Zusammenfassung
Das Kapitel befasst sich mit den Formen der „Hepatitis“, die durch die eigentlichen Hepatitisviren (hepatotrope Viren) sowie durch nichthepatotrope Viren wie Epstein-Barr-Virus (EBV), Zytomegalievirus (CMV), Herpes-simplex-Virus (HSV) oder andere Viren hervorgerufen werden. Auch die selteneren Formen der nichtviralen infektiösen Hepatitis werden beschrieben. Besonderes Augenmerk wird auf die klinisch-pathologischen Korrelationen sowie auf die morphologischen Gemeinsamkeiten und Unterschiede gelegt, wobei zahlreiche histopathologische Abbildungen die theoretischen Grundlagen veranschaulichen.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
Literatur
Abe H, Beninger PR, Ikejiri N, Setoyama H, Sata M, Tanikawa K (1982) Light microscopic findings of liver biopsy specimens from patients with hepatitis type A and comparison with type B. Gastroenterology 82:938–947
Adams JS, Walker DH (1981) The liver in Rocky Mountain spotted fever. Am J Clin Pathol 75:156–161
Ader F, Chatellier D, Le Berre R, Morand P, Fourrier F (2006) Fulminant Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) hepatitis in a young immunocompetent subject. Med Mal Infect 36:396–398
Ahsan N, Holman MJ, Riley TR, Abendroth CS, Langhoff EG, Yang HC (1998) Peloisis hepatis due to Bartonella henselae in transplantation: a hemato-hepato-renal syndrome. Transplantation 65:1000–1003
Akinoglu A, Demiryurek H, Guzel C (1991) Alveolar hydatid disease of the liver: a report on thirty-nine surgical cases in eastern Anatolia, Turkey. Am J Trop Med Hyg 45:182–189
Alatrakchi N, Koziel M (2009) Regulatory T cells and viral liver disease. J Viral Hepat 16:223–239
Altes J, Salas A, Riera M, Udina M, Galmes A, Balanzat J, Ballesteros A et al (1991) Visceral leishmaniasis: another HIV-associated opportunistic infection? Report of eight cases and review of the literature. AIDS 5:201–207
Anand A, Gray ES, Brown T, Clewley JP, Cohen BJ (1987) Human parvovirus infection in pregnancy and hydrops fetalis. N Engl J Med 316:183–186
Anderson S, Nevins CL, Green LK, El-Zimaity H, Anand BS (2001) Assessment of liver histology in chronic alcoholics with and without hepatitis C virus infection. Dig Dis Sci 46:1393–1398
Arif A, Levine RA, Sanderson SO, Bank L, Velu RP, Shah A, Mahl TC et al (2003) Regression of fibrosis in chronic hepatitis C after therapy with interferon and ribavirin. Dig Dis Sci 48:1425–1430
Asher LV, Innis BL, Shrestha MP, Ticehurst J, Baze WB (1990) Virus-like particles in the liver of a patient with fulminant hepatitis and antibody to hepatitis E virus. J Med Virol 31:229–233
Avci Z, Turul T, Catal F, Olgar S, Baykan A, Tekfam O, Gurgey A (2002) Thrombocytopenia and emperipolesis in a patient with hepatitis a infection. Pediatr Hematol Oncol 19:67–70
Bach N, Thung SN, Schaffner F (1992) The histological features of chronic hepatitis C and autoimmune chronic hepatitis: a comparative analysis. Hepatology 15:572–577
Badaro R, Jones TC, Carvalho EM, Sampaio D, Reed SG, Barral A, Teixeira R et al (1986) New perspectives on a subclinical form of visceral leishmaniasis. J Infect Dis 154:1003–1011
Batts KP, Ludwig J (1995) Chronic hepatitis. An update on terminology and reporting. Am J Surg Pathol 19:1409–1417
Bean P (2002) Latest discoveries on the infection and coinfection with hepatitis D virus. Am Clin Lab 21:25–27
Beaugerie L, Teilhac MF, Deluol AM, Fritsch J, Girard PM, Rozenbaum W, Le Quintrec Y et al (1992) Cholangiopathy associated with Microsporidia infection of the common bile duct mucosa in a patient with HIV infection. Ann Intern Med 117:401–402
Bedossa P, Poynard T (1996) An algorithm for the grading of activity in chronic hepatitis C. Hepatology 24:289–293
Bedossa P, Dargere D, Paradis V (2003) Sampling variability of liver fibrosis in chronic hepatitis C. Hepatology 38:1449–1457
Beissner RS, Rappaport ES, Diaz JA (1987) Fatal case of Epstein-Barr virus-induced lymphoproliferative disorder associated with a human immunodeficiency virus infection. Arch Pathol Lab Med 111:250–253
Bethony J, Brooker S, Albonico M, Geiger SM, Loukas A, Diemert D, Hotez PJ (2006) Soil-transmitted helminth infections: ascariasis, trichuriasis, and hookworm. Lancet 367:1521–1532
Bhamarapravati N, Tuchinda P, Boonyapaknavik V (1967) Pathology of Thailand haemorrhagic fever: a study of 100 autopsy cases. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 61:500–510
Bianchi L, Gudat F (1976) Sanded nuclei in hepatitis B: eosinophilic inclusions in liver cell nuclei due to excess in hepatitis B core antigen formation. Lab Invest 35:1–5
Bissig KD, Wieland SF, Tran P, Isogawa M, Le TT, Chisari FV, Verma IM (2010) Human liver chimeric mice provide a model for hepatitis B and C virus infection and treatment. J Clin Invest 120:924–930
Bonacini M (1992) Hepatobiliary complications in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection. Am J Med 92:404–411
Bonacini M, Govindarajan S, Kohla M, Lai MM, Lindsay KL (2007) Intrahepatic lymphocyte phenotypes in hepatitis C virus infection: a comparison between cirrhotic and non-cirrhotic livers. Minerva Gastroenterol Dietol 53:1–7
Bortolami M, Kotsafti A, Cardin R, Farinati F (2008) Fas / FasL system, IL-1beta expression and apoptosis in chronic HBV and HCV liver disease. J Viral Hepat 15:515–522
Bowen DG, Walker CM (2005) Adaptive immune responses in acute and chronic hepatitis C virus infection. Nature 436:946–952
Boyer JL, Klatskin G (1970) Pattern of necrosis in acute viral hepatitis. Prognostic value of bridging (subacute hepatic necrosis). N Engl J Med 283:1063–1071
Brooks SE, Audretsch JJ (1978) Hepatic ultrastructure in congenital syphilis. Arch Pathol Lab Med 102:502–505
Bruguera M, Bordas JM, Rodes J (1979) Atlas of laparoscopy and biopsy of the liver. Saunders, Philadelphia
Brundler MA, Rodriguez-Baez N, Jaffe R, Weinberg AG, Rogers BB (2003) Adenovirus ascending cholangiohepatitis. Pediatr Dev Pathol 6:156–159
Burt FJ, Swanepoel R, Shieh WJ, Smith JF, Leman PA, Greer PW, Coffield LM et al (1997) Immunohistochemical and in situ localization of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) virus in human tissues and implications for CCHF pathogenesis. Arch Pathol Lab Med 121:839–846
Cacoub P, Poynard T, Ghillani P, Charlotte F, Olivi M, Piette JC, Opolon P (1999) Extrahepatic manifestations of chronic hepatitis C. Arthritis Rheum 42:2204–2212
Callea F (1988) Immunohistochemical techniques for the demonstration of viral antigens in liver tissue. Ric Clin Lab 18:223231
Candotti D, Allain JP (2009) Transfusion-transmitted hepatitis B virus infection. J Hepatol 51:798–809
Caredda F, Rossi E, d’Arminio Monforte A, Zampini L, Re T, Meroni B, Moroni M (1985) Hepatitis B virus-associated coinfection and superinfection with delta agent: indistinguishable disease with different outcome. J Infect Dis 151:925–928
Carme B, Ngaporo AI, Ngolet A, Ibara JR, Ebikili B (1992) Disseminated African histoplasmosis in a Congolese patient with AIDS. J Med Vet Mycol 30:245–248
Carmichael GP Jr., Zahradnik JM, Moyer GH, Porter DD (1979) Adenovirus hepatitis in an immunosuppressed adult patient. Am J Clin Pathol 71:352–355
Cervantes F, Bruguera M, Carbonell J, Force L, Webb S (1982) Liver disease in brucellosis. A clinical and pathological study of 40 cases. Postgrad Med J 58:346–350
Chalasani N, Wilcox CM (1996) Etiology, evaluation, and outcome of jaundice in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Hepatology 23:728–733
Chang Y, Cesarman E, Pessin MS, Lee F, Culpepper J, Knowles DM, Moore PS (1994) Identification of herpesvirus-like DNA sequences in AIDS-associated Kaposi’s sarcoma. Science 266:1865–1869
Chariot P, Drogou I, de Lacroix-Szmania I, Eliezer-Vanerot MC, Chazaud B, Lombes A, Schaeffer A et al (1999) Zidovudine-induced mitochondrial disorder with massive liver steatosis, myopathy, lactic acidosis, and mitochondrial DNA depletion. J Hepatol 30:156–160
Chen TJ, Liaw YF (1988) The prognostic significance of bridging hepatic necrosis in chronic type B hepatitis: a histopathologic study. Liver 8:10–16
Chisari FV, Isogawa M, Wieland SF (2010) Pathogenesis of hepatitis B virus infection. Pathol Biol (Paris) 58:258–266
Chisari FV (2005) Unscrambling hepatitis C virus-host interactions. Nature 436:930–932
Choe G, Lee HS, Seo JK, Chai JY, Lee SH, Eom KS, Chi JG (1993) Hepatic capillariasis: first case report in the Republic of Korea. Am J Trop Med Hyg 48:610–625
Choo QL, Kuo G, Weiner AJ, Overby LR, Bradley DW, Houghton M (1989) Isolation of a cDNA clone derived from a blood-borne non-A, non-B viral hepatitis genome. Science 244:359–362
Chotiyaputta W, Lok AS (2009) Role of antiviral therapy in the prevention of perinatal transmission of hepatitis B virus infection. J Viral Hepat 16:91–93
Christie KE, Haukenes G (1979) Measles virus specific precipitins in sera from patients with chronic active hepatitis. Scand J Infect Dis 11:99–106
Chu CM, Liaw YF (1992) Immunohistological study of intrahepatic expression of hepatitis B core and E antigens in chronic type B hepatitis. J Clin Pathol 45:791–795
Clarke J, Craig RM, Saffro R, Murphy P, Yokoo H (1979) Cytomegalovirus granulomatous hepatitis. Am J Med 66:264–269
Clouston AD, Powell EE, Walsh MJ, Richardson MM, Demetris AJ, Jonsson JR (2005) Fibrosis correlates with a ductular reaction in hepatitis C: roles of impaired replication, progenitor cells and steatosis. Hepatology 41:809–818
Coker RJ, Clark D, Claydon EL, Gompels M, Ainsworth JG, Lucas SB, Miller R et al (1991) Disseminated pneumocystis carinii infection in AIDS. J Clin Pathol 44:820–823
Conlan JW, North RJ (1992) Early pathogenesis of infection in the liver with the facultative intracellular bacteria Listeria monocytogenes, Francisella tularensis, and Salmonella typhimurium involves lysis of infected hepatocytes by leukocytes. Infect Immun 60:5164–5171
Crane GG (1986) Hyperreactive malarious splenomegaly (tropical splenomegaly syndrome). Parasitol Today 2:4–9
Crum-Cianflone N, Collins G, Medina S, Asher D, Campin R, Bavaro M, Hale B et al (2010) Prevalence and factors associated with liver test abnormalities among human immunodeficiency virus-infected persons. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 8:183–191
Dalton HR, Bendall RP, Keane FE, Tedder RS, Ijaz S (2009) Persistent carriage of hepatitis E virus in patients with HIV infection. N Engl J Med 361:1025–1027
Daly JJ, Baker GF (1984) Pinworm granuloma of the liver. Am J Trop Med Hyg 33:62–64
Dance DA (2000) Melioidosis as an emerging global problem. Acta Trop 74:115–119
Dane DS, Cameron CH, Briggs M (1970) Virus-like particles in serum of patients with Australia-antigen-associated hepatitis. Lancet 1:695–698
Davis KJ, Anderson AO, Geisbert TW, Steele KE, Geisbert JB, Vogel P, Connolly BM et al (1997) Pathology of experimental Ebola virus infection in African green monkeys. Involvement of fibroblastic reticular cells. Arch Pathol Lab Med 121:805–819
De Brito T, Prado MJ, Negreiros VA, Nicastri AL, Sakata EE, Yasuda PH, Santos RT et al (1992) Detection of leptospiral antigen (L. interrogans serovar copenhageni serogroup Icterohaemorrhagiae) by immunoelectron microscopy in the liver and kidney of experimentally infected guinea-pigs. Int J Exp Pathol 73:633–642
Demir M, Lang S, Nierhoff D, Drebber U, Hardt A, Wedemeyer I, Schulte S et al (2013) Stepwise combination of simple noninvasive fibrosis scoring systems increases diagnostic accuracy in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. J Clin Gastroenterol 47:719–726
Desmet VJ, Gerber M, Hoofnagle JH, Manns M, Scheuer PJ (1994) Classification of chronic hepatitis: diagnosis, grading and staging. Hepatology 19:1513–1520
Dienes HP, Popper H, Manns M, Baumann W, Thoenes W, Meyer Zum Buschenfelde KH (1989) Histologic features in autoimmune hepatitis. Z Gastroenterol 27:325–330
Diepolder HM (2009) New insights into the immunopathogenesis of chronic hepatitis C. Antivir Res 82:103–109
Drebber U, Kasper HU, Krupacz J, Haferkamp K, Kern MA, Steffen HM, Quasdorff M et al (2006) The role of Epstein-Barr virus in acute and chronic hepatitis. J Hepatol 44:879–885
Drebber U, Kasper HU, Odenthal M, Kern MA, Feigk B, Dippold WG, Dienes HP (2006) Primary infection with Epstein-Barr virus in a 77-year-old patient with B symptoms and hepatitis – a case report. Z Gastroenterol 44:387–390
Drebber U, Kasper HU, Ratering J, Wedemeyer I, Schirmacher P, Dienes HP, Odenthal M (2008) Hepatic granulomas: histological and molecular pathological approach to differential diagnosis – a study of 442 cases. Liver Int 28:828–834
Drebber U, Preuss SF, Kasper HU, Wieland U, Dienes HP (2008) Postoperative fulminant varicella zoster virus hepatitis with fatal outcome: a case report. Z Gastroenterol 46:45–47
Duarte MI, Mariano ON, Corbett CE (1989) Liver parenchymal cell parasitism in human visceral leishmaniasis. Virchows Arch A Pathol Anat Histopathol 415:1–6
Duray PH (1989) Clinical pathologic correlations of Lyme disease. Rev Infect Dis 11(Suppl 6):S1487–S1493
Edington GM, White HA (1972) The pathology of Lassa fever. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 66:381–389
Exley MA, Koziel MJ (2004) To be or not to be NKT: natural killer T cells in the liver. Hepatology 40:1033–1040
Fabris P, Fleming VM, Giordani MT, Barnes E (2008) Acute hepatitis C: clinical aspects, diagnosis, and outcome of acute HCV infection. Curr Pharm Des 14:1661–1665
Fagan E, Yousef G, Brahm J, Garelick H, Mann G, Wolstenholme A, Portmann B et al (1990) Persistence of hepatitis A virus in fulminant hepatitis and after liver transplantation. J Med Virol 30:131–136
Falkowski O, An HJ, Ianus IA, Chiriboga L, Yee H, West AB, Theise ND (2003) Regeneration of hepatocyte “buds” in cirrhosis from intrabiliary stem cells. J Hepatol 39:357–364
Fartoux L, Chazouilleres O, Wendum D, Poupon R, Serfaty L (2005) Impact of steatosis on progression of fibrosis in patients with mild hepatitis C. Hepatology 41:82–87
Feinstone SM, Kapikian AZ, Purceli RH (1973) Hepatitis A: detection by immune electron microscopy of a viruslike antigen associated with acute illness. Science 182:1026–1028
Fenton KA (2007) Changing epidemiology of HIV/AIDS in the United States: implications for enhancing and promoting HIV testing strategies. Clin Infect Dis 45(Suppl 4):S213–S220
Fincham JE, Markus MB, Adams VJ (2003) Could control of soil-transmitted helminthic infection influence the HIV/AIDS pandemic. Acta Trop 86:315–333
Fischer L, Diem R, Wilmanns W, Feine U (1969) The instructive case. 38. Liver abscess following anamnestically quiescent amebic dysentery. Med Welt 1:58–61
Forbes A, Blanshard C, Gazzard B (1993) Natural history of AIDS related sclerosing cholangitis: a study of 20 cases. Gut 34:116–121
Franco E, Giambi C, Ialacci R, Maurici M (2003) Prevention of hepatitis A by vaccination. Expert Opin Biol Ther 3:965–974
Fraser HS, Thomas D, Tomaylla J, Garcia N, Lecca L, Murray M, Becerra MC (2012) Adaptation of a web-based, open source electronic medical record system platform to support a large study of tuberculosis epidemiology. BMC Med Inform Decis Mak 12:125
Friedman SL, Bansal MB (2006) Reversal of hepatic fibrosis – fact or fantasy? Hepatology 43:S82–S88
Friedrich-Rust M, Ong MF, Martens S, Sarrazin C, Bojunga J, Zeuzem S, Herrmann E (2008) Performance of transient elastography for the staging of liver fibrosis: a meta-analysis. Gastroenterology 134:960–974
Gaeta GB, Stroffolini T, Chiaramonte M, Ascione T, Stornaiuolo G, Lobello S, Sagnelli E et al (2000) Chronic hepatitis D: a vanishing Disease? An Italian multicenter study. Hepatology 32:824–827
Ganapati R (2004) Epidemiology of leprosy. Int J Lepr Other Mycobact Dis 72:491 (author reply 492)
Garcia-Ordonez MA, Colmenero JD, Jimenez-Onate F, Martos F, Martinez J, Juarez C (1999) Diagnostic usefulness of percutaneous liver biopsy in HIV-infected patients with fever of unknown origin. J Infect 38:94–98
Gauss A, Wenzel JJ, Flechtenmacher C, Navid MH, Eisenbach C, Jilg W, Stremmel W et al (2012) Chronic hepatitis E virus infection in a patient with leukemia and elevated transaminases: a case report. J Med Case Rep 6:334
Gayotto LC, Muszkat RM, Souza IV (1990) Hepatobiliary alterations in massive biliary ascariasis. Histopathological aspects of an autopsy case. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 32:91–95
Giannelli G, Antonaci S (2005) Immunological and molecular aspects of liver fibrosis in chronic hepatitis C virus infection. Histol Histopathol 20:939–944
Giannitrapani L, Soresi M, La Spada E, Tripodo C, Montalto G (2009) Progressive visceral leishmaniasis misdiagnosed as cirrhosis of the liver: a case report. J Med Case Rep 3:7265
Gladdy RA, Richardson SE, Davies HD, Superina RA (1999) Candida infection in pediatric liver transplant recipients. Liver Transpl Surg 5:16–24
Glasgow BJ, Anders K, Layfield LJ, Steinsapir KD, Gitnick GL, Lewin KJ (1985) Clinical and pathologic findings of the liver in the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). Am J Clin Pathol 83:582–588
Glaziou P, Falzon D, Floyd K, Raviglione M (2012) Global epidemiology of tuberculosis. Semin Respir Crit Care Med 34:3–16
Goellner MH, Agger WA, Burgess JH, Duray PH (1988) Hepatitis due to recurrent Lyme disease. Ann Intern Med 108:707–708
Goljan J, Nahorski W, Felczak-Korzybska I, Gorski J, Myjak P (2000) Liver injury in the course of malaria. Int Marit Health 51:30–39
Gonzalez JP, Herbreteau V, Morvan J, Leroy EM (2005) Ebola virus circulation in Africa: a balance between clinical expression and epidemiological silence. Bull Soc Pathol Exot 98:210–217
Goodman ZD, Ishak KG, Sesterhenn IA (1986) Herpes simplex hepatitis in apparently immunocompetent adults. Am J Clin Pathol 85:694–699
Greenstein AJ, Lowenthal D, Hammer GS, Schaffner F, Aufses AH Jr. (1984) Continuing changing patterns of disease in pyogenic liver abscess: a study of 38 patients. Am J Gastroenterol 79:217–226
Greenwood B, Owusu-Agyei S (2012) Epidemiology. Malaria in the post-genome era. Science 338:49–50
Gryseels B, Polman K, Clerinx J, Kestens L (2006) Human schistosomiasis. Lancet 368:1106–1118
Guardia J, Martinez-Vazquez JM, Moragas A, Rey C, Vilaseca J, Tornos J, Beltran M et al (1974) The liver in boutonneuse fever. Gut 15:549–551
Guarner J, Shieh WJ, Greer PW, Gabastou JM, Chu M, Hayes E, Nolte KB et al (2002) Immunohistochemical detection of Yersinia pestis in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue. Am J Clin Pathol 117:205–209
Guarner J, Jernigan JA, Shieh WJ, Tatti K, Flannagan LM, Stephens DS, Popovic T et al (2003) Pathology and pathogenesis of bioterrorism-related inhalational anthrax. Am J Pathol 163:701–709
Guarner J, Bhatnagar J, Shieh WJ, Nolte KB, Klein D, Gookin MS, Penaranda S et al (2007) Histopathologic, immunohistochemical, and polymerase chain reaction assays in the study of cases with fatal sporadic myocarditis. Hum Pathol 38:1412–1419
Guarner J, Packard MM, Nolte KB, Paddock CD, Shieh WJ, Tondella ML, McGee L et al (2007) Usefulness of immunohistochemical diagnosis of streptococcus pneumoniae in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded specimens compared with culture and gram stain techniques. Am J Clin Pathol 127:612–618
Gubler DJ (1998) Resurgent vector-borne diseases as a global health problem. Emerg Infect Dis 4:442–450
Guido M, Thung SN, Fattovich G, Cusinato R, Leandro G, Cecchetto A, Cesaro S et al (1999) Intrahepatic expression of hepatitis B virus antigens: effect of hepatitis C virus infection. Mod Pathol 12:599–603
Guido M, Rugge M (2004) Liver biopsy sampling in chronic viral hepatitis. Semin Liver Dis 24:89–97
Guidotti LG, Rochford R, Chung J, Shapiro M, Purcell R, Chisari FV (1999) Viral clearance without destruction of infected cells during acute HBV infection. Science 284:825–829
Guidotti LG, Chisari FV (2001) Noncytolytic control of viral infections by the innate and adaptive immune response. Annu Rev Immunol 19:65–91
Guidotti LG, Chisari FV (2006) Immunobiology and pathogenesis of viral hepatitis. Annu Rev Pathol 1:23–61
Han YP (2006) Matrix metalloproteinases, the pros and cons, in liver fibrosis. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 21(Suppl 3):S88–S91
Hansen KE, Arnason J, Bridges AJ (1998) Autoantibodies and common viral illnesses. Semin Arthritis Rheum 27:263271
Harding CV (1991) Blastomycosis and opportunistic infections in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. An autopsy study. Arch Pathol Lab Med 115:1133–1136
Hashimoti E, Kojimahara N, Noguchi S, Taniai M, Ishiguro N, Hayashi N (1996) Immunohistochemical characterization of hepatic lymphocytes in acute hepatitis A, B, and C. J Clin Gastroenterol 23:199–202
Hayashi N, Mita E (1999) Involvement of Fas system-mediated apoptosis in pathogenesis of viral hepatitis. J Viral Hepat 6:357–365
Hengeveld P, Zuyderhoudt FM (1982) Iron mobilisation with chelating agents during acute viral hepatitis. Hepatogastroenterology 29:191–194
Hiatt RA, Sotomayor ZR, Sanchez G, Zambrana M, Knight WB (1979) Factors in the pathogenesis of acute schistosomiasis mansoni. J Infect Dis 139:659–666
Hira PR, Shweiki H, Lindberg LG, Shaheen Y, Francis I, Leven H, Behbehani K (1988) Diagnosis of cystic hydatid disease: role of aspiration cytology. Lancet 2:655–657
Holty JE, Sista RR (2009) Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in transplant recipients: early diagnosis and treatment of resistant tuberculosis. Curr Opin Organ Transplant 14:613–618
Hong DG, Choi MH, Chong GO, Yi JH, Seong WJ, Lee YS, Park IS et al (2010) Fitz-Hugh-Curtis Syndrome: single centre experiences. J Obstet Gynaecol 30:277–280
Hoofnagle JH (1997) Hepatitis C: the clinical spectrum of disease. Hepatology 26:15S–20S
Horney JT, Galambos JT (1977) The liver during and after fulminant hepatitis. Gastroenterology 73:639–645
Hou PC (1955) The pathology of Clonorchis sinensis infestation of the liver. J Pathol Bacteriol 70:53–64
Houeto D, D’Hoore W, Ouendo E, Charlier D, Deccache A (2007) Malaria control among children under five in sub-Saharan Africa: the role of empowerment and parents’ participation besides the clinical strategies. Rural Remote Health 7:840
Huerre MR, Lan NT, Marianneau P, Hue NB, Khun H, Hung NT, Khen NT et al (2001) Liver histopathology and biological correlates in five cases of fatal dengue fever in Vietnamese children. Virchows Arch 438:107–115
Hytiroglou P, Park YN, Krinsky G, Theise ND (2007) Hepatic precancerous lesions and small hepatocellular carcinoma. Gastroenterol Clin North Am 36:867–887
Ikeda H, Sasaki M, Sato Y, Harada K, Zen Y, Mitsui T, Nakanuma Y (2009) Large cell change of hepatocytes in chronic viral hepatitis represents a senescent-related lesion. Hum Pathol 40:1774–1782
Ishak K, Baptista A, Bianchi L, Callea F, De Groote J, Gudat F, Denk H et al (1995) Histological grading and staging of chronic hepatitis. J Hepatol 22:696–699
Isom HC, McDevitt EI, Moon MS (2009) Elevated hepatic iron: a confounding factor in chronic hepatitis C. Biochim Biophys Acta 1790:650–662
Jackson MD, Kirkman C, Bradford WD, Walker DH (1986) Rocky mountain spotted fever: hepatic lesions in childhood cases. Pediatr Pathol 5:379–388
Jaeschke H, Gujral JS, Bajt ML (2004) Apoptosis and necrosis in liver disease. Liver Int 24:85–89
Janner D, Petru AM, Belchis D, Azimi PH (1990) Fatal adenovirus infection in a child with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Pediatr Infect Dis J 9:434–436
Jonas MM, Roldan EO, Lyons HJ, Fojaco RM, Reddy RK (1989) Histopathologic features of the liver in pediatric acquired immune deficiency syndrome. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 9:73–81
Judge DM, Samuel I, Perine PL, Vukotic D, Ababa A (1974) Louse-borne relapsing fever in man. Arch Pathol 97:136–170
Kaji K, Nakanuma Y, Sasaki M, Unoura M, Kobayashi K, Nonomura A, Tsuneyama K et al (1994) Hepatitic bile duct injuries in chronic hepatitis C: histopathologic and immunohistochemical studies. Mod Pathol 7:937–945
Kamar N, Selves J, Mansuy JM, Ouezzani L, Peron JM, Guitard J, Cointault O et al (2008) Hepatitis E virus and chronic hepatitis in organ-transplant recipients. N Engl J Med 358:811–817
Kaplan KJ, Goodman ZD, Ishak KG (2001) Eosinophilic granuloma of the liver: a characteristic lesion with relationship to visceral larva migrans. Am J Surg Pathol 25:1316–1321
Karat AB, Job CK, Rao PS (1971) Liver in leprosy: histological and biochemical findings. Br Med J 1:307–310
Karayiannis P (1998) Hepatitis D virus. Rev Med Virol 8:13–24
Kasper HU, Ligum D, Cucus J, Stippel DL, Dienes HP, Drebber U (2009) Liver distribution of gammadelta-T-cells in patients with chronic hepatitis of different etiology. APMIS 117:779–785
Kasper WJ, Howe PM (1990) Fatal varicella after a single course of corticosteroids. Pediatr Infect Dis J 9:729–732
Kazmi KA, Rab SM (1989) Primary hepatic actinomycosis: a diagnostic problem. Am J Trop Med Hyg 40:310–311
Kerr JF (2002) History of the events leading to the formulation of the apoptosis concept. Toxicology 181–182:471–474
Khan AS, Tshioko FK, Heymann DL, Le Guenno B, Nabeth P, Kerstiens B, Fleerackers Y et al (1999) The reemergence of Ebola hemorrhagic fever, Democratic Republic of the Congo, 1995. J Infect Dis 179(Suppl 1):S76–S86
Khuroo MS, Teli MR, Skidmore S, Sofi MA, Khuroo MI (1981) Incidence and severity of viral hepatitis in pregnancy. Am J Med 70:252–255
Khuroo MS, Zargar SA, Mahajan R (1990) Hepatobiliary and pancreatic ascariasis in India. Lancet 335:1503–1506
Kim AY, Onofrey S, Church DR (2013) An epidemiologic update on hepatitis C infection in persons living with or at risk of HIV infection. J Infect Dis 207(Suppl 1):S1–S6
Kim H, Oh BK, Roncalli M, Park C, Yoon SM, Yoo JE, Park YN (2009) Large liver cell change in hepatitis B virus-related liver cirrhosis. Hepatology 50:752–762
Klion FM, Schaffner F (1966) The ultrastructure of acidophilic “Councilman-like” bodies in the liver. Am J Pathol 48:755–767
Knodell RG, Ishak KG, Black WC, Chen TS, Craig R, Kaplowitz N, Kiernan TW et al (1981) Formulation and application of a numerical scoring system for assessing histological activity in asymptomatic chronic active hepatitis. Hepatology 1:431–435
Kobayashi K, Hashimoto E, Ludwig J, Hisamitsu T, Obata H (1993) Liver biopsy features of acute hepatitis C compared with hepatitis A, B, and non-A, non-B, non-C. Liver 13:69–72
Kochar R, Nevah MI, Lukens FJ, Fallon MB, Machicao VI (2010) Vanishing bile duct syndrome in human immunodeficiency virus: nevirapine hepatotoxicity revisited. World J Gastroenterol 16:3335–3338
Koziel MJ (1996) Immunology of viral hepatitis. Am J Med 100:98–109
Krilov LR, Rubin LG, Frogel M, Gloster E, Ni K, Kaplan M, Lipson SM (1990) Disseminated adenovirus infection with hepatic necrosis in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection and other immunodeficiency states. Rev Infect Dis 12:303–307
Lalloo DG, Trevett AJ, Paul M, Korinhona A, Laurenson IF, Mapao J, Nwokolo N et al (1996) Severe and complicated falciparum malaria in Melanesian adults in Papua New Guinea. Am J Trop Med Hyg 55:119–124
Langnas AN, Markin RS, Cattral MS, Naides SJ (1995) Parvovirus B19 as a possible causative agent of fulminant liver failure and associated aplastic anemia. Hepatology 22:1661–1665
Lee JY, Locarnini S (2004) Hepatitis B virus: pathogenesis, viral intermediates, and viral replication. Clin Liver Dis 8:301–320
Lefkowitch JH (1982) Bile ductular cholestasis: an ominous histopathologic sign related to sepsis and “cholangitis lenta”. Hum Pathol 13:19–24
Lefkowitch JH, Schiff ER, Davis GL, Perrillo RP, Lindsay K, Bodenheimer HC Jr., Balart LA et al (1993) Pathological diagnosis of chronic hepatitis C: a multicenter comparative study with chronic hepatitis B. Gastroenterology 104:595–603
Lefkowitch JH (1994) Pathology of AIDS-related liver disease. Dig Dis 12:321–330
Lefkowitch JH (1997) The liver in AIDS. Semin Liver Dis 17:335–344
Lefkowitch JH, Lobritto SJ, Brown RS Jr., Emond JC, Schilsky ML, Rosenthal LA, George DM et al (2006) Ground-glass, polyglucosan-like hepatocellular inclusions: a “new” diagnostic entity. Gastroenterology 131:713–718
Leroy EM, Kumulungui B, Pourrut X, Rouquet P, Hassanin A, Yaba P, Delicat A et al (2005) Fruit bats as reservoirs of Ebola virus. Nature 438:575–576
Levai F, Labancz A, Jaszay Z (1973) Liver and biliary duct complications of abdominal typhus in childhood. Monatsschr Kinderheilkd 121:79–81
Lipman M, Breen R (2006) Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome in HIV. Curr Opin Infect Dis 19:20–25
Lobdell DH (1987) “Ring” granulomas in cytomegalovirus hepatitis. Arch Pathol Lab Med 111:881–882
Locarnini S (2004) Molecular virology of hepatitis B virus. Semin Liver Dis 24(Suppl 1):3–10
Loddenkemper C, Longerich T, Hummel M, Ernestus K, Anagnostopoulos I, Dienes HP, Schirmacher P et al (2007) Frequency and diagnostic patterns of lymphomas in liver biopsies with respect to the WHO classification. Virchows Arch 450:493–502
Lucas SB, Hounnou A, Peacock C, Beaumel A, Djomand G, N’Gbichi JM, Yeboue K et al (1993) The mortality and pathology of HIV infection in a west African city. AIDS 7:1569–1579
Lun ZR, Gasser RB, Lai DH, Li AX, Zhu XQ, Yu XB, Fang YY (2005) Clonorchiasis: a key foodborne zoonosis in China. Lancet Infect Dis 5:31–41
Mackay A, Macleod T, Alcorn MJ, Laidlaw M, Macleod IM, Millar JS, Stack BH et al (1980) Fatal disseminated BCG infection in an 18-year-old boy. Lancet 2:1332–1334
MacSween RN (1980) Pathology of viral hepatitis and its sequelae. Clin Gastroenterol 9:23–45
Mak CM, Lam CW (2008) Diagnosis of Wilson’s disease: a comprehensive review. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 45:263–290
Malcolm P, Dalton H, Hussaini HS, Mathew J (2007) The histology of acute autochthonous hepatitis E virus infection. Histopathology 51:190–194
Malhi H, Gores GJ, Lemasters JJ (2006) Apoptosis and necrosis in the liver: a tale of two deaths? Hepatology 43:S31–S44
Mansuy MM, Seiferth WJ (1950) Miliary tuberculosis of the liver: liver biopsy as an adjunct to diagnosis. Am J Med Sci 220:293–297
Marcos LA, Terashima A, Gotuzzo E (2008) Update on hepatobiliary flukes: fascioliasis, opisthorchiasis and clonorchiasis. Curr Opin Infect Dis 21:523–530
Martinson NA, Hoffmann CJ, Chaisson RE (2014) Epidemiology of tuberculosis and HIV: recent advances in understanding and responses. Proc Am Thorac Soc 8:288–293
Masada CT, Shaw BW Jr., Zetterman RK, Kaufman SS, Markin RS (1993) Fulminant hepatic failure with massive necrosis as a result of hepatitis A infection. J Clin Gastroenterol 17:158–162
McDonald JA, Harris S, Waters JA, Thomas HC (1987) Effect of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection on chronic hepatitis B hepatic viral antigen display. J Hepatol 4:337–342
McFarland W (1970) Emperipolesis. N Engl J Med 282:168
McMahon BJ, Alberts SR, Wainwright RB, Bulkow L, Lanier AP (1990) Hepatitis B-related sequelae. Prospective study in 1400 hepatitis B surface antigen-positive Alaska native carriers. Arch Intern Med 150:1051–1054
McMahon BJ (2009) The natural history of chronic hepatitis B virus infection. Hepatology 49:S45–S55
McManus DP, Zhang W, Li J, Bartley PB (2003) Echinococcosis. Lancet 362:1295–1304
Mele A (2002) Progress in prevention and control of hepatitis B: a congress reviewing the first ten years since the introduction of mass vaccination in Italy. J Med Virol 67:432
Mondou EN, Gnepp DR (1989) Hepatic granuloma resulting from Enterobius vermicularis. Am J Clin Pathol 91:97–100
Moonim MT, Alarcon L, Freeman J, Mahadeva U, van der Walt JD, Lucas SB (2010) Identifying HIV infection in diagnostic histopathology tissue samples – the role of HIV-1 p24 immunohistochemistry in identifying clinically unsuspected HIV infection: a 3-year analysis. Histopathology 56:530–541
Moore GA, Homewood CA, Gilles HM (1975) A comparison of pigment from Schistosoma mansoni and Plasmodium berghei. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 69:373–374
Moreno A, Ramon y Cajal S, Marazuela M, Carreno V, Milicua JM, Cerezo E, Cuesta C et al (1989) Sanded nuclei in delta patients. Liver 9:367–371
Moucari R, Asselah T, Cazals-Hatem D, Voitot H, Boyer N, Ripault MP, Sobesky R et al (2008) Insulin resistance in chronic hepatitis C: association with genotypes 1 and 4, serum HCV RNA level, and liver fibrosis. Gastroenterology 134:416–423
Muller C, Godl I, Gottlicher J, Wolf HM, Eibel MM (1991) Phenotypes of peripheral blood lymphocytes during acute hepatitis A. Acta Paediatr Scand 80:931–937
Murphy E, Griffiths MR, Hunter JA, Burt AD (1991) Fibrin-ring granulomas: a non-specific reaction to liver injury? Histopathology 19:91–93
Murray HW, Berman JD, Davies CR, Saravia NG (2005) Advances in leishmaniasis. Lancet 366:1561–1577
Nafeh MA, Medhat A, Swifae Y, Moftah FM, Mohamed A, Soliman AG, Strickland GT (1992) Ultrasonographic changes of the liver in Schistosoma haematobium infection. Am J Trop Med Hyg 47:225–230
Nakanuma Y (1993) Necroinflammatory changes in hepatic lobules in primary biliary cirrhosis with less well-defined cholestatic changes. Hum Pathol 24:378–383
Nambuya A, Sewankambo N, Mugerwa J, Goodgame R, Lucas S (1988) Tuberculous lymphadenitis associated with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in Uganda. J Clin Pathol 41:93–96
Nayak NC, Sachdeva R (1975) Localization of hepatitis B surface antigen in conventional paraffin sections of the liver. Comparison of immunofluorescence, immunoperoxidase, and orcein staining methods with regard to their specificity and reliability as antigen marker. Am J Pathol 81:479–492
Negro F (2006) Mechanisms and significance of liver steatosis in hepatitis C virus infection. World J Gastroenterol 12:6756–6765
Nigam P, Gupta AK, Kapoor KK, Sharan GR, Goyal BM, Joshi LD (1985) Cholestasis in amoebic liver abscess. Gut 26:140–145
Nijhawan S, Joshi A, Shende A, Malhotra H, Mathur A, Rai RR (2005) EBV-associated hepatitis with aplastic anemia. J Assoc Physicians India 53:1079
Nonomura A, Mizukami Y, Matsubara F, Kobayashi K (1991) Clinicopathological study of lymphocyte attachment to endothelial cells (endothelialitis) in various liver diseases. Liver 11:78–88
Nunez M (2010) Clinical syndromes and consequences of antiretroviral-related hepatotoxicity. Hepatology 52:1143–1155
Ohashi K, Marion PL, Nakai H, Meuse L, Cullen JM, Bordier BB, Schwall R et al (2000) Sustained survival of human hepatocytes in mice: a model for in vivo infection with human hepatitis B and hepatitis delta viruses. Nat Med 6:327–331
Okuno T, Sano A, Deguchi T, Katsuma Y, Ogasawara T, Okanoue T, Takino T (1984) Pathology of acute hepatitis A in humans. Comparison with acute hepatitis B. Am J Clin Pathol 81:162–169
Onuigbo MA, Mbah AU (1992) Tropical splenomegaly syndrome in Nigerian adults. West Afr J Med 11:72–88
Orenstein JM, Dieterich DT, Kotler DP (1992) Systemic dissemination by a newly recognized intestinal microsporidia species in AIDS. AIDS 6:1143–1150
Orland JR, Wright TL, Cooper S (2001) Acute hepatitis C. Hepatology 33:321–327
Pachiadakis I, Pollara G, Chain BM, Naoumov NV (2005) Is hepatitis C virus infection of dendritic cells a mechanism facilitating viral persistence? Lancet Infect Dis 5:296–304
Pawlotsky JM (2004) Pathophysiology of hepatitis C virus infection and related liver disease. Trends Microbiol 12:96–102
Pellegrin M, Delsol G, Auvergnat JC, Familiades J, Faure H, Guiu M, Voigt JJ (1980) Granulomatous hepatitis in Q fever. Hum Pathol 11:51–57
Penin F (2003) Structural biology of hepatitis C virus. Clin Liver Dis 7:1–21
Phillips MJ, Poucell S (1981) Modern aspects of the morphology of viral hepatitis. Hum Pathol 12:1060–1084
Piggott JA, Hochholzer L (1970) Human melioidosis. A histopathologic study of acute and chronic melioidosis. Arch Pathol 90:101–111
Pineda JA, Aguilar-Guisado M, Rivero A, Giron-Gonzalez JA, Ruiz-Morales J, Merino D, Rios-Villegas MJ et al (2009) Natural history of compensated hepatitis C virus-related cirrhosis in HIV-infected patients. Clin Infect Dis 49:1274–1282
Pisapia R, Mariano A, Rianda A, Testa A, Oliva A, Vincenzi L (2013) Severe EBV hepatitis treated with valganciclovir. Infection 41:251–254
Poltera AA, Katsimbura N (1974) Granulomatous hepatitis due to Strongyloides stercoralis. J Pathol 113:241–246
Popper H (1979) Pathology of viral hepatitis. Isr J Med Sci 15:240–247
Pourrut X, Kumulungui B, Wittmann T, Moussavou G, Delicat A, Yaba P, Nkoghe D et al (2005) The natural history of Ebola virus in Africa. Microbes Infect 7:1005–1014
Poynard T, McHutchison J, Manns M, Trepo C, Lindsay K, Goodman Z, Ling MH et al (2002) Impact of pegylated interferon alfa-2b and ribavirin on liver fibrosis in patients with chronic hepatitis C. Gastroenterology 122:1303–1313
Price H, Bansi L, Sabin CA, Bhagani S, Burroughs A, Chadwick D, Dunn D et al (2012) Hepatitis B virus infection in HIV-positive individuals in the UK collaborative HIV cohort (UK CHIC) study. PLoS ONE 7:e49314
Purcell RH, Emerson SU (2008) Hepatitis E: an emerging awareness of an old disease. J Hepatol 48:494–503
Purtilo DT (1981) X-linked lymphoproliferative syndrome. An immunodeficiency disorder with acquired agammaglobulinemia, fatal infectious mononucleosis, or malignant lymphoma. Arch Pathol Lab Med 105:119–121
Purtilo DT, Sakamoto K (1981) Epstein-Barr virus and human disease: immune responses determine the clinical and pathologic expression. Hum Pathol 12:677–679
Rachima CM, Cohen E, Garty M (2000) Acute hepatitis A: combination of the relapsing and the cholestatic forms, two rare variants. Am J Med Sci 319:417–419
Rackow EC, Astiz ME (1991) Pathophysiology and treatment of septic shock. JAMA 266:548–554
Randhawa PS, Jenkins FJ, Nalesnik MA, Martens J, Williams PA, Ries A, Pham S et al (1997) Herpesvirus 6 variant A infection after heart transplantation with giant cell transformation in bile ductular and gastroduodenal epithelium. Am J Surg Pathol 21:847–853
Regev A, Berho M, Jeffers LJ, Milikowski C, Molina EG, Pyrsopoulos NT, Feng ZZ et al (2002) Sampling error and intraobserver variation in liver biopsy in patients with chronic HCV infection. Am J Gastroenterol 97:2614–2618
Rizkallah MF, Meyer L, Ayoub EM (1988) Hepatic and splenic abscesses in cat-scratch disease. Pediatr Infect Dis J 7:191–195
Rizzetto M, Canese MG, Arico S, Crivelli O, Trepo C, Bonino F, Verme G (1977) Immunofluorescence detection of new antigen-antibody system (delta/anti-delta) associated to hepatitis B virus in liver and in serum of HBsAg carriers. Gut 18:997–1003
Rizzetto M (2009) Hepatitis D: thirty years after. J Hepatol 50:1043–1050
Robert-Gangneux F, Darde ML (2012) Epidemiology of and diagnostic strategies for toxoplasmosis. Clin Microbiol Rev 25:264–296
Roboz GJ (1998) Hepatitis C and B-cell lymphoma. AIDS Patient Care STDS 12:605–609
Rockey DC (2008) Current and future anti-fibrotic therapies for chronic liver disease. Clin Liver Dis 12:939–962
Romeu J, Rybak B, Dave P, Coven R (1980) Spirochetal vasculitis and bile ductular damage in early hepatic syphilis. Am J Gastroenterol 74:352–354
Rosenberg W (1999) Mechanisms of immune escape in viral hepatitis. Gut 44:759–764
Roskams TA, Theise ND, Balabaud C, Bhagat G, Bhathal PS, Bioulac-Sage P, Brunt EM et al (2004) Nomenclature of the finer branches of the biliary tree: canals, ductules, and ductular reactions in human livers. Hepatology 39:1739–1745
Rullier A, Trimoulet P, Neau D, Bernard PH, Foucher J, Lacoste D, Winnock M et al (2004) Fibrosis is worse in HIV-HCV patients with low-level immunodepression referred for HCV treatment than in HCV-matched patients. Hum Pathol 35:1088–1094
Sabesin SM, Fallon HJ, Andriole VT (1963) Hepatic failure as a manifestation of cryptococcosis. Arch Intern Med 111:661–669
Sabin CA, Walker AS, Dunn D (2004) HIV/HCV coinfection, HAART, and liver-related mortality. Lancet 364:757–758 (author reply 758)
Safdar K, Schiff ER (2004) Alcohol and hepatitis C. Semin Liver Dis 24:305–315
Samaras V, Rafailidis PI, Mourtzoukou EG, Peppas G, Falagas ME (2010) Chronic bacterial and parasitic infections and cancer: a review. J Infect Dev Ctries 4:267–281
Sass DA, Shakil AO (2005) Fulminant hepatic failure. Liver Transpl 11:594–605
Scheuer PJ, Maggi G (1980) Hepatic fibrosis and collapse: histological distinction by orecin staining. Histopathology 4:487–490
Scheuer PJ, Ashrafzadeh P, Sherlock S, Brown D, Dusheiko GM (1992) The pathology of hepatitis C. Hepatology 15:567–571
Schiff ER, Ozden N (2003) Hepatitis C and alcohol. Alcohol Res Health 27:232–239
Schlossberg D, Morad Y, Krouse TB, Wear DJ, English CK, Littman M (1989) Culture-proved disseminated cat-scratch disease in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Arch Intern Med 149:1437–1439
Sene D, Limal N, Cacoub P (2004) Hepatitis C virus-associated extrahepatic manifestations: a review. Metab Brain Dis 19:357–381
Servoss JC, Friedman LS (2004) Serologic and molecular diagnosis of hepatitis B virus. Clin Liver Dis 8:267–281
Shieh WJ, Paddock CD, Lederman E, Rao CY, Gould LH, Mohamed M, Mosha F et al (2010) Pathologic studies on suspect animal and human cases of Rift Valley fever from an outbreak in Eastern Africa, 2006–2007. Am J Trop Med Hyg 83:38–42
Shiffman ML (2010) Management of acute hepatitis B. Clin Liver Dis 14:75–91
Shimizu YK, Shikata T, Beninger PR, Sata M, Setoyama H, Abe H, Tanikawa K (1982) Detection of hepatitis A antigen in human liver. Infect Immun 36:320–324
Snover DC, Horwitz CA (1984) Liver disease in cytomegalovirus mononucleosis: a light microscopical and immunoperoxidase study of six cases. Hepatology 4:408–412
Sobel HJ, Wolf EH (1972) Liver involvement in early syphilis. Arch Pathol 93:565–568
Sohn CC, Schroff RW, Kliewer KE, Lebel DM, Fligiel S (1983) Disseminated Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare infection in homosexual men with acquired cell-mediated immunodeficiency: a histologic and immunologic study of two cases. Am J Clin Pathol 79:247–252
Soriano V, Vispo E, Labarga P, Medrano J, Barreiro P (2010) Viral hepatitis and HIV co-infection. Antivir Res 85:303–315
Spitz RD, Keren DF, Boitnott JK, Maddrey WC (1978) Bridging hepatic necrosis. Etiology and prognosis. Am J Dig Dis 23:1076–1078
Srichaikul T, Punyagupta S, Mongkolsritrakul W, Jidpugdeebodin S (2004) EBV and hemophagocytic syndrome: analysis of 3 cases, with speculation on clinical features, therapy and role of EBV. J Med Assoc Thai 87:974–983
Srinivasan A, Burton EC, Kuehnert MJ, Rupprecht C, Sutker WL, Ksiazek TG, Paddock CD et al (2005) Transmission of rabies virus from an organ donor to four transplant recipients. N Engl J Med 352:1103–1111
Stanley SL Jr. (2003) Amoebiasis. Lancet 361:1025–1034
Steeper TA, Rosenstein H, Weiser J, Inampudi S, Snover DC (1992) Bacillary epithelioid angiomatosis involving the liver, spleen, and skin in an AIDS patient with concurrent Kaposi’s sarcoma. Am J Clin Pathol 97:713–718
Stjernberg U, Silseth C, Ritland S (1987) Granulomatous hepatitis in Yersinia enterocolitica infection. Hepatogastroenterology 34:56–57
Struble KA, Pratt RD, Gitterman SR (1997) Toxicity of antiretroviral agents. Am J Med 102:65–67 (discussion 68–69)
Sulkowski MS (2008) Viral hepatitis and HIV coinfection. J Hepatol 48:353–367
Sun NC, Smith VM (1966) Hepatitis associated with myocarditis. Unusual manifestation of infection with Coxsackie virus group B, type 3. N Engl J Med 274:190–193
Takahashi K, Kang JH, Ohnishi S, Hino K, Miyakawa H, Miyakawa Y, Maekubo H et al (2003) Full-length sequences of six hepatitis E virus isolates of genotypes III and IV from patients with sporadic acute or fulminant hepatitis in Japan. Intervirology 46:308–318
Tang H, Grise H (2009) Cellular and molecular biology of HCV infection and hepatitis. Clin Sci (Lond) 117:49–65
Taylor JM (2006) Hepatitis delta virus. Virology 344:71–66
Te HS, Jensen DM (2010) Epidemiology of hepatitis B and C viruses: a global overview. Clin Liver Dis 14:1–21
Teixeira F, Gayotto LC, De Brito T (1978) Morphological patterns of the liver in South American blastomycosis. Histopathology 2:231–237
Teixeira MR Jr, Weller IV, Murray A, Bamber M, Thomas HC, Sherlock S, Scheuer PJ (1982) The pathology of hepatitis A in man. Liver 2:53–60
Theise ND (2007) Liver biopsy assessment in chronic viral hepatitis: a personal, practical approach. Mod Pathol 20(Suppl 1):S3–14
Theise ND, Bedenheimer HC, Ferrell LD (2012) Acute and chronic viral hepatitis. In: Burt A et al (Hrsg) MacSween’s pathology of the liver. Churchill Livingstone, London, S 361–401
Thung SN, Gerber MA (1982) The formation of elastic fibers in livers with massive hepatic necrosis. Arch Pathol Lab Med 106:468–469
Tilzey AJ, Banatvala JE (1991) Hepatitis A. BMJ 302:1552–1553
Tiwari I, Rolland CF, Popple AW (1982) Cholestatic jaundice due to toxoplasma hepatitis. Postgrad Med J 58:299–300
Torbenson M, Thomas DL (2002) Occult hepatitis B. Lancet Infect Dis 2:479–486
Torbenson M, Kannangai R, Astemborski J, Strathdee SA, Vlahov D, Thomas DL (2004) High prevalence of occult hepatitis B in Baltimore injection drug users. Hepatology 39:51–57
Towner JS, Amman BR, Sealy TK, Carroll SA, Comer JA, Kemp A, Swanepoel R et al (2009) Isolation of genetically diverse Marburg viruses from Egyptian fruit bats. PLoS Pathog 5:e1000536
Turrini F, Schwarzer E, Arese P (1993) The involvement of hemozoin toxicity in depression of cellular immunity. Parasitol Today 9:297–300
Tuyama AC, Hong F, Saiman Y, Wang C, Ozkok D, Mosoian A, Chen P et al (2010) Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 infects human hepatic stellate cells and promotes collagen I and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 expression: implications for the pathogenesis of HIV/hepatitis C virus-induced liver fibrosis. Hepatology 52:612–622
Uehara E, Tasaka T, Matsuhashi Y, Fujita M, Tamura T, Kuwajima M, Nagai M et al (2002) EBV associated hemophagocytic syndrome accompanied by central pontine myelinolysis. Leuk Lymphoma 43:2047–2050
Vadillo M, Corbella X, Pac V, Fernandez-Viladrich P, Pujol R (1994) Multiple liver abscesses due to Yersinia enterocolitica discloses primary hemochromatosis: three cases reports and review. Clin Infect Dis 18:938–941
Vallbracht A, Maier K, Stierhof YD, Wiedmann KH, Flehmig B, Fleischer B (1989) Liver-derived cytotoxic T cells in hepatitis A virus infection. J Infect Dis 160:209–217
Vanstapel MJ, Desmet VJ (1983) Cytomegalovirus hepatitis: a histological and immunohistochemical study. Appl Pathol 1:41–49
Vassilopoulos D, Younossi ZM, Hadziyannis E, Boparai N, Yen-Lieberman B, Hsi E, Villa-Forte A et al (2003) Study of host and virological factors of patients with chronic HCV infection and associated laboratory or clinical autoimmune manifestations. Clin Exp Rheumatol 21:101–111
Vatanasapt V, Uttaravichien T, Mairiang EO, Pairojkul C, Chartbanchachai W, Haswell-Elkins M (1990) Cholangiocarcinoma in north-east Thailand. Lancet 335:116–117
Villari D, Raimondo G, Attard L, Verucchi G, Spinella S, Pernice M, Rodino G (1993) Polyphasic type A hepatitis: histological features. Infection 21:46–48
Wahid SF, Sanusi S, Zawawi MM, Ali RA (2000) A comparison of the pattern of liver involvement in dengue hemorrhagic fever with classic dengue fever. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 31:259–263
Waite J, Gilson RJ, Weller IV, Lacey CJ, Hambling MH, Hawkins A, Briggs M et al (1988) Hepatitis B virus reactivation or reinfection associated with HIV-1 infection. AIDS 2:443–448
Wakita T, Pietschmann T, Kato T, Date T, Miyamoto M, Zhao Z, Murthy K et al (2005) Production of infectious hepatitis C virus in tissue culture from a cloned viral genome. Nat Med 11:791–796
Walewska-Zielecka B, Madalinski K, Jablonska J, Godzik P, Cielecka-Kuszyk J, Litwinska B (2008) Composition of inflammatory infiltrate and its correlation with HBV/HCV antigen expression. World J Gastroenterol 14:4040–4046
Walker DH, Staiti A, Mansueto S, Tringali G (1986) Frequent occurrence of hepatic lesions in boutonneuse fever. Acta Trop 43:175–181
Walker DP, Longson M, Lawler W, Mallick NP, Davies JS, Johnson RW (1981) Disseminated herpes simplex virus infection with hepatitis in an adult renal transplant recipient. J Clin Pathol 34:1044–1046
Wallace JM, Hannah JB (1988) Mycobacterium avium complex infection in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. A clinicopathologic study. Chest 93:926–932
Walsh TJ, Hamilton SR (1983) Disseminated aspergillosis complicating hepatic failure. Arch Intern Med 143:1189–1191
Wang WL, London WT, Feitelson MA (1991) Hepatitis B x antigen in hepatitis B virus carrier patients with liver cancer. Cancer Res 51:4971–4977
Wanless IR, Nakashima E, Sherman M (2000) Regression of human cirrhosis. Morphologic features and the genesis of incomplete septal cirrhosis. Arch Pathol Lab Med 124:1599–1607
Weitberg AB, Alper JC, Diamond I, Fligiel Z (1979) Acute granulomatous hepatitis in the course of acquired toxoplasmosis. N Engl J Med 300:1093–1096
Wheat LJ, Kauffman CA (2003) Histoplasmosis. Infect Dis Clin North Am 17:1–19
Wilson JF, Rausch RL (1980) Alveolar hydatid disease. A review of clinical features of 33 indigenous cases of Echinococcus multilocularis infection in Alaskan Eskimos. Am J Trop Med Hyg 29:1340–1355
Yoto Y, Kudoh T, Haseyama K, Suzuki N, Chiba S (1996) Human parvovirus B19 infection associated with acute hepatitis. Lancet 347:868–869
Yu VL, Miller WP, Wing EJ, Romano JM, Ruiz CA, Bruns FJ (1982) Disseminated listeriosis presenting as acute hepatitis. Case reports and review of hepatic involvement in listeriosis. Am J Med 73:773–777
Zimmerli W, Bianchi L, Gudat F, Spichtin H, Erb P, von Planta M, Heitz PU (1988) Disseminated herpes simplex type 2 and systemic Candida infection in a patient with previous asymptomatic human immunodeficiency virus infection. J Infect Dis 157:597–598
Zuure F, Davidovich U, Kok G, Depla AC, Hoebe C, van den Hoek A, Jansen PL et al (2010) Evaluation of a risk assessment questionnaire to assist hepatitis C screening in the general population. Euro Surveill 15:1953
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2020 Springer-Verlag GmbH Deutschland, ein Teil von Springer Nature
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Dienes, H.P., Drebber, U. (2020). Akute und chronische Hepatitis. In: Tannapfel, A., Klöppel, G. (eds) Pathologie. Pathologie. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-04557-8_7
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-04557-8_7
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-04556-1
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-04557-8
eBook Packages: Medicine (German Language)