kasper HU, Krupacz J, Haferkamp K, Kern MA, Steffen HM, Quasdorff M et al (2006) The role of Epstein-Barr virus in acute and chronic hepatitis. J Hepatol 44:879–885

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Drebber U, Kasper HU, Odenthal M, Kern MA, Feigk B, Dippold WG, Dienes HP (2006) Primary infection with Epstein-Barr virus in a 77-year-old patient with B symptoms and hepatitis – a case report. Z Gastroenterol 44:387–390

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Drebber U, Kasper HU, Ratering J, Wedemeyer I, Schirmacher P, Dienes HP, Odenthal M (2008) Hepatic granulomas: histological and molecular pathological approach to differential diagnosis – a study of 442 cases. Liver Int 28:828–834

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Drebber U, Preuss SF, Kasper HU, Wieland U, Dienes HP (2008) Postoperative fulminant varicella zoster virus hepatitis with fatal outcome: a case report. Z Gastroenterol 46:45–47

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Duarte MI, Mariano ON, Corbett CE (1989) Liver parenchymal cell parasitism in human visceral leishmaniasis. Virchows Arch A Pathol Anat Histopathol 415:1–6

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Duray PH (1989) Clinical pathologic correlations of Lyme disease. Rev Infect Dis 11(Suppl 6):S1487–S1493

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Edington GM, White HA (1972) The pathology of Lassa fever. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 66:381–389

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Exley MA, Koziel MJ (2004) To be or not to be NKT: natural killer T cells in the liver. Hepatology 40:1033–1040

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Fabris P, Fleming VM, Giordani MT, Barnes E (2008) Acute hepatitis C: clinical aspects, diagnosis, and outcome of acute HCV infection. Curr Pharm Des 14:1661–1665

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Fagan E, Yousef G, Brahm J, Garelick H, Mann G, Wolstenholme A, Portmann B et al (1990) Persistence of hepatitis A virus in fulminant hepatitis and after liver transplantation. J Med Virol 30:131–136

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Falkowski O, An HJ, Ianus IA, Chiriboga L, Yee H, West AB, Theise ND (2003) Regeneration of hepatocyte “buds” in cirrhosis from intrabiliary stem cells. J Hepatol 39:357–364

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Fartoux L, Chazouilleres O, Wendum D, Poupon R, Serfaty L (2005) Impact of steatosis on progression of fibrosis in patients with mild hepatitis C. Hepatology 41:82–87

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Feinstone SM, Kapikian AZ, Purceli RH (1973) Hepatitis A: detection by immune electron microscopy of a viruslike antigen associated with acute illness. Science 182:1026–1028

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Fenton KA (2007) Changing epidemiology of HIV/AIDS in the United States: implications for enhancing and promoting HIV testing strategies. Clin Infect Dis 45(Suppl 4):S213–S220

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Fincham JE, Markus MB, Adams VJ (2003) Could control of soil-transmitted helminthic infection influence the HIV/AIDS pandemic. Acta Trop 86:315–333

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Fischer L, Diem R, Wilmanns W, Feine U (1969) The instructive case. 38. Liver abscess following anamnestically quiescent amebic dysentery. Med Welt 1:58–61

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Forbes A, Blanshard C, Gazzard B (1993) Natural history of AIDS related sclerosing cholangitis: a study of 20 cases. Gut 34:116–121

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  85. Franco E, Giambi C, Ialacci R, Maurici M (2003) Prevention of hepatitis A by vaccination. Expert Opin Biol Ther 3:965–974

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Fraser HS, Thomas D, Tomaylla J, Garcia N, Lecca L, Murray M, Becerra MC (2012) Adaptation of a web-based, open source electronic medical record system platform to support a large study of tuberculosis epidemiology. BMC Med Inform Decis Mak 12:125

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  87. Friedman SL, Bansal MB (2006) Reversal of hepatic fibrosis – fact or fantasy? Hepatology 43:S82–S88

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. Friedrich-Rust M, Ong MF, Martens S, Sarrazin C, Bojunga J, Zeuzem S, Herrmann E (2008) Performance of transient elastography for the staging of liver fibrosis: a meta-analysis. Gastroenterology 134:960–974

    Google Scholar 

  89. Gaeta GB, Stroffolini T, Chiaramonte M, Ascione T, Stornaiuolo G, Lobello S, Sagnelli E et al (2000) Chronic hepatitis D: a vanishing Disease? An Italian multicenter study. Hepatology 32:824–827

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  90. Ganapati R (2004) Epidemiology of leprosy. Int J Lepr Other Mycobact Dis 72:491 (author reply 492)

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. Garcia-Ordonez MA, Colmenero JD, Jimenez-Onate F, Martos F, Martinez J, Juarez C (1999) Diagnostic usefulness of percutaneous liver biopsy in HIV-infected patients with fever of unknown origin. J Infect 38:94–98

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. Gauss A, Wenzel JJ, Flechtenmacher C, Navid MH, Eisenbach C, Jilg W, Stremmel W et al (2012) Chronic hepatitis E virus infection in a patient with leukemia and elevated transaminases: a case report. J Med Case Rep 6:334

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  93. Gayotto LC, Muszkat RM, Souza IV (1990) Hepatobiliary alterations in massive biliary ascariasis. Histopathological aspects of an autopsy case. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 32:91–95

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  94. Giannelli G, Antonaci S (2005) Immunological and molecular aspects of liver fibrosis in chronic hepatitis C virus infection. Histol Histopathol 20:939–944

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  95. Giannitrapani L, Soresi M, La Spada E, Tripodo C, Montalto G (2009) Progressive visceral leishmaniasis misdiagnosed as cirrhosis of the liver: a case report. J Med Case Rep 3:7265

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  96. Gladdy RA, Richardson SE, Davies HD, Superina RA (1999) Candida infection in pediatric liver transplant recipients. Liver Transpl Surg 5:16–24

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  97. Glasgow BJ, Anders K, Layfield LJ, Steinsapir KD, Gitnick GL, Lewin KJ (1985) Clinical and pathologic findings of the liver in the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). Am J Clin Pathol 83:582–588

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  98. Glaziou P, Falzon D, Floyd K, Raviglione M (2012) Global epidemiology of tuberculosis. Semin Respir Crit Care Med 34:3–16

    Google Scholar 

  99. Goellner MH, Agger WA, Burgess JH, Duray PH (1988) Hepatitis due to recurrent Lyme disease. Ann Intern Med 108:707–708

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  100. Goljan J, Nahorski W, Felczak-Korzybska I, Gorski J, Myjak P (2000) Liver injury in the course of malaria. Int Marit Health 51:30–39

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  101. Gonzalez JP, Herbreteau V, Morvan J, Leroy EM (2005) Ebola virus circulation in Africa: a balance between clinical expression and epidemiological silence. Bull Soc Pathol Exot 98:210–217

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  102. Goodman ZD, Ishak KG, Sesterhenn IA (1986) Herpes simplex hepatitis in apparently immunocompetent adults. Am J Clin Pathol 85:694–699

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  103. Greenstein AJ, Lowenthal D, Hammer GS, Schaffner F, Aufses AH Jr. (1984) Continuing changing patterns of disease in pyogenic liver abscess: a study of 38 patients. Am J Gastroenterol 79:217–226

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  104. Greenwood B, Owusu-Agyei S (2012) Epidemiology. Malaria in the post-genome era. Science 338:49–50

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  105. Gryseels B, Polman K, Clerinx J, Kestens L (2006) Human schistosomiasis. Lancet 368:1106–1118

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  106. Guardia J, Martinez-Vazquez JM, Moragas A, Rey C, Vilaseca J, Tornos J, Beltran M et al (1974) The liver in boutonneuse fever. Gut 15:549–551

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  107. Guarner J, Shieh WJ, Greer PW, Gabastou JM, Chu M, Hayes E, Nolte KB et al (2002) Immunohistochemical detection of Yersinia pestis in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue. Am J Clin Pathol 117:205–209

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  108. Guarner J, Jernigan JA, Shieh WJ, Tatti K, Flannagan LM, Stephens DS, Popovic T et al (2003) Pathology and pathogenesis of bioterrorism-related inhalational anthrax. Am J Pathol 163:701–709

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  109. Guarner J, Bhatnagar J, Shieh WJ, Nolte KB, Klein D, Gookin MS, Penaranda S et al (2007) Histopathologic, immunohistochemical, and polymerase chain reaction assays in the study of cases with fatal sporadic myocarditis. Hum Pathol 38:1412–1419

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  110. Guarner J, Packard MM, Nolte KB, Paddock CD, Shieh WJ, Tondella ML, McGee L et al (2007) Usefulness of immunohistochemical diagnosis of streptococcus pneumoniae in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded specimens compared with culture and gram stain techniques. Am J Clin Pathol 127:612–618

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  111. Gubler DJ (1998) Resurgent vector-borne diseases as a global health problem. Emerg Infect Dis 4:442–450

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  112. Guido M, Thung SN, Fattovich G, Cusinato R, Leandro G, Cecchetto A, Cesaro S et al (1999) Intrahepatic expression of hepatitis B virus antigens: effect of hepatitis C virus infection. Mod Pathol 12:599–603

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  113. Guido M, Rugge M (2004) Liver biopsy sampling in chronic viral hepatitis. Semin Liver Dis 24:89–97

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  114. Guidotti LG, Rochford R, Chung J, Shapiro M, Purcell R, Chisari FV (1999) Viral clearance without destruction of infected cells during acute HBV infection. Science 284:825–829

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  115. Guidotti LG, Chisari FV (2001) Noncytolytic control of viral infections by the innate and adaptive immune response. Annu Rev Immunol 19:65–91

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  116. Guidotti LG, Chisari FV (2006) Immunobiology and pathogenesis of viral hepatitis. Annu Rev Pathol 1:23–61

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  117. Han YP (2006) Matrix metalloproteinases, the pros and cons, in liver fibrosis. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 21(Suppl 3):S88–S91

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  118. Hansen KE, Arnason J, Bridges AJ (1998) Autoantibodies and common viral illnesses. Semin Arthritis Rheum 27:263271

    Google Scholar 

  119. Harding CV (1991) Blastomycosis and opportunistic infections in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. An autopsy study. Arch Pathol Lab Med 115:1133–1136

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  120. Hashimoti E, Kojimahara N, Noguchi S, Taniai M, Ishiguro N, Hayashi N (1996) Immunohistochemical characterization of hepatic lymphocytes in acute hepatitis A, B, and C. J Clin Gastroenterol 23:199–202

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  121. Hayashi N, Mita E (1999) Involvement of Fas system-mediated apoptosis in pathogenesis of viral hepatitis. J Viral Hepat 6:357–365

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  122. Hengeveld P, Zuyderhoudt FM (1982) Iron mobilisation with chelating agents during acute viral hepatitis. Hepatogastroenterology 29:191–194

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  123. Hiatt RA, Sotomayor ZR, Sanchez G, Zambrana M, Knight WB (1979) Factors in the pathogenesis of acute schistosomiasis mansoni. J Infect Dis 139:659–666

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  124. Hira PR, Shweiki H, Lindberg LG, Shaheen Y, Francis I, Leven H, Behbehani K (1988) Diagnosis of cystic hydatid disease: role of aspiration cytology. Lancet 2:655–657

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  125. Holty JE, Sista RR (2009) Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in transplant recipients: early diagnosis and treatment of resistant tuberculosis. Curr Opin Organ Transplant 14:613–618

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  126. Hong DG, Choi MH, Chong GO, Yi JH, Seong WJ, Lee YS, Park IS et al (2010) Fitz-Hugh-Curtis Syndrome: single centre experiences. J Obstet Gynaecol 30:277–280

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  127. Hoofnagle JH (1997) Hepatitis C: the clinical spectrum of disease. Hepatology 26:15S–20S

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  128. Horney JT, Galambos JT (1977) The liver during and after fulminant hepatitis. Gastroenterology 73:639–645

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  129. Hou PC (1955) The pathology of Clonorchis sinensis infestation of the liver. J Pathol Bacteriol 70:53–64

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  130. Houeto D, D’Hoore W, Ouendo E, Charlier D, Deccache A (2007) Malaria control among children under five in sub-Saharan Africa: the role of empowerment and parents’ participation besides the clinical strategies. Rural Remote Health 7:840

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  131. Huerre MR, Lan NT, Marianneau P, Hue NB, Khun H, Hung NT, Khen NT et al (2001) Liver histopathology and biological correlates in five cases of fatal dengue fever in Vietnamese children. Virchows Arch 438:107–115

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  132. Hytiroglou P, Park YN, Krinsky G, Theise ND (2007) Hepatic precancerous lesions and small hepatocellular carcinoma. Gastroenterol Clin North Am 36:867–887

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  133. Ikeda H, Sasaki M, Sato Y, Harada K, Zen Y, Mitsui T, Nakanuma Y (2009) Large cell change of hepatocytes in chronic viral hepatitis represents a senescent-related lesion. Hum Pathol 40:1774–1782

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  134. Ishak K, Baptista A, Bianchi L, Callea F, De Groote J, Gudat F, Denk H et al (1995) Histological grading and staging of chronic hepatitis. J Hepatol 22:696–699

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  135. Isom HC, McDevitt EI, Moon MS (2009) Elevated hepatic iron: a confounding factor in chronic hepatitis C. Biochim Biophys Acta 1790:650–662

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  136. Jackson MD, Kirkman C, Bradford WD, Walker DH (1986) Rocky mountain spotted fever: hepatic lesions in childhood cases. Pediatr Pathol 5:379–388

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  137. Jaeschke H, Gujral JS, Bajt ML (2004) Apoptosis and necrosis in liver disease. Liver Int 24:85–89

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  138. Janner D, Petru AM, Belchis D, Azimi PH (1990) Fatal adenovirus infection in a child with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Pediatr Infect Dis J 9:434–436

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  139. Jonas MM, Roldan EO, Lyons HJ, Fojaco RM, Reddy RK (1989) Histopathologic features of the liver in pediatric acquired immune deficiency syndrome. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 9:73–81

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  140. Judge DM, Samuel I, Perine PL, Vukotic D, Ababa A (1974) Louse-borne relapsing fever in man. Arch Pathol 97:136–170

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  141. Kaji K, Nakanuma Y, Sasaki M, Unoura M, Kobayashi K, Nonomura A, Tsuneyama K et al (1994) Hepatitic bile duct injuries in chronic hepatitis C: histopathologic and immunohistochemical studies. Mod Pathol 7:937–945

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  142. Kamar N, Selves J, Mansuy JM, Ouezzani L, Peron JM, Guitard J, Cointault O et al (2008) Hepatitis E virus and chronic hepatitis in organ-transplant recipients. N Engl J Med 358:811–817

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  143. Kaplan KJ, Goodman ZD, Ishak KG (2001) Eosinophilic granuloma of the liver: a characteristic lesion with relationship to visceral larva migrans. Am J Surg Pathol 25:1316–1321

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  144. Karat AB, Job CK, Rao PS (1971) Liver in leprosy: histological and biochemical findings. Br Med J 1:307–310

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  145. Karayiannis P (1998) Hepatitis D virus. Rev Med Virol 8:13–24

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  146. Kasper HU, Ligum D, Cucus J, Stippel DL, Dienes HP, Drebber U (2009) Liver distribution of gammadelta-T-cells in patients with chronic hepatitis of different etiology. APMIS 117:779–785

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  147. Kasper WJ, Howe PM (1990) Fatal varicella after a single course of corticosteroids. Pediatr Infect Dis J 9:729–732

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  148. Kazmi KA, Rab SM (1989) Primary hepatic actinomycosis: a diagnostic problem. Am J Trop Med Hyg 40:310–311

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  149. Kerr JF (2002) History of the events leading to the formulation of the apoptosis concept. Toxicology 181–182:471–474

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  150. Khan AS, Tshioko FK, Heymann DL, Le Guenno B, Nabeth P, Kerstiens B, Fleerackers Y et al (1999) The reemergence of Ebola hemorrhagic fever, Democratic Republic of the Congo, 1995. J Infect Dis 179(Suppl 1):S76–S86

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  151. Khuroo MS, Teli MR, Skidmore S, Sofi MA, Khuroo MI (1981) Incidence and severity of viral hepatitis in pregnancy. Am J Med 70:252–255

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  152. Khuroo MS, Zargar SA, Mahajan R (1990) Hepatobiliary and pancreatic ascariasis in India. Lancet 335:1503–1506

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  153. Kim AY, Onofrey S, Church DR (2013) An epidemiologic update on hepatitis C infection in persons living with or at risk of HIV infection. J Infect Dis 207(Suppl 1):S1–S6

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  154. Kim H, Oh BK, Roncalli M, Park C, Yoon SM, Yoo JE, Park YN (2009) Large liver cell change in hepatitis B virus-related liver cirrhosis. Hepatology 50:752–762

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  155. Klion FM, Schaffner F (1966) The ultrastructure of acidophilic “Councilman-like” bodies in the liver. Am J Pathol 48:755–767

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  156. Knodell RG, Ishak KG, Black WC, Chen TS, Craig R, Kaplowitz N, Kiernan TW et al (1981) Formulation and application of a numerical scoring system for assessing histological activity in asymptomatic chronic active hepatitis. Hepatology 1:431–435

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  157. Kobayashi K, Hashimoto E, Ludwig J, Hisamitsu T, Obata H (1993) Liver biopsy features of acute hepatitis C compared with hepatitis A, B, and non-A, non-B, non-C. Liver 13:69–72

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  158. Kochar R, Nevah MI, Lukens FJ, Fallon MB, Machicao VI (2010) Vanishing bile duct syndrome in human immunodeficiency virus: nevirapine hepatotoxicity revisited. World J Gastroenterol 16:3335–3338

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  159. Koziel MJ (1996) Immunology of viral hepatitis. Am J Med 100:98–109

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  160. Krilov LR, Rubin LG, Frogel M, Gloster E, Ni K, Kaplan M, Lipson SM (1990) Disseminated adenovirus infection with hepatic necrosis in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection and other immunodeficiency states. Rev Infect Dis 12:303–307

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  161. Lalloo DG, Trevett AJ, Paul M, Korinhona A, Laurenson IF, Mapao J, Nwokolo N et al (1996) Severe and complicated falciparum malaria in Melanesian adults in Papua New Guinea. Am J Trop Med Hyg 55:119–124

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  162. Langnas AN, Markin RS, Cattral MS, Naides SJ (1995) Parvovirus B19 as a possible causative agent of fulminant liver failure and associated aplastic anemia. Hepatology 22:1661–1665

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  163. Lee JY, Locarnini S (2004) Hepatitis B virus: pathogenesis, viral intermediates, and viral replication. Clin Liver Dis 8:301–320

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  164. Lefkowitch JH (1982) Bile ductular cholestasis: an ominous histopathologic sign related to sepsis and “cholangitis lenta”. Hum Pathol 13:19–24

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  165. Lefkowitch JH, Schiff ER, Davis GL, Perrillo RP, Lindsay K, Bodenheimer HC Jr., Balart LA et al (1993) Pathological diagnosis of chronic hepatitis C: a multicenter comparative study with chronic hepatitis B. Gastroenterology 104:595–603

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  166. Lefkowitch JH (1994) Pathology of AIDS-related liver disease. Dig Dis 12:321–330

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  167. Lefkowitch JH (1997) The liver in AIDS. Semin Liver Dis 17:335–344

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  168. Lefkowitch JH, Lobritto SJ, Brown RS Jr., Emond JC, Schilsky ML, Rosenthal LA, George DM et al (2006) Ground-glass, polyglucosan-like hepatocellular inclusions: a “new” diagnostic entity. Gastroenterology 131:713–718

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  169. Leroy EM, Kumulungui B, Pourrut X, Rouquet P, Hassanin A, Yaba P, Delicat A et al (2005) Fruit bats as reservoirs of Ebola virus. Nature 438:575–576

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  170. Levai F, Labancz A, Jaszay Z (1973) Liver and biliary duct complications of abdominal typhus in childhood. Monatsschr Kinderheilkd 121:79–81

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  171. Lipman M, Breen R (2006) Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome in HIV. Curr Opin Infect Dis 19:20–25

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  172. Lobdell DH (1987) “Ring” granulomas in cytomegalovirus hepatitis. Arch Pathol Lab Med 111:881–882

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  173. Locarnini S (2004) Molecular virology of hepatitis B virus. Semin Liver Dis 24(Suppl 1):3–10

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  174. Loddenkemper C, Longerich T, Hummel M, Ernestus K, Anagnostopoulos I, Dienes HP, Schirmacher P et al (2007) Frequency and diagnostic patterns of lymphomas in liver biopsies with respect to the WHO classification. Virchows Arch 450:493–502

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  175. Lucas SB, Hounnou A, Peacock C, Beaumel A, Djomand G, N’Gbichi JM, Yeboue K et al (1993) The mortality and pathology of HIV infection in a west African city. AIDS 7:1569–1579

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  176. Lun ZR, Gasser RB, Lai DH, Li AX, Zhu XQ, Yu XB, Fang YY (2005) Clonorchiasis: a key foodborne zoonosis in China. Lancet Infect Dis 5:31–41

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  177. Mackay A, Macleod T, Alcorn MJ, Laidlaw M, Macleod IM, Millar JS, Stack BH et al (1980) Fatal disseminated BCG infection in an 18-year-old boy. Lancet 2:1332–1334

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  178. MacSween RN (1980) Pathology of viral hepatitis and its sequelae. Clin Gastroenterol 9:23–45

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  179. Mak CM, Lam CW (2008) Diagnosis of Wilson’s disease: a comprehensive review. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 45:263–290

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  180. Malcolm P, Dalton H, Hussaini HS, Mathew J (2007) The histology of acute autochthonous hepatitis E virus infection. Histopathology 51:190–194

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  181. Malhi H, Gores GJ, Lemasters JJ (2006) Apoptosis and necrosis in the liver: a tale of two deaths? Hepatology 43:S31–S44

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  182. Mansuy MM, Seiferth WJ (1950) Miliary tuberculosis of the liver: liver biopsy as an adjunct to diagnosis. Am J Med Sci 220:293–297

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  183. Marcos LA, Terashima A, Gotuzzo E (2008) Update on hepatobiliary flukes: fascioliasis, opisthorchiasis and clonorchiasis. Curr Opin Infect Dis 21:523–530

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  184. Martinson NA, Hoffmann CJ, Chaisson RE (2014) Epidemiology of tuberculosis and HIV: recent advances in understanding and responses. Proc Am Thorac Soc 8:288–293

    Google Scholar 

  185. Masada CT, Shaw BW Jr., Zetterman RK, Kaufman SS, Markin RS (1993) Fulminant hepatic failure with massive necrosis as a result of hepatitis A infection. J Clin Gastroenterol 17:158–162

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  186. McDonald JA, Harris S, Waters JA, Thomas HC (1987) Effect of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection on chronic hepatitis B hepatic viral antigen display. J Hepatol 4:337–342

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  187. McFarland W (1970) Emperipolesis. N Engl J Med 282:168

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  188. McMahon BJ, Alberts SR, Wainwright RB, Bulkow L, Lanier AP (1990) Hepatitis B-related sequelae. Prospective study in 1400 hepatitis B surface antigen-positive Alaska native carriers. Arch Intern Med 150:1051–1054

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  189. McMahon BJ (2009) The natural history of chronic hepatitis B virus infection. Hepatology 49:S45–S55

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  190. McManus DP, Zhang W, Li J, Bartley PB (2003) Echinococcosis. Lancet 362:1295–1304

    Google Scholar 

  191. Mele A (2002) Progress in prevention and control of hepatitis B: a congress reviewing the first ten years since the introduction of mass vaccination in Italy. J Med Virol 67:432

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  192. Mondou EN, Gnepp DR (1989) Hepatic granuloma resulting from Enterobius vermicularis. Am J Clin Pathol 91:97–100

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  193. Moonim MT, Alarcon L, Freeman J, Mahadeva U, van der Walt JD, Lucas SB (2010) Identifying HIV infection in diagnostic histopathology tissue samples – the role of HIV-1 p24 immunohistochemistry in identifying clinically unsuspected HIV infection: a 3-year analysis. Histopathology 56:530–541

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  194. Moore GA, Homewood CA, Gilles HM (1975) A comparison of pigment from Schistosoma mansoni and Plasmodium berghei. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 69:373–374

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  195. Moreno A, Ramon y Cajal S, Marazuela M, Carreno V, Milicua JM, Cerezo E, Cuesta C et al (1989) Sanded nuclei in delta patients. Liver 9:367–371

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  196. Moucari R, Asselah T, Cazals-Hatem D, Voitot H, Boyer N, Ripault MP, Sobesky R et al (2008) Insulin resistance in chronic hepatitis C: association with genotypes 1 and 4, serum HCV RNA level, and liver fibrosis. Gastroenterology 134:416–423

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  197. Muller C, Godl I, Gottlicher J, Wolf HM, Eibel MM (1991) Phenotypes of peripheral blood lymphocytes during acute hepatitis A. Acta Paediatr Scand 80:931–937

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  198. Murphy E, Griffiths MR, Hunter JA, Burt AD (1991) Fibrin-ring granulomas: a non-specific reaction to liver injury? Histopathology 19:91–93

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  199. Murray HW, Berman JD, Davies CR, Saravia NG (2005) Advances in leishmaniasis. Lancet 366:1561–1577

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  200. Nafeh MA, Medhat A, Swifae Y, Moftah FM, Mohamed A, Soliman AG, Strickland GT (1992) Ultrasonographic changes of the liver in Schistosoma haematobium infection. Am J Trop Med Hyg 47:225–230

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  201. Nakanuma Y (1993) Necroinflammatory changes in hepatic lobules in primary biliary cirrhosis with less well-defined cholestatic changes. Hum Pathol 24:378–383

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  202. Nambuya A, Sewankambo N, Mugerwa J, Goodgame R, Lucas S (1988) Tuberculous lymphadenitis associated with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in Uganda. J Clin Pathol 41:93–96

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  203. Nayak NC, Sachdeva R (1975) Localization of hepatitis B surface antigen in conventional paraffin sections of the liver. Comparison of immunofluorescence, immunoperoxidase, and orcein staining methods with regard to their specificity and reliability as antigen marker. Am J Pathol 81:479–492

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  204. Negro F (2006) Mechanisms and significance of liver steatosis in hepatitis C virus infection. World J Gastroenterol 12:6756–6765

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  205. Nigam P, Gupta AK, Kapoor KK, Sharan GR, Goyal BM, Joshi LD (1985) Cholestasis in amoebic liver abscess. Gut 26:140–145

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  206. Nijhawan S, Joshi A, Shende A, Malhotra H, Mathur A, Rai RR (2005) EBV-associated hepatitis with aplastic anemia. J Assoc Physicians India 53:1079

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  207. Nonomura A, Mizukami Y, Matsubara F, Kobayashi K (1991) Clinicopathological study of lymphocyte attachment to endothelial cells (endothelialitis) in various liver diseases. Liver 11:78–88

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  208. Nunez M (2010) Clinical syndromes and consequences of antiretroviral-related hepatotoxicity. Hepatology 52:1143–1155

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  209. Ohashi K, Marion PL, Nakai H, Meuse L, Cullen JM, Bordier BB, Schwall R et al (2000) Sustained survival of human hepatocytes in mice: a model for in vivo infection with human hepatitis B and hepatitis delta viruses. Nat Med 6:327–331

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  210. Okuno T, Sano A, Deguchi T, Katsuma Y, Ogasawara T, Okanoue T, Takino T (1984) Pathology of acute hepatitis A in humans. Comparison with acute hepatitis B. Am J Clin Pathol 81:162–169

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  211. Onuigbo MA, Mbah AU (1992) Tropical splenomegaly syndrome in Nigerian adults. West Afr J Med 11:72–88

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  212. Orenstein JM, Dieterich DT, Kotler DP (1992) Systemic dissemination by a newly recognized intestinal microsporidia species in AIDS. AIDS 6:1143–1150

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  213. Orland JR, Wright TL, Cooper S (2001) Acute hepatitis C. Hepatology 33:321–327

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  214. Pachiadakis I, Pollara G, Chain BM, Naoumov NV (2005) Is hepatitis C virus infection of dendritic cells a mechanism facilitating viral persistence? Lancet Infect Dis 5:296–304

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  215. Pawlotsky JM (2004) Pathophysiology of hepatitis C virus infection and related liver disease. Trends Microbiol 12:96–102

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  216. Pellegrin M, Delsol G, Auvergnat JC, Familiades J, Faure H, Guiu M, Voigt JJ (1980) Granulomatous hepatitis in Q fever. Hum Pathol 11:51–57

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  217. Penin F (2003) Structural biology of hepatitis C virus. Clin Liver Dis 7:1–21

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  218. Phillips MJ, Poucell S (1981) Modern aspects of the morphology of viral hepatitis. Hum Pathol 12:1060–1084

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  219. Piggott JA, Hochholzer L (1970) Human melioidosis. A histopathologic study of acute and chronic melioidosis. Arch Pathol 90:101–111

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  220. Pineda JA, Aguilar-Guisado M, Rivero A, Giron-Gonzalez JA, Ruiz-Morales J, Merino D, Rios-Villegas MJ et al (2009) Natural history of compensated hepatitis C virus-related cirrhosis in HIV-infected patients. Clin Infect Dis 49:1274–1282

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  221. Pisapia R, Mariano A, Rianda A, Testa A, Oliva A, Vincenzi L (2013) Severe EBV hepatitis treated with valganciclovir. Infection 41:251–254

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  222. Poltera AA, Katsimbura N (1974) Granulomatous hepatitis due to Strongyloides stercoralis. J Pathol 113:241–246

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  223. Popper H (1979) Pathology of viral hepatitis. Isr J Med Sci 15:240–247

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  224. Pourrut X, Kumulungui B, Wittmann T, Moussavou G, Delicat A, Yaba P, Nkoghe D et al (2005) The natural history of Ebola virus in Africa. Microbes Infect 7:1005–1014

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  225. Poynard T, McHutchison J, Manns M, Trepo C, Lindsay K, Goodman Z, Ling MH et al (2002) Impact of pegylated interferon alfa-2b and ribavirin on liver fibrosis in patients with chronic hepatitis C. Gastroenterology 122:1303–1313

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  226. Price H, Bansi L, Sabin CA, Bhagani S, Burroughs A, Chadwick D, Dunn D et al (2012) Hepatitis B virus infection in HIV-positive individuals in the UK collaborative HIV cohort (UK CHIC) study. PLoS ONE 7:e49314

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  227. Purcell RH, Emerson SU (2008) Hepatitis E: an emerging awareness of an old disease. J Hepatol 48:494–503

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  228. Purtilo DT (1981) X-linked lymphoproliferative syndrome. An immunodeficiency disorder with acquired agammaglobulinemia, fatal infectious mononucleosis, or malignant lymphoma. Arch Pathol Lab Med 105:119–121

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  229. Purtilo DT, Sakamoto K (1981) Epstein-Barr virus and human disease: immune responses determine the clinical and pathologic expression. Hum Pathol 12:677–679

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  230. Rachima CM, Cohen E, Garty M (2000) Acute hepatitis A: combination of the relapsing and the cholestatic forms, two rare variants. Am J Med Sci 319:417–419

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  231. Rackow EC, Astiz ME (1991) Pathophysiology and treatment of septic shock. JAMA 266:548–554

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  232. Randhawa PS, Jenkins FJ, Nalesnik MA, Martens J, Williams PA, Ries A, Pham S et al (1997) Herpesvirus 6 variant A infection after heart transplantation with giant cell transformation in bile ductular and gastroduodenal epithelium. Am J Surg Pathol 21:847–853

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  233. Regev A, Berho M, Jeffers LJ, Milikowski C, Molina EG, Pyrsopoulos NT, Feng ZZ et al (2002) Sampling error and intraobserver variation in liver biopsy in patients with chronic HCV infection. Am J Gastroenterol 97:2614–2618

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  234. Rizkallah MF, Meyer L, Ayoub EM (1988) Hepatic and splenic abscesses in cat-scratch disease. Pediatr Infect Dis J 7:191–195

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  235. Rizzetto M, Canese MG, Arico S, Crivelli O, Trepo C, Bonino F, Verme G (1977) Immunofluorescence detection of new antigen-antibody system (delta/anti-delta) associated to hepatitis B virus in liver and in serum of HBsAg carriers. Gut 18:997–1003

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  236. Rizzetto M (2009) Hepatitis D: thirty years after. J Hepatol 50:1043–1050

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  237. Robert-Gangneux F, Darde ML (2012) Epidemiology of and diagnostic strategies for toxoplasmosis. Clin Microbiol Rev 25:264–296

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  238. Roboz GJ (1998) Hepatitis C and B-cell lymphoma. AIDS Patient Care STDS 12:605–609

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  239. Rockey DC (2008) Current and future anti-fibrotic therapies for chronic liver disease. Clin Liver Dis 12:939–962

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  240. Romeu J, Rybak B, Dave P, Coven R (1980) Spirochetal vasculitis and bile ductular damage in early hepatic syphilis. Am J Gastroenterol 74:352–354

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  241. Rosenberg W (1999) Mechanisms of immune escape in viral hepatitis. Gut 44:759–764

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  242. Roskams TA, Theise ND, Balabaud C, Bhagat G, Bhathal PS, Bioulac-Sage P, Brunt EM et al (2004) Nomenclature of the finer branches of the biliary tree: canals, ductules, and ductular reactions in human livers. Hepatology 39:1739–1745

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  243. Rullier A, Trimoulet P, Neau D, Bernard PH, Foucher J, Lacoste D, Winnock M et al (2004) Fibrosis is worse in HIV-HCV patients with low-level immunodepression referred for HCV treatment than in HCV-matched patients. Hum Pathol 35:1088–1094

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  244. Sabesin SM, Fallon HJ, Andriole VT (1963) Hepatic failure as a manifestation of cryptococcosis. Arch Intern Med 111:661–669

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  245. Sabin CA, Walker AS, Dunn D (2004) HIV/HCV coinfection, HAART, and liver-related mortality. Lancet 364:757–758 (author reply 758)

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  246. Safdar K, Schiff ER (2004) Alcohol and hepatitis C. Semin Liver Dis 24:305–315

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  247. Samaras V, Rafailidis PI, Mourtzoukou EG, Peppas G, Falagas ME (2010) Chronic bacterial and parasitic infections and cancer: a review. J Infect Dev Ctries 4:267–281

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  248. Sass DA, Shakil AO (2005) Fulminant hepatic failure. Liver Transpl 11:594–605

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  249. Scheuer PJ, Maggi G (1980) Hepatic fibrosis and collapse: histological distinction by orecin staining. Histopathology 4:487–490

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  250. Scheuer PJ, Ashrafzadeh P, Sherlock S, Brown D, Dusheiko GM (1992) The pathology of hepatitis C. Hepatology 15:567–571

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  251. Schiff ER, Ozden N (2003) Hepatitis C and alcohol. Alcohol Res Health 27:232–239

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  252. Schlossberg D, Morad Y, Krouse TB, Wear DJ, English CK, Littman M (1989) Culture-proved disseminated cat-scratch disease in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Arch Intern Med 149:1437–1439

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  253. Sene D, Limal N, Cacoub P (2004) Hepatitis C virus-associated extrahepatic manifestations: a review. Metab Brain Dis 19:357–381

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  254. Servoss JC, Friedman LS (2004) Serologic and molecular diagnosis of hepatitis B virus. Clin Liver Dis 8:267–281

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  255. Shieh WJ, Paddock CD, Lederman E, Rao CY, Gould LH, Mohamed M, Mosha F et al (2010) Pathologic studies on suspect animal and human cases of Rift Valley fever from an outbreak in Eastern Africa, 2006–2007. Am J Trop Med Hyg 83:38–42

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  256. Shiffman ML (2010) Management of acute hepatitis B. Clin Liver Dis 14:75–91

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  257. Shimizu YK, Shikata T, Beninger PR, Sata M, Setoyama H, Abe H, Tanikawa K (1982) Detection of hepatitis A antigen in human liver. Infect Immun 36:320–324

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  258. Snover DC, Horwitz CA (1984) Liver disease in cytomegalovirus mononucleosis: a light microscopical and immunoperoxidase study of six cases. Hepatology 4:408–412

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  259. Sobel HJ, Wolf EH (1972) Liver involvement in early syphilis. Arch Pathol 93:565–568

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  260. Sohn CC, Schroff RW, Kliewer KE, Lebel DM, Fligiel S (1983) Disseminated Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare infection in homosexual men with acquired cell-mediated immunodeficiency: a histologic and immunologic study of two cases. Am J Clin Pathol 79:247–252

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  261. Soriano V, Vispo E, Labarga P, Medrano J, Barreiro P (2010) Viral hepatitis and HIV co-infection. Antivir Res 85:303–315

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  262. Spitz RD, Keren DF, Boitnott JK, Maddrey WC (1978) Bridging hepatic necrosis. Etiology and prognosis. Am J Dig Dis 23:1076–1078

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  263. Srichaikul T, Punyagupta S, Mongkolsritrakul W, Jidpugdeebodin S (2004) EBV and hemophagocytic syndrome: analysis of 3 cases, with speculation on clinical features, therapy and role of EBV. J Med Assoc Thai 87:974–983

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  264. Srinivasan A, Burton EC, Kuehnert MJ, Rupprecht C, Sutker WL, Ksiazek TG, Paddock CD et al (2005) Transmission of rabies virus from an organ donor to four transplant recipients. N Engl J Med 352:1103–1111

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  265. Stanley SL Jr. (2003) Amoebiasis. Lancet 361:1025–1034

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  266. Steeper TA, Rosenstein H, Weiser J, Inampudi S, Snover DC (1992) Bacillary epithelioid angiomatosis involving the liver, spleen, and skin in an AIDS patient with concurrent Kaposi’s sarcoma. Am J Clin Pathol 97:713–718

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  267. Stjernberg U, Silseth C, Ritland S (1987) Granulomatous hepatitis in Yersinia enterocolitica infection. Hepatogastroenterology 34:56–57

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  268. Struble KA, Pratt RD, Gitterman SR (1997) Toxicity of antiretroviral agents. Am J Med 102:65–67 (discussion 68–69)

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  269. Sulkowski MS (2008) Viral hepatitis and HIV coinfection. J Hepatol 48:353–367

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  270. Sun NC, Smith VM (1966) Hepatitis associated with myocarditis. Unusual manifestation of infection with Coxsackie virus group B, type 3. N Engl J Med 274:190–193

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  271. Takahashi K, Kang JH, Ohnishi S, Hino K, Miyakawa H, Miyakawa Y, Maekubo H et al (2003) Full-length sequences of six hepatitis E virus isolates of genotypes III and IV from patients with sporadic acute or fulminant hepatitis in Japan. Intervirology 46:308–318

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  272. Tang H, Grise H (2009) Cellular and molecular biology of HCV infection and hepatitis. Clin Sci (Lond) 117:49–65

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  273. Taylor JM (2006) Hepatitis delta virus. Virology 344:71–66

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  274. Te HS, Jensen DM (2010) Epidemiology of hepatitis B and C viruses: a global overview. Clin Liver Dis 14:1–21

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  275. Teixeira F, Gayotto LC, De Brito T (1978) Morphological patterns of the liver in South American blastomycosis. Histopathology 2:231–237

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  276. Teixeira MR Jr, Weller IV, Murray A, Bamber M, Thomas HC, Sherlock S, Scheuer PJ (1982) The pathology of hepatitis A in man. Liver 2:53–60

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  277. Theise ND (2007) Liver biopsy assessment in chronic viral hepatitis: a personal, practical approach. Mod Pathol 20(Suppl 1):S3–14

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  278. Theise ND, Bedenheimer HC, Ferrell LD (2012) Acute and chronic viral hepatitis. In: Burt A et al (Hrsg) MacSween’s pathology of the liver. Churchill Livingstone, London, S 361–401

    Google Scholar 

  279. Thung SN, Gerber MA (1982) The formation of elastic fibers in livers with massive hepatic necrosis. Arch Pathol Lab Med 106:468–469

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  280. Tilzey AJ, Banatvala JE (1991) Hepatitis A. BMJ 302:1552–1553

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  281. Tiwari I, Rolland CF, Popple AW (1982) Cholestatic jaundice due to toxoplasma hepatitis. Postgrad Med J 58:299–300

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  282. Torbenson M, Thomas DL (2002) Occult hepatitis B. Lancet Infect Dis 2:479–486

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  283. Torbenson M, Kannangai R, Astemborski J, Strathdee SA, Vlahov D, Thomas DL (2004) High prevalence of occult hepatitis B in Baltimore injection drug users. Hepatology 39:51–57

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  284. Towner JS, Amman BR, Sealy TK, Carroll SA, Comer JA, Kemp A, Swanepoel R et al (2009) Isolation of genetically diverse Marburg viruses from Egyptian fruit bats. PLoS Pathog 5:e1000536

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  285. Turrini F, Schwarzer E, Arese P (1993) The involvement of hemozoin toxicity in depression of cellular immunity. Parasitol Today 9:297–300

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  286. Tuyama AC, Hong F, Saiman Y, Wang C, Ozkok D, Mosoian A, Chen P et al (2010) Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 infects human hepatic stellate cells and promotes collagen I and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 expression: implications for the pathogenesis of HIV/hepatitis C virus-induced liver fibrosis. Hepatology 52:612–622

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  287. Uehara E, Tasaka T, Matsuhashi Y, Fujita M, Tamura T, Kuwajima M, Nagai M et al (2002) EBV associated hemophagocytic syndrome accompanied by central pontine myelinolysis. Leuk Lymphoma 43:2047–2050

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  288. Vadillo M, Corbella X, Pac V, Fernandez-Viladrich P, Pujol R (1994) Multiple liver abscesses due to Yersinia enterocolitica discloses primary hemochromatosis: three cases reports and review. Clin Infect Dis 18:938–941

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  289. Vallbracht A, Maier K, Stierhof YD, Wiedmann KH, Flehmig B, Fleischer B (1989) Liver-derived cytotoxic T cells in hepatitis A virus infection. J Infect Dis 160:209–217

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  290. Vanstapel MJ, Desmet VJ (1983) Cytomegalovirus hepatitis: a histological and immunohistochemical study. Appl Pathol 1:41–49

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  291. Vassilopoulos D, Younossi ZM, Hadziyannis E, Boparai N, Yen-Lieberman B, Hsi E, Villa-Forte A et al (2003) Study of host and virological factors of patients with chronic HCV infection and associated laboratory or clinical autoimmune manifestations. Clin Exp Rheumatol 21:101–111

    Google Scholar 

  292. Vatanasapt V, Uttaravichien T, Mairiang EO, Pairojkul C, Chartbanchachai W, Haswell-Elkins M (1990) Cholangiocarcinoma in north-east Thailand. Lancet 335:116–117

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  293. Villari D, Raimondo G, Attard L, Verucchi G, Spinella S, Pernice M, Rodino G (1993) Polyphasic type A hepatitis: histological features. Infection 21:46–48

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  294. Wahid SF, Sanusi S, Zawawi MM, Ali RA (2000) A comparison of the pattern of liver involvement in dengue hemorrhagic fever with classic dengue fever. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 31:259–263

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  295. Waite J, Gilson RJ, Weller IV, Lacey CJ, Hambling MH, Hawkins A, Briggs M et al (1988) Hepatitis B virus reactivation or reinfection associated with HIV-1 infection. AIDS 2:443–448

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  296. Wakita T, Pietschmann T, Kato T, Date T, Miyamoto M, Zhao Z, Murthy K et al (2005) Production of infectious hepatitis C virus in tissue culture from a cloned viral genome. Nat Med 11:791–796

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  297. Walewska-Zielecka B, Madalinski K, Jablonska J, Godzik P, Cielecka-Kuszyk J, Litwinska B (2008) Composition of inflammatory infiltrate and its correlation with HBV/HCV antigen expression. World J Gastroenterol 14:4040–4046

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  298. Walker DH, Staiti A, Mansueto S, Tringali G (1986) Frequent occurrence of hepatic lesions in boutonneuse fever. Acta Trop 43:175–181

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  299. Walker DP, Longson M, Lawler W, Mallick NP, Davies JS, Johnson RW (1981) Disseminated herpes simplex virus infection with hepatitis in an adult renal transplant recipient. J Clin Pathol 34:1044–1046

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  300. Wallace JM, Hannah JB (1988) Mycobacterium avium complex infection in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. A clinicopathologic study. Chest 93:926–932

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  301. Walsh TJ, Hamilton SR (1983) Disseminated aspergillosis complicating hepatic failure. Arch Intern Med 143:1189–1191

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  302. Wang WL, London WT, Feitelson MA (1991) Hepatitis B x antigen in hepatitis B virus carrier patients with liver cancer. Cancer Res 51:4971–4977

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  303. Wanless IR, Nakashima E, Sherman M (2000) Regression of human cirrhosis. Morphologic features and the genesis of incomplete septal cirrhosis. Arch Pathol Lab Med 124:1599–1607

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  304. Weitberg AB, Alper JC, Diamond I, Fligiel Z (1979) Acute granulomatous hepatitis in the course of acquired toxoplasmosis. N Engl J Med 300:1093–1096

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  305. Wheat LJ, Kauffman CA (2003) Histoplasmosis. Infect Dis Clin North Am 17:1–19

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  306. Wilson JF, Rausch RL (1980) Alveolar hydatid disease. A review of clinical features of 33 indigenous cases of Echinococcus multilocularis infection in Alaskan Eskimos. Am J Trop Med Hyg 29:1340–1355

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  307. Yoto Y, Kudoh T, Haseyama K, Suzuki N, Chiba S (1996) Human parvovirus B19 infection associated with acute hepatitis. Lancet 347:868–869

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  308. Yu VL, Miller WP, Wing EJ, Romano JM, Ruiz CA, Bruns FJ (1982) Disseminated listeriosis presenting as acute hepatitis. Case reports and review of hepatic involvement in listeriosis. Am J Med 73:773–777

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  309. Zimmerli W, Bianchi L, Gudat F, Spichtin H, Erb P, von Planta M, Heitz PU (1988) Disseminated herpes simplex type 2 and systemic Candida infection in a patient with previous asymptomatic human immunodeficiency virus infection. J Infect Dis 157:597–598

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  310. Zuure F, Davidovich U, Kok G, Depla AC, Hoebe C, van den Hoek A, Jansen PL et al (2010) Evaluation of a risk assessment questionnaire to assist hepatitis C screening in the general population. Euro Surveill 15:1953

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Hans Peter Dienes .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2020 Springer-Verlag GmbH Deutschland, ein Teil von Springer Nature

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Dienes, H.P., Drebber, U. (2020). Akute und chronische Hepatitis. In: Tannapfel, A., Klöppel, G. (eds) Pathologie. Pathologie. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-04557-8_7

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-04557-8_7

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-642-04556-1

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-642-04557-8

  • eBook Packages: Medicine (German Language)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics