Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Lebertransplantation

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Pathologie

Part of the book series: Pathologie ((PATHOL))

  • 3819 Accesses

Zusammenfassung

In diesem Kapitel werden die histopathologischen Veränderungen der Leber, die bei Komplikationen nach Lebertransplantation auftreten, beschrieben und unter Berücksichtigung aktueller Daten zusammengefasst. Zahlreiche histologische Abbildungen und Tabellen ergänzen den Text.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 309.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 399.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Literatur

  1. International Panel (1997) Banff schema for grading liver allograft rejection: an international consensus document. Hepatology 25:658–663

    Google Scholar 

  2. International Working Party (1995) Terminology for hepatic allograft rejection. Hepatology 22:648–654

    Google Scholar 

  3. Abdel Massih RC, Razonable RR (2009) Human herpesvirus 6 infections after liver transplantation. World J Gastroenterol 15:2561–2569

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  4. Abraham S, Furth EE (1996) Quantitative evaluation of histological features in “time-zero” liver allograft biopsies as predictors of rejection or graft failure: receiver-operating characteristic analysis application. Hum Pathol 27:1077–1084

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Abraham SC, Freese DK, Ishitani MB, Krasinskas AM, Wu TT (2008) Significance of central perivenulitis in pediatric liver transplantation. Am J Surg Pathol 32:1479–1488

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Abraham SC, Poterucha JJ, Rosen CB, Demetris AJ, Krasinskas AM (2008) Histologic abnormalities are common in protocol liver allograft biopsies from patients with normal liver function tests. Am J Surg Pathol 32:965–973

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Abt P, Crawford M, Desai N, Markmann J, Olthoff K, Shaked A (2003) Liver transplantation from controlled non-heart-beating donors: an increased incidence of biliary complications. Transplantation 75:1659–1663

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Achkar JP, Araya V, Baron RL, Marsh JW, Dvorchik I, Rakela J (1998) Undetected hepatocellular carcinoma: clinical features and outcome after liver transplantation. Liver Transpl Surg 4:477–482

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Adam R, Hoti E (2009) Liver transplantation: the current situation. Semin Liver Dis 29:3–18

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Adam R, McMaster P, O’Grady JG, Castaing D, Klempnauer JL, Jamieson N, Neuhaus P, Lerut J, Salizzoni M, Pollard S, Muhlbacher F, Rogiers X et al (2003) Evolution of liver transplantation in Europe: report of the European Liver Transplant Registry. Liver Transpl 9:1231–1243

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Adams DH, Afford SC (2005) Effector mechanisms of nonsuppurative destructive cholangitis in graft-versus-host disease and allograft rejection. Semin Liver Dis 25:281–297

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Adams DH, Hubscher SG, Burnett D, Elias E (1990) Immunoglobulins in liver allograft rejection: evidence for deposition and secretion within the liver. Transplant Proc 22:1834–1835

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Adams DH, Neuberger JM (1990) Patterns of graft rejection following liver transplantation. J Hepatol 10:113–119

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Afford SC, Ahmed-Choudhury J, Randhawa S, Russell C, Youster J, Crosby HA, Eliopoulos A, Hubscher SG, Young LS, Adams DH (2001) CD40 activation-induced, Fas-dependent apoptosis and NF-kappaB/AP-1 signaling in human intrahepatic biliary epithelial cells. FASEB J 15:2345–2354

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Afford SC, Hubscher S, Strain AJ, Adams DH, Neuberger JM (1995) Apoptosis in the human liver during allograft rejection and end-stage liver disease. J Pathol 176:373–380

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Afford SC, Randhawa S, Eliopoulos AG, Hübscher SG, Young LS, Adams DH (1999) CD40 activation induces apoptosis in cultured human hepatocytes via induction of cell surface fas ligand expression and amplifies fas-mediated hepatocyte death during allograft rejection. J Exp Med 189:441–446

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  17. Afzali B, Lechler RI, Hernandez-Fuentes MP (2007) Allorecognition and the alloresponse: clinical implications. Tissue Antigens 69:545–556

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Aguilera I, Sousa JM, Gavilan F, Bernardos A, Wichmann I, Nunez-Roldan A (2005) Glutathione S-transferase T1 genetic mismatch is a risk factor for de novo immune hepatitis in liver transplantation. Transplant Proc 37:3968–3969

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Aguilera I, Sousa JM, Gavilan F, Bernardos A, Wichmann I, Nunez-Roldan A (2004) Glutathione S-transferase T1 mismatch constitutes a risk factor for de novo immune hepatitis after liver transplantation. Liver Transpl 10:1166–1172

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Aktas S, Karakayali H, Moray G, Haberal N, Bilezikci B, Haberal M (2011) Long-term results of incidental hepatocellular carcinoma after liver transplant. Exp Clin Transplant 9:187–190

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Alabraba E, Nightingale P, Gunson B, Hubscher S, Olliff S, Mirza D, Neuberger J (2009) A re-evaluation of the risk factors for the recurrence of primary sclerosing cholangitis in liver allografts. Liver Transpl 15:330–340

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Alexander J, Lord JD, Yeh MM, Cuevas C, Bakthavatsalam R, Kowdley KV (2008) Risk factors for recurrence of primary sclerosing cholangitis after liver transplantation. Liver Transpl 14:245–251

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Ali S, Ormsby A et al (2012) Significance of complement split product C4d in ABO-compatible liver allograft: Diagnosing utility in acute antibody mediated rejection. Transpl Immunol 26:62–69

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Ali JM, Bonomo L, Brais R, Griffiths WJ, Lomas DJ, Huguet EL, Praseedom RK, Jamieson NV, Jah A (2011) Outcomes and diagnostic challenges posed by incidental cholangiocarcinoma after liver transplantation. Transplantation 91:1392–1397

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Allen KJ, Rand EB, Hart J, Whitington PF (1998) Prognostic implications of centrilobular necrosis in pediatric liver transplant recipients. Transplantation 65:692–698

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Anaye A, Perrenoud G, Rognin N, Arditi M, Mercier L, Frinking P, Ruffieux C, Peetrons P, Meuli R, Meuwly JY (2011) Differentiation of focal liver lesions: usefulness of parametric imaging with contrast-enhanced US. Radiology 261:300–310

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Aravalli RN, Steer CJ, Cressman EN (2008) Molecular mechanisms of hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatology 48:2047–2063

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Arikan C, Nart D, Kilic M, Yuksekkaya HA, Aydogdu S (2008) Association of mast cells and liver allograft rejection. Pediatr Transplant 12:347–352

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Arthurs SK, Eid AJ, Pedersen RA, Dierkhising RA, Kremers WK, Patel R, Razonable RR (2007) Delayed-onset primary cytomegalovirus disease after liver transplantation. Liver Transpl 13:1703–1709

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Aseni P, Vertemati M, De Carlis L, Sansalone CV, Bonacina E, Minola E, Oreste P, Vizzotto L, Rondinara G (2006) De novo cancers and post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder in adult liver transplantation. Pathol Int 56:712–715

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Astarcioglu I, Gugenheim J, Crafa F, Saint Paul MC, Reynes M (1995) Hyperacute rejection of liver allografts in sensitized rats: role of nonparenchymal liver cells. J Surg Res 58:182–188

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Aucejo F, Rofaiel G, Miller C (2006) Who is at risk for post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorders (PTLD) after liver transplantation? J Hepatol 44:19–23

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Avitzur Y, Ngan BY, Lao M, Fecteau A, Ng VL (2007) Prospective evaluation of the prevalence and clinical significance of positive autoantibodies after pediatric liver transplantation. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 45:222–227

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Ayata G, Gordon FD, Lewis WD, Pomfret E, Pomposelli JJ, Jenkins RL, Khettry U (2002) Cryptogenic cirrhosis: clinicopathologic findings at and after liver transplantation. Hum Pathol 33:1098–1104

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Ayata G, Gordon FD, Lewis WD, Pomfret E, Pomposelli JJ, Jenkins RL, Khettry U (2000) Liver transplantation for autoimmune hepatitis: a long-term pathologic study. Hepatology 32:185–192

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Baccarani U, Adani GL, Avellini C, Lorenzin D, Curro G, Beltrami A, Pasqualucci A, Bresadola V, Risaliti A, Viale PL, Beltrami CA, Bresadola F (2006) Comparison of clinical and pathological staging and long-term results of liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma in a single transplant center. Transplant Proc 38:1111–1113

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Baccarani U, Scudeller L, Adani GL, Viale P, Tavio M (2012) Is liver transplantation feasible in patients coinfected with human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis C virus? Liver Transpl 18:744–745

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Bach N, Thung SN, Schaffner F (1992) The histological features of chronic hepatitis C and autoimmune chronic hepatitis: a comparative analysis. Hepatology 15:572–577

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Bahra M, Neumann UP, Jacob D, Langrehr JM, Berg T, Neuhaus R, Neuhaus P (2007) Fibrosis progression in hepatitis C positive liver recipients after sustained virologic response to antiviral combination therapy (interferon-ribavirin therapy). Transplantation 83:351–353

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Bai DS, Dai Z, Zhou J, Liu YK, Qiu SJ, Tan CJ, Shi YH, Huang C, Wang Z, He YF, Fan J (2009) Capn4 overexpression underlies tumor invasion and metastasis after liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatology 49:460–470

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Balabaud C, Cunha AS, Bioulac-Sage P (2004) Microvascular graft dysfunction. J Hepatol 41:340–343

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Balan V, Ruppert K, Demetris AJ, Ledneva T, Duquesnoy RJ, Detre KM, Wei YL, Rakela J, Schafer DF, Roberts JP, Everhart JE, Wiesner RH (2008) Long-term outcome of human leukocyte antigen mismatching in liver transplantation: results of the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases Liver Transplantation Database. Hepatology 48:878–888

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Ballardini G, De Raffele E, Groff P, Bioulac-Sage P, Grassi A, Ghetti S, Susca M, Strazzabosco M, Bellusci R, Iemmolo RM, Grazi G, Zauli D et al (2002) Timing of reinfection and mechanisms of hepatocellular damage in transplanted hepatitis C virus-reinfected liver. Liver Transpl 8:10–20

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Banff Working Group, Demetris AJ, Adeyi O, Bellamy CO, Clouston A, Charlotte F, Czaja A, Daskal I, El-Monayeri MS, Fontes P, Fung J, Gridelli B et al (2006) Liver biopsy interpretation for causes of late liver allograft dysfunction. Hepatology 44:489–501

    Google Scholar 

  45. Barber K, Blackwell J, Collett D, Neuberger J (2007) Life expectancy of adult liver allograft recipients in the UK. Gut 56:279–282

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Baron PW, Heneghan MA, Suhocki PV, Nuckols JD, Tuttle-Newhall JE, Howell DN, Clavien PA (2001) Biliary stricture secondary to donor B-cell lymphoma after orthotopic liver transplantation. Liver Transpl 7:62–67

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Bartlett AS, Ramadas R, Furness S, Gane E, McCall JL (2002) The natural history of acute histologic rejection without biochemical graft dysfunction in orthotopic liver transplantation: a systematic review. Liver Transpl 8:1147–1153

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Beckebaum S, Iacob S, Klein CG, Dechene A, Varghese J, Baba HA, Sotiropoulos GC, Paul A, Gerken G, Cicinnati VR (2010) Assessment of allograft fibrosis by transient elastography and noninvasive biomarker scoring systems in liver transplant patients. Transplantation 89:983–993

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Beckebaum S, Sotiropoulos GC, Klein CG, Broelsch CE, Saner F, Paul A, Gerken G, Cicinnati VR (2009) Predictive factors of outcome in patients transplanted for hepatitis B. Transplantation 87:872–881

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Becker NS, Rodriguez JA, Barshes NR, O’Mahony CA, Goss JA, Aloia TA (2008) Outcomes analysis for 280 patients with cholangiocarcinoma treated with liver transplantation over an 18-year period. J Gastrointest Surg 12:117–122

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Bekker J, Ploem S, de Jong KP (2009) Early hepatic artery thrombosis after liver transplantation: a systematic review of the incidence, outcome and risk factors. Am J Transplant 9:746–757

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Bellamy CO, Herriot MM, Harrison DJ, Bathgate AJ (2007) C4d immunopositivity is uncommon in ABO-compatible liver allografts, but correlates partially with lymphocytotoxic antibody status. Histopathology 50:739–749

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Bellamy MC, Gedney JA, Buglass H, Gooi JH (2004) Complement membrane attack complex and hemodynamic changes during human orthotopic liver transplantation. Liver Transpl 10:273–278

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Ben-Ari Z, Amlot P, Lachmanan SR, Tur-Kaspa R, Rolles K, Burroughs AK (1999) Posttransplantation lymphoproliferative disorder in liver recipients: characteristics, management, and outcome. Liver Transpl Surg 5:184–191

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Ben-Ari Z, Dhillon AP, Garwood L, Rolles K, Davidson B, Burroughs AK (1996) Prognostic value of eosinophils for therapeutic response in severe acute hepatic allograft rejection. Transplant Proc 28:3624–3628

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Ben-Ari Z, Pappo O, Mor E (2003) Intrahepatic cholestasis after liver transplantation. Liver Transpl 9:1005–1018

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Benkoel L, Dodero F, Hardwigsen J, Benoliel AM, Bongrand P, Botta-Fridlund D, Le Treut YP, Chamlian A, Lombardo D (2003) Expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) during ischemia-reperfusion in human liver tissue allograft: image analysis by confocal laser scanning microscopy. Dig Dis Sci 48:2167–2172

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Berardi S, Lodato F, Gramenzi A, D’Errico A, Lenzi M, Bontadini A, Morelli MC, Tame MR, Piscaglia F, Biselli M, Sama C, Mazzella G et al (2007) High incidence of allograft dysfunction in liver transplanted patients treated with pegylated-interferon alpha-2b and ribavirin for hepatitis C recurrence: possible de novo autoimmune hepatitis? Gut 56:237–242

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Berenguer M, Lopez-Labrador FX, Wright TL (2001) Hepatitis C and liver transplantation. J Hepatol 35:666–678

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Berenguer M, Rayon JM, Prieto M, Aguilera V, Nicolas D, Ortiz V, Carrasco D, Lopez-Andujar R, Mir J, Berenguer J (2001) Are posttransplantation protocol liver biopsies useful in the long term? Liver Transpl 7:790–796

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Berenguer M, Terrault NA, Piatak M, Yun A, Kim JP, Lau JY, Lake JR, Roberts JR, Ascher NL, Ferrell L, Wright TL (1996) Hepatitis G virus infection in patients with hepatitis C virus infection undergoing liver transplantation. Gastroenterology 111:1569–1575

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Bhagat V, Mindikoglu AL, Nudo CG, Schiff ER, Tzakis A, Regev A (2009) Outcomes of liver transplantation in patients with cirrhosis due to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis versus patients with cirrhosis due to alcoholic liver disease. Liver Transpl 15:1814–1820

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Bhattacharjya S, Gunson BK, Mirza DF, Mayer DA, Buckels JA, McMaster P, Neuberger JM (2001) Delayed hepatic artery thrombosis in adult orthotopic liver transplantation-a 12-year experience. Transplantation 71:1592–1596

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Bigam DL, Pennington JJ, Carpentier A, Wanless IR, Hemming AW, Croxford R, Greig PD, Lilly LB, Heathcote JE, Levy GA, Cattral MS (2000) Hepatitis C-related cirrhosis: a predictor of diabetes after liver transplantation. Hepatology 32:87–90

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Bilzer M, Gerbes AL (2000) Preservation injury of the liver: mechanisms and novel therapeutic strategies. J Hepatol 32:508–515

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Birsner JH, Wan C, Cheng G, Evans ZP, Polito CC, Fiorini RN, Gilbert G, Haines JK, Schmidt MG, Chavin KD (2004) Steatotic liver transplantation in the mouse: a model of primary nonfunction. J Surg Res 120:97–101

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Bishop GA, McCaughan GW (2001) Immune activation is required for the induction of liver allograft tolerance: implications for immunosuppressive therapy. Liver Transpl 7:161–172

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Bissig KD, Zimmermann A, Bernasch D, Furrer H, Dufour JF (2003) Herpes simplex virus hepatitis 4 years after liver transplantation. J Gastroenterol 38:1005–1008

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Blakolmer K, Gaulard P, Mannhalter C et al (2000) Unusual peripheral T cell lymphoma presenting as acute liver failure and reappearing in the liver allograft. Transplantation 70:1802–1805

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Blakolmer K, Jain A, Ruppert K, Gray E, Duquesnoy R, Murase N, Starzl TE, Fung JJ, Demetris AJ (2000) Chronic liver allograft rejection in a population treated primarily with tacrolimus as baseline immunosuppression: long-term follow-up and evaluation of features for histopathological staging. Transplantation 69:2330–2336

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  71. Blakolmer K, Seaberg EC, Batts K, Ferrell L, Markin R, Wiesner R, Detre K, Demetris A (1999) Analysis of the reversibility of chronic liver allograft rejection implications for a staging schema. Am J Surg Pathol 23:1328–1339

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Bolkhir A, Brunt EM, Solomon HS, Hayashi PH (2007) Sustained resolution of fibrosing cholestatic hepatitis C despite viremic relapse after stopping pegylated interferon and ribavirin therapy. Liver Transpl 13:309–311 (author reply 312)

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Bolog N, Andreisek G, Oancea I, Mangrau A (2011) CT and MR imaging of hepatocellular carcinoma. J Gastrointestin Liver Dis 20:181–189

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Brandhagen DJ (2001) Liver transplantation for hereditary hemochromatosis. Liver Transpl 7:663–672

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Brandman D, Pingitore A, Lai JC, Roberts JP, Ferrell L, Bass NM, Terrault NA (2011) Hepatic steatosis at 1 year is an additional predictor of subsequent fibrosis severity in liver transplant recipients with recurrent hepatitis C virus. Liver Transpl 17:1380–1386

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  76. Brandsaeter B, Isoniemi H, Broome U, Olausson M, Backman L, Hansen B, Schrumpf E, Oksanen A, Ericzon BG, Hockerstedt K, Makisalo H, Kirkegaard P et al (2004) Liver transplantation for primary sclerosing cholangitis; predictors and consequences of hepatobiliary malignancy. J Hepatol 40:815–822

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Brandsaeter B, Schrumpf E, Clausen OP, Abildgaard A, Hafsahl G, Bjoro K (2004) Recurrent sclerosing cholangitis or ischemic bile duct lesions – a diagnostic challenge? Liver Transpl 10:1073–1074

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Bresson-Hadni S, Koch S, Beurton I, Vuitton DA, Bartholomot B, Hrusovsky S, Heyd B, Lenys D, Minello A, Becker MC, Vanlemmens C, Mantion GA et al (1999) Primary disease recurrence after liver transplantation for alveolar echinococcosis: long-term evaluation in 15 patients. Hepatology 30:857–864

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Briceno J, Ciria R, de la Mata M, Rufian S, Lopez-Cillero P (2010) Prediction of graft dysfunction based on extended criteria donors in the model for end-stage liver disease score era. Transplantation 90:530–539

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Briceno J, Padillo J, Rufian S, Solorzano G, Pera C (2005) Assignment of steatotic livers by the Mayo model for end-stage liver disease. Transpl Int 18:577–583

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Briscoe DM, Sayegh MH (2002) A rendezvous before rejection: where do T cells meet transplant antigens? Nat Med 8:220–222

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  82. Bruix J, Sherman M (2011) Management of hepatocellular carcinoma: An update. Hepatology 53:1020–1022

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  83. Brundler MA, Rodriguez-Baez N, Jaffe R, Weinberg AG, Rogers BB (2003) Adenovirus ascending cholangiohepatitis. Pediatr Dev Pathol 6:156–159

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Burke A, Lucey MR (2004) Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis and orthotopic liver transplantation. Am J Transplant 4:686–693

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Burke GW, Cirocco R, Viciana A, Ruiz P, Markou M, Allouch M, Ciancio G, Reddy R, Jeffers L, Schiff E, Nery J, Miller J et al (1996) Early graft loss secondary to massive hemorrhagic necrosis following orthotopic liver transplantation. Evidence for cytokine-mediated univisceral Shwartzman reaction. Transplantation 61:1370–1376

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Burra P, Mioni D, Cecchetto A, Cillo U, Zanus G, Fagiuoli S, Naccarato R, Martines D (2001) Histological features after liver transplantation in alcoholic cirrhotics. J Hepatol 34:716–722

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. Burra P, Senzolo M, Adam R, Delvart V, Karam V, Germani G, Neuberger J, ELITA, ELTR Liver Transplant Centers (2010) Liver transplantation for alcoholic liver disease in Europe: a study from the ELTR (European Liver Transplant Registry). Am J Transplant 10:138–148

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. Burton JR Jr., Rosen HR (2006) Acute rejection in HCV-infected liver transplant recipients: the great conundrum. Liver Transpl 12:38–47

    Google Scholar 

  89. Burton JR Jr., Shaw-Stiffel TA (2003) Use of hepatitis B core antibody-positive donors in recipients without evidence of hepatitis B infection: a survey of current practice in the United States. Liver Transpl 9:837–842

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  90. Busuttil RW, Farmer DG, Yersiz H, Hiatt JR, McDiarmid SV, Goldstein LI, Saab S, Han S, Durazo F, Weaver M, Cao C, Chen T et al (2005) Analysis of long-term outcomes of 3200 liver transplantations over two decades: a single-center experience. Ann Surg 241:905–916 (discussion 916–918)

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  91. Busuttil RW, Goss JA (1999) Split liver transplantation. Ann Surg 229:313–321

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  92. Busuttil RW, Tanaka K (2003) The utility of marginal donors in liver transplantation. Liver Transpl 9:651–663

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  93. Cakaloglu Y, Devlin J, O’Grady J, Sutherland S, Portmann BC, Heaton N, Tan KC, Williams R (1995) Importance of concomitant viral infection during late acute liver allograft rejection. Transplantation 59:40–45

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  94. Caldwell CC, Tschoep J, Lentsch AB (2007) Lymphocyte function during hepatic ischemia/reperfusion injury. J Leukoc Biol 82:457–464

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  95. Campsen J, Zimmerman MA, Trotter JF, Wachs M, Bak T, Steinberg T, Kam I (2008) Clinically recurrent primary sclerosing cholangitis following liver transplantation: a time course. Liver Transpl 14:181–185

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  96. Campsen J, Zimmerman MA, Trotter JF, Wachs M, Bak T, Steinberg T, Kaplan M, Wright F, Kam I (2008) Liver transplantation for autoimmune hepatitis and the success of aggressive corticosteroid withdrawal. Liver Transpl 14:1281–1286

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  97. Caraceni P, Bianchi C, Domenicali M, Maria Pertosa A, Maiolini E, Parenti Castelli G, Nardo B, Trevisani F, Lenaz G, Bernardi M (2004) Impairment of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation in rat fatty liver exposed to preservation-reperfusion injury. J Hepatol 41:82–88

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  98. Caroli-Bottino A, Nascimento CM, Basto S, Ribeiro J, Silveira V, Carvalho AM, Castro PN, Villela-Nogueiro CA, Pannain VL (2005) Hepatocellular carcinoma: incidental finding in cirrhotic explanted livers. Transplant Proc 37:2791–2792

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  99. Carotti S, Morini S, Corradini SG, Burza MA, Molinaro A, Carpino G, Merli M, De Santis A, Muda AO, Rossi M, Attili AF, Gaudio E (2008) Glial fibrillary acidic protein as an early marker of hepatic stellate cell activation in chronic and posttransplant recurrent hepatitis C. Liver Transpl 14:806–814

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  100. Carreno BM, Collins M (2002) The B7 family of ligands and its receptors: new pathways for costimulation and inhibition of immune responses. Annu Rev Immunol 20:29–53

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  101. Cassiman D, Libbrecht L, Sinelli N, Desmet V, Denef C, Roskams T (2002) The vagal nerve stimulates activation of the hepatic progenitor cell compartment via muscarinic acetylcholine receptor type 3. Am J Pathol 161:521–530

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  102. Catala V, Nicolau C, Vilana R, Pages M, Bianchi L, Sanchez M, Bru C (2007) Characterization of focal liver lesions: comparative study of contrast-enhanced ultrasound versus spiral computed tomography. Eur Radiol 17:1066–1073

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  103. Cengiz C, Rodriguez-Davalos M, deBoccardo G, Fiel MI, Rodriguez-Laiz G, Kovacevic M, Emre S, Schiano T (2005) Recurrent hepatic sarcoidosis post-liver transplantation manifesting with severe hypercalcemia: a case report and review of the literature. Liver Transpl 11:1611–1614

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  104. Chan SC, Fan ST (2008) Historical perspective of living donor liver transplantation. World J Gastroenterol 14:15–21

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  105. Channabasappa N, Johnson-Welch S, Mittal N (2010) De novo cholangiocarcinoma after liver transplantation in a pediatric patient. Pediatr Transplant 14:E110–E114

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  106. Charatcharoenwitthaya P, Pimentel S, Talwalkar JA, Enders FT, Lindor KD, Krom RA, Wiesner RH (2007) Long-term survival and impact of ursodeoxycholic acid treatment for recurrent primary biliary cirrhosis after liver transplantation. Liver Transpl 13:1236–1245

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  107. Charco R, Fuster J, Fondevila C, Ferrer J, Mans E, Garcia-Valdecasas JC (2005) Portal vein thrombosis in liver transplantation. Transplant Proc 37:3904–3905

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  108. Charco R, Hidalgo E, Lazaro JL, Vargas V, Castells L, Murio E, Bilbao I, Margarit C (2002) Outcome of cirrhotic patients with incidental hepatocellular carcinoma undergoing liver transplantation. Transplant Proc 34:299–300

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  109. Charlton M, Kasparova P, Weston S, Lindor K, Maor-Kendler Y, Wiesner RH, Rosen CB, Batts KP (2001) Frequency of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis as a cause of advanced liver disease. Liver Transpl 7:608–614

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  110. Chazouilleres O, Calmus Y, Vaubourdolle M, Ballet F (1993) Preservation-induced liver injury. Clinical aspects, mechanisms and therapeutic approaches. J Hepatol 18:123–134

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  111. Chazouilleres O, Mamish D, Kim M, Carey K, Ferrell L, Roberts JP, Ascher NL, Wright TL (1994) “Occult” hepatitis B virus as source of infection in liver transplant recipients. Lancet 343:142–146

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  112. Cho CS, Knechtle SJ, Heisey DM, Hermina M, Armbrust M, D’Alessandro AM, Musat AI, Kalayoglu M (2001) Analysis of tumor characteristics and survival in liver transplant recipients with incidentally diagnosed hepatocellular carcinoma. J Gastrointest Surg 5:594–601 (discussion 601–602)

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  113. Choi SH, Lee HH, Lee DS, Choi JH, Heo JS, Lee KW, Joh JW, Kim SJ, Yoo BC, Lee JH, Choi MS, Choe YH et al (2004) Clinicopathological features of incidental hepatocellular carcinoma in liver transplantation. Transplant Proc 36:2293–2294

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  114. Cholongitas E, Papatheodoridis GV, Burroughs AK (2010) Liver grafts from anti-hepatitis B core positive donors: a systematic review. J Hepatol 52:272–279

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  115. Cholongitas E, Samonakis D, Patch D, Senzolo M, Burroughs AK, Quaglia A, Dhillon A (2006) Induction of autoimmune hepatitis by pegylated interferon in a liver transplant patient with recurrent hepatitis C virus. Transplantation 81:488–490

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  116. Cholongitas E, Shusang V, Papatheodoridis GV, Marelli L, Manousou P, Rolando N, Patch D, Rolles K, Davidson B, Burroughs AK (2008) Risk factors for recurrence of primary sclerosing cholangitis after liver transplantation. Liver Transpl 14:138–143

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  117. Cholongitas E, Tsochatzis E, Goulis J, Burroughs AK (2010) Noninvasive tests for evaluation of fibrosis in HCV recurrence after liver transplantation: a systematic review. Transpl Int 23:861–870

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  118. Clavien PA (1998) Sinusoidal endothelial cell injury during hepatic preservation and reperfusion. Hepatology 28:281–285

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  119. Clavien PA, Dutkowski P, Trotter JF (2009) Requiem for a champion? Living donor liver transplantation. J Hepatol 51:635–637

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  120. Clavien PA, Lesurtel M, Bossuyt PM, Gores GJ, Langer B, Perrier A (2012) Recommendations for liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma: an international consensus conference report. Lancet Oncol 13:e11–e22

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  121. Coffin CS, Terrault NA (2007) Management of hepatitis B in liver transplant recipients. J Viral Hepat 14(Suppl 1):37–44

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  122. Colina F, Juca NT, Moreno E, Ballestin C, Farina J, Nevado M, Lumbreras C, Gomez-Sanz R (1995) Histological diagnosis of cytomegalovirus hepatitis in liver allografts. J Clin Pathol 48:351–357

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  123. Compagnon P, Grandadam S, Lorho R, Turlin B, Camus C, Jianrong Y, Laine F, Meunier B, Deugnier Y, Boudjema K (2008) Liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma without preoperative tumor biopsy. Transplantation 86:1068–1076

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  124. Conjeevaram HS, Hart J, Lissoos TW, Schiano TD, Dasgupta K, Befeler AS, Millis JM, Baker AL (1999) Rapidly progressive liver injury and fatal alcoholic hepatitis occurring after liver transplantation in alcoholic patients. Transplantation 67:1562–1568

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  125. Corbani A, Burroughs AK (2008) Intrahepatic cholestasis after liver transplantation. Clin Liver Dis 12:111–129

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  126. Cotler SJ, Gretch DR, Bronner MP, Tateyama H, Emond MJ, dela Rosa C, Perkins JD, Carithers RL Jr. (1997) Hepatitis G virus co-infection does not alter the course of recurrent hepatitis C virus infection in liver transplantation recipients. Hepatology 26:432–436

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  127. Cotler SJ, Taylor SL, Gretch DR, Bronner MP, Rizk R, Perkins JD, Carithers RL Jr. (2000) Hyperbilirubinemia and cholestatic liver injury in hepatitis C-infected liver transplant recipients. Am J Gastroenterol 95:753–759

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  128. Crispe IN, Giannandrea M, Klein I, John B, Sampson B, Wuensch S (2006) Cellular and molecular mechanisms of liver tolerance. Immunol Rev 213:101–118

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  129. Crowley H, Lewis WD, Gordon F, Jenkins R, Khettry U (2000) Steatosis in donor and transplant liver biopsies. Hum Pathol 31:1209–1213

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  130. Cruz E, Ascher NL, Roberts JP, Bass NM, Yao FY (2005) High incidence of recurrence and hematologic events following liver transplantation for Budd-Chiari syndrome. Clin Transplant 19:501–506

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  131. Cuadrado A, Fabrega E, Casafont F, Pons-Romero F (2005) Alcohol recidivism impairs long-term patient survival after orthotopic liver transplantation for alcoholic liver disease. Liver Transpl 11:420–426

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  132. Cuomo O, Perrella A, Pisaniello D, Marino G, Di Costanzo G (2008) Evidence of liver histological alterations in apparently healthy individuals evaluated for living donor liver transplantation. Transplant Proc 40:1823–1826

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  133. Czaja AJ (2009) Recurrent autoimmune hepatitis after liver transplantation: a disease continuum or a fresh start? Liver Transpl 15:1169–1171

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  134. Czaja AJ (1999) Behavior and significance of autoantibodies in type 1 autoimmune hepatitis. J Hepatol 30:394–401

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  135. D’Alessandro AM, Knechtle SJ, Chin LT, Fernandez LA, Yagci G, Leverson G, Kalayoglu M (2007) Liver transplantation in pediatric patients: twenty years of experience at the University of Wisconsin. Pediatr Transplant 11:661–670

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  136. D’Antiga L, Del Rizzo M, Mengoli C, Cillo U, Guariso G, Zancan L (2007) Sustained Epstein-Barr virus detection in paediatric liver transplantation. Insights into the occurrence of late PTLD. Liver Transpl 13:343–348

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  137. D’Antiga L, Dhawan A, Portmann B, Francavilla R, Rela M, Heaton N, Mieli-Vergani G (2002) Late cellular rejection in paediatric liver transplantation: aetiology and outcome. Transplantation 73:80–84

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  138. Davies SE, Lau JY, O’Grady JG, Portmann BC, Alexander GJ, Williams R (1992) Evidence that hepatitis D virus needs hepatitis B virus to cause hepatocellular damage. Am J Clin Pathol 98:554–558

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  139. Davies SE, Portmann BC, O’Grady JG, Aldis PM, Chaggar K, Alexander GJ, Williams R (1991) Hepatic histological findings after transplantation for chronic hepatitis B virus infection, including a unique pattern of fibrosing cholestatic hepatitis. Hepatology 13:150–157

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  140. Davison F, Alexander GJ, Trowbridge R, Fagan EA, Williams R (1987) Detection of hepatitis B virus DNA in spermatozoa, urine, saliva and leucocytes, of chronic HBsAg carriers. A lack of relationship with serum markers of replication. J Hepatol 4:37–44

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  141. Dawwas MF, Gimson AE, Lewsey JD, Copley LP, van der Meulen JH (2007) Survival after liver transplantation in the United Kingdom and Ireland compared with the United States. Gut 56:1606–1613

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  142. De Gottardi A, Spahr L, Gelez P, Morard I, Mentha G, Guillaud O, Majno P, Morel P, Hadengue A, Paliard P, Scoazec JY, Boillot O et al (2007) A simple score for predicting alcohol relapse after liver transplantation: results from 387 patients over 15 years. Arch Intern Med 167:1183–1188

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  143. de Vera ME, Lopez-Solis R, Dvorchik I, Campos S, Morris W, Demetris AJ, Fontes P, Marsh JW (2009) Liver transplantation using donation after cardiac death donors: long-term follow-up from a single center. Am J Transplant 9:773–781

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  144. Delgado-Borrego A, Liu YS, Jordan SH, Agrawal S, Zhang H, Christofi M, Casson D, Cosimi AB, Chung RT (2008) Prospective study of liver transplant recipients with HCV infection: evidence for a causal relationship between HCV and insulin resistance. Liver Transpl 14:193–201

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  145. Demetris A, Adams D, Bellamy C, Blakolmer K, Clouston A, Dhillon AP, Fung J, Gouw A, Gustafsson B, Haga H, Harrison D, Hart J et al (2000) Update of the international Banff schema for liver allograft rejection: working recommendations for the histopathologic staging and reporting of chronic rejection. An international panel. Hepatology 31:792–799

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  146. Demetris AJ (2009) Evolution of hepatitis C virus in liver allografts. Liver Transpl 15(Suppl 2):S35–S41

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  147. Demetris AJ (2006) Distinguishing between recurrent primary sclerosing cholangitis and chronic rejection. Liver Transpl 12:S68–S72

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  148. Demetris AJ, Eghtesad B, Marcos A, Ruppert K, Nalesnik MA, Randhawa P, Wu T, Krasinskas A, Fontes P, Cacciarelli T, Shakil AO, Murase N et al (2004) Recurrent hepatitis C in liver allografts: prospective assessment of diagnostic accuracy, identification of pitfalls, and observations about pathogenesis. Am J Surg Pathol 28:658–669

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  149. Demetris AJ, Fung JJ, Todo S, McCauley J, Jain A, Takaya S, Alessiani M, Abu-Elmagd K, Van Thiel DH, Starzl TE (1992) Conversion of liver allograft recipients from cyclosporine to FK506 immunosuppressive therapy – a clinicopathologic study of 96 patients. Transplantation 53:1056–1062

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  150. Demetris AJ, Jaffe R, Sheahan DG, Burnham J, Spero J, Iwatsuki S, Van Theil DH, Starzl TE (1986) Recurrent hepatitis B in liver allograft recipients. Differentiation between viral hepatitis B and rejection. Am J Pathol 125:161–172

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  151. Demetris AJ, Jaffe R, Starzl TE (1987) A review of adult and pediatric post-transplant liver pathology. Pathol Annu 22(Pt 2):347–386

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  152. Demetris AJ, Jaffe R, Tzakis A, Ramsey G, Todo S, Belle S, Esquivel C, Shapiro R, Markus B, Mroczek E (1988) Antibody-mediated rejection of human orthotopic liver allografts. A study of liver transplantation across ABO blood group barriers. Am J Pathol 132:489–502

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  153. Demetris AJ, Jaffe R, Tzakis A, Ramsey G, Todo S, Belle S, Esquivel C, Shapiro R, Zjako A, Markus B (1989) Antibody mediated rejection of human liver allografts: transplantation across ABO blood group barriers. Transplant Proc 21:2217–2220

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  154. Demetris AJ, Kelly DM, Eghtesad B, Fontes P, Wallis Marsh J, Tom K, Tan HP, Shaw-Stiffel T, Boig L, Novelli P, Planinsic R, Fung JJ et al (2006) Pathophysiologic observations and histopathologic recognition of the portal hyperperfusion or small-for-size syndrome. Am J Surg Pathol 30:986–993

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  155. Demetris AJ, Lunz JG 3rd, Randhawa P, Wu T, Nalesnik M, Thomson AW (2009) Monitoring of human liver and kidney allograft tolerance: a tissue/histopathology perspective. Transpl Int 22:120–141

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  156. Demetris AJ, Markus BH, Burnham J, Nalesnik M, Gordon RD, Makowka L, Starzl TE (1987) Antibody deposition in liver allografts with chronic rejection. Transplant Proc 19:121–125

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  157. Demetris AJ, Murase N, Nakamura K, Iwaki Y, Yagihashi A, Valdivia L, Todo S, Iwatsuki S, Takaya S, Fung JJ (1992) Immunopathology of antibodies as effectors of orthotopic liver allograft rejection. Semin Liver Dis 12:51–59

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  158. Demetris AJ, Nakamura K, Yagihashi A, Iwaki Y, Takaya S, Hartman GG, Murase N, Bronsther O, Manez R, Fung JJ (1992) A clinicopathological study of human liver allograft recipients harboring preformed IgG lymphocytotoxic antibodies. Hepatology 16:671–681

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  159. Demetris AJ, Qian SG, Sun H, Fung JJ (1990) Liver allograft rejection: an overview of morphologic findings. Am J Surg Pathol 14(Suppl 1):49–63

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  160. Demetris AJ, Ruppert K, Dvorchik I, Jain A, Minervini M, Nalesnik MA, Randhawa P, Wu T, Zeevi A, Abu-Elmagd K, Eghtesad B, Fontes P et al (2002) Real-time monitoring of acute liver-allograft rejection using the Banff schema. Transplantation 74:1290–1296

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  161. Demetris AJ, Seaberg EC, Batts KP, Ferrell LD, Ludwig J, Markin RS, Belle SH, Detre K (1995) Reliability and predictive value of the national institute of diabetes and digestive and kidney diseases liver transplantation database nomenclature and grading system for cellular rejection of liver allografts. Hepatology 21:408–416

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  162. Demetris AJ, Todo S, Van Thiel DH, Fung JJ, Iwaki Y, Sysyn G, Ming W, Trager J, Starzl TE (1990) Evolution of hepatitis B virus liver disease after hepatic replacement. Practical and theoretical considerations. Am J Pathol 137:667–676

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  163. Demirhan B, Bilezikci B, Haberal AN, Sevmis S, Arat Z, Haberal M (2008) Hepatic parenchymal changes and histologic eosinophilia as predictors of subsequent acute liver allograft rejection. Liver Transpl 14:214–219

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  164. Deshpande V, Burd E, Aardema KL, Ma CK, Moonka DK, Brown KA, Abouljoud MS, Nakhleh RE (2001) High levels of hepatitis C virus RNA in native livers correlate with the development of cholestatic hepatitis in liver allografts and a poor outcome. Liver Transpl 7:118–124

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  165. Devarbhavi H, Abraham S, Kamath PS (2007) Significance of nodular regenerative hyperplasia occurring de novo following liver transplantation. Liver Transpl 13:1552–1556

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  166. Devlin J, Page AC, O’Grady J, Portmann B, Karani J, Williams R (1993) Angiographically determined arteriopathy in liver graft dysfunction and survival. J Hepatol 18:68–73

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  167. Dhillon AP, Burroughs AK, Hudson M, Shah N, Rolles K, Scheuer PJ (1994) Hepatic venular stenosis after orthotopic liver transplantation. Hepatology 19:106–111

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  168. Dickson RC, Caldwell SH, Ishitani MB, Lau JY, Driscoll CJ, Stevenson WC, McCullough CS, Pruett TL (1996) Clinical and histologic patterns of early graft failure due to recurrnet hepatitis C in four patients after liver transplantation. Transplantation 61:701–705

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  169. Dickson RC, Qian KP, Lau JY (1997) High prevalence of GB virus-C/hepatitis G virus infection in liver transplant recipients. Transplantation 63:1695–1697

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  170. Dixon LR, Crawford JM (2007) Early histologic changes in fibrosing cholestatic hepatitis C. Liver Transpl 13:219–226

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  171. Dockrell DH, Strickler JG, Paya CV (1998) Epstein-Barr virus-induced T cell lymphoma in solid organ transplant recipients. Clin Infect Dis 26:180–182

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  172. Donaldson PT, Alexander GJ, O’Grady J, Neuberger J, Portmann B, Thick M, Davis H, Calne RY, Williams R (1987) Evidence for an immune response to HLA class I antigens in the vanishing-bileduct syndrome after liver transplantation. Lancet 1:945–951

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  173. Dotti G, Fiocchi R, Motta T, Gamba A, Gotti E, Gridelli B, Borleri G, Manzoni C, Viero P, Remuzzi G, Barbui T, Rambaldi A (2000) Epstein-Barr virus-negative lymphoproliferate disorders in long-term survivors after heart, kidney, and liver transplant. Transplantation 69:827–833

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  174. Drebber U, Torbenson M, Wedemeyer I, Dienes HP (2011) Current aspects of liver allograft pathology. Pathologe 32:113–123

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  175. Duclos-Vallee JC (2005) Recurrence of autoimmune hepatitis, primary biliary cirrhosis and primary sclerosing cholangitis after liver transplantation. Acta Gastroenterol Belg 68:331–336

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  176. Duclos-Vallee JC, Johanet C, Bach JF, Yamamoto AM (2000) Autoantibodies associated with acute rejection after liver transplantation for type-2 autoimmune hepatitis. J Hepatol 33:163–166

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  177. Duclos-Vallee JC, Sebagh M (2009) Recurrence of autoimmune disease, primary sclerosing cholangitis, primary biliary cirrhosis, and autoimmune hepatitis after liver transplantation. Liver Transpl 15(Suppl 2):S25–S34

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  178. Duclos-Vallee JC, Sebagh M, Rifai K, Johanet C, Ballot E, Guettier C, Karam V, Hurtova M, Feray C, Reynes M, Bismuth H, Samuel D (2003) A 10 year follow up study of patients transplanted for autoimmune hepatitis: histological recurrence precedes clinical and biochemical recurrence. Gut 52:893–897

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  179. Dumortier J, Giostra E, Belbouab S, Morard I, Guillaud O, Spahr L, Boillot O, Rubbia-Brandt L, Scoazec JY, Hadengue A (2010) Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in liver transplant recipients: another story of “seed and soil”. Am J Gastroenterol 105:613–620

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  180. Durand F, Renz JF, Alkofer B, Burra P, Clavien PA, Porte RJ, Freeman RB, Belghiti J (2008) Report of the Paris consensus meeting on expanded criteria donors in liver transplantation. Liver Transpl 14:1694–1707

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  181. Dvorchik I, Schwartz M, Fiel MI, Finkelstein SD, Marsh JW (2008) Fractional allelic imbalance could allow for the development of an equitable transplant selection policy for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Liver Transpl 14:443–450

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  182. Egawa H, Taira K, Teramukai S, Haga H, Ueda Y, Yonezawa A, Masuda S, Tsuji H, Ashihara E, Takada Y, Uemoto S (2009) Risk factors for recurrence of primary sclerosing cholangitis after living donor liver transplantation: a single center experience. Dig Dis Sci 54:1347–1354

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  183. Egawa H, Teramukai S, Haga H, Tanabe M, Fukushima M, Shimazu M (2008) Present status of ABO-incompatible living donor liver transplantation in Japan. Hepatology 47:143–152

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  184. Ekong UD, Melin-Aldana H, Seshadri R, Lokar J, Harris D, Whitington PF, Alonso EM (2008) Graft histology characteristics in long-term survivors of pediatric liver transplantation. Liver Transpl 14:1582–1587

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  185. El-Refaie AM, Burt AD (2005) Mast cells and c-Kit expression in liver allograft rejection. Histopathology 47:375–381

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  186. Escartin A, Sapisochin G, Bilbao I, Vilallonga R, Bueno J, Castells L, Dopazo C, Castro E, Caralt M, Balsells J (2007) Recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma after liver transplantation. Transplant Proc 39:2308–2310

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  187. European Association For The Study Of The Liver, European Organisation For Research And Treatment Of Cancer (2012) EASL-EORTC clinical practice guidelines: management of hepatocellular carcinoma. J Hepatol 56:908–943

    Google Scholar 

  188. Evans HM, Kelly DA, McKiernan PJ, Hübscher S (2006) Progressive histological damage in liver allografts following pediatric liver transplantation. Hepatology 43:1109–1117

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  189. Evans PC, Coleman N, Wreghitt TG, Wight DG, Alexander GJ (1999) Cytomegalovirus infection of bile duct epithelial cells, hepatic artery and portal venous endothelium in relation to chronic rejection of liver grafts. J Hepatol 31:913–920

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  190. Evans PC, Smith S, Hirschfield G, Rigopoulou E, Wreghitt TG, Wight DG, Taylor CJ, Alexander GJ (2001) Recipient HLA-DR3, tumour necrosis factor-alpha promoter allele-2 (tumour necrosis factor-2) and cytomegalovirus infection are interrelated risk factors for chronic rejection of liver grafts. J Hepatol 34:711–715

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  191. Everhart JE, Wei Y, Eng H, Charlton MR, Persing DH, Wiesner RH, Germer JJ, Lake JR, Zetterman RK, Hoofnagle JH (1999) Recurrent and new hepatitis C virus infection after liver transplantation. Hepatology 29:1220–1226

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  192. Facciuto M, Heidt D, Guarrera J, Bodian CA, Miller CM, Emre S, Guy SR, Fishbein TM, Schwartz ME, Sheiner PA (2000) Retransplantation for late liver graft failure: predictors of mortality. Liver Transpl 6:174–179

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  193. Fagan E, Yousef G, Brahm J, Garelick H, Mann G, Wolstenholme A, Portmann B, Harrison T, Mowbray JF, Mowat A (1990) Persistence of hepatitis A virus in fulminant hepatitis and after liver transplantation. J Med Virol 30:131–136

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  194. Faria LC, Gigou M, Roque-Afonso AM, Sebagh M, Roche B, Fallot G, Ferrari TC, Guettier C, Dussaix E, Castaing D, Brechot C, Samuel D (2008) Hepatocellular carcinoma is associated with an increased risk of hepatitis B virus recurrence after liver transplantation. Gastroenterology 134:1890–1899 (quiz 2155)

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  195. Farinati F, Sergio A, Baldan A, Giacomin A, Di Nolfo MA, Del Poggio P, Benvegnu L, Rapaccini G, Zoli M, Borzio F, Giannini EG, Caturelli E et al (2009) Early and very early hepatocellular carcinoma: when and how much do staging and choice of treatment really matter? A multi-center study. BMC Cancer 9:33

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  196. Faust TW (2001) Recurrent primary biliary cirrhosis, primary sclerosing cholangitis, and autoimmune hepatitis after transplantation. Liver Transpl 7:99–108

    Google Scholar 

  197. Feld R, Wechsler RJ, Dumsha JZ, Westerberg S, Munoz S, Boiskin I, Rubin R (1996) Significance of the computed tomography finding of subcapsular hepatic necrosis in liver transplantation. Abdom Imaging 21:161–165

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  198. Feray C, Caccamo L, Alexander GJ, Ducot B, Gugenheim J, Casanovas T, Loinaz C, Gigou M, Burra P, Barkholt L, Esteban R, Bizollon T et al (1999) European collaborative study on factors influencing outcome after liver transplantation for hepatitis C. European Concerted Action on Viral Hepatitis (EUROHEP) Group. Gastroenterology 117:619–625

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  199. Feray C, Gigou M, Samuel D, Ducot B, Maisonneuve P, Reynes M, Bismuth A, Bismuth H (1998) Incidence of hepatitis C in patients receiving different preparations of hepatitis B immunoglobulins after liver transplantation. Ann Intern Med 128:810–816

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  200. Feray C, Gigou M, Samuel D, Paradis V, Wilber J, David MF, Urdea M, Reynes M, Brechot C, Bismuth H (1994) The course of hepatitis C virus infection after liver transplantation. Hepatology 20:1137–1143

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  201. Feray C, Zignego AL, Samuel D, Bismuth A, Reynes M, Tiollais P, Bismuth H, Brechot C (1990) Persistent hepatitis B virus infection of mononuclear blood cells without concomitant liver infection. The liver transplantation model. Transplantation 49:1155–1158

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  202. Ferrell LD, Lee R, Brixko C, Bass NM, Lake JR, Roberts JP, Ascher N, Rabkin J (1995) Hepatic granulomas following liver transplantation. Clinicopathologic features in 42 patients. Transplantation 60:926–933

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  203. Ferrell LD, Wright TL, Roberts J, Ascher N, Lake J (1992) Hepatitis C viral infection in liver transplant recipients. Hepatology 16:865–876

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  204. Fiel MI, Agarwal K, Stanca C, Elhajj N, Kontorinis N, Thung SN, Schiano TD (2008) Posttransplant plasma cell hepatitis (de novo autoimmune hepatitis) is a variant of rejection and may lead to a negative outcome in patients with hepatitis C virus. Liver Transpl 14:861–871

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  205. Fiel MI, Schiano TD, Klion FM, Emre S, Hytiroglou P, Ishak KG, Suriawinata A, Thung SN (1999) Recurring fibro-obliterative venopathy in liver allografts. Am J Surg Pathol 23:734–737

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  206. Finkelstein SD, Marsh W, Demetris AJ, Swalsky PA, Sasatomi E, Bonham A, Subotin M, Dvorchik I (2003) Microdissection-based allelotyping discriminates de novo tumor from intrahepatic spread in hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatology 37:871–879

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  207. Fiorentino M, Vasuri F, Ravaioli M, Ridolfi L, Grigioni WF, Pinna AD, D’Errico-Grigioni A (2009) Predictive value of frozen-section analysis in the histological assessment of steatosis before liver transplantation. Liver Transpl 15:1821–1825

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  208. Firpi RJ, Abdelmalek MF, Soldevila-Pico C, Cabrera R, Shuster JJ, Theriaque D, Reed AI, Hemming AW, Liu C, Crawford JM, Nelson DR (2004) One-year protocol liver biopsy can stratify fibrosis progression in liver transplant recipients with recurrent hepatitis C infection. Liver Transpl 10:1240–1247

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  209. Fouquet V, Alves A, Branchereau S, Grabar S, Debray D, Jacquemin E, Devictor D, Durand P, Baujard C, Fabre M, Pariente D, Chardot C et al (2005) Long-term outcome of pediatric liver transplantation for biliary atresia: a 10-year follow-up in a single center. Liver Transpl 11:152–160

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  210. Freese DK, Snover DC, Sharp HL, Gross CR, Savick SK, Payne WD (1991) Chronic rejection after liver transplantation: a study of clinical, histopathological and immunological features. Hepatology 13:882–891

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  211. Freise CE, Gillespie BW, Koffron AJ, Lok AS, Pruett TL, Emond JC, Fair JH, Fisher RA, Olthoff KM, Trotter JF, Ghobrial RM, Everhart JE et al (2008) Recipient morbidity after living and deceased donor liver transplantation: findings from the A2ALL retrospective cohort study. Am J Transplant 8:2569–2579

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  212. Fried MW, Khudyakov YE, Smallwood GA, Cong M, Nichols B, Diaz E, Siefert P, Gutekunst K, Gordon RD, Boyer TD, Fields HA (1997) Hepatitis G virus co-infection in liver transplantation recipients with chronic hepatitis C and nonviral chronic liver disease. Hepatology 25:1271–1275

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  213. Fukumori T, Ohkohchi N, Tsukamoto S, Satomi S (1999) The mechanism of injury in a steatotic liver graft during cold preservation. Transplantation 67:195–200

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  214. Gaffey MJ, Boyd JC, Traweek ST, Ali MA, Rezeig M, Caldwell SH, Iezzoni JC, McCullough C, Stevenson WC, Khuroo S, Nezamuddin N, Ishitani MB et al (1997) Predictive value of intraoperative biopsies and liver function tests for preservation injury in orthotopic liver transplantation. Hepatology 25:184–189

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  215. Gallegos-Orozco JF, Vargas HE, Rakela J (2004) Virologically compromised donor grafts in liver transplantation. J Hepatol 41:512–521

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  216. Gane E (2003) The natural history and outcome of liver transplantation in hepatitis C virus-infected recipients. Liver Transpl 9:S28–S34

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  217. Gane E, Portmann B, Saxena R, Wong P, Ramage J, Williams R (1994) Nodular regenerative hyperplasia of the liver graft after liver transplantation. Hepatology 20:88–94

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  218. Gane E, Saliba F, Valdecasas GJ, O’Grady J, Pescovitz MD, Lyman S, Robinson CA (1997) Randomised trial of efficacy and safety of oral ganciclovir in the prevention of cytomegalovirus disease in liver-transplant recipients. Lancet 350:1729–1733

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  219. Gane E, Sallie R, Saleh M, Portmann B, Williams R (1995) Clinical recurrence of hepatitis A following liver transplantation for acute liver failure. J Med Virol 45:35–39

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  220. Gane EJ (2008) The natural history of recurrent hepatitis C and what influences this. Liver Transpl 14(Suppl 2):S36–S44

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  221. Gane EJ, Angus PW, Strasser S, Crawford DH, Ring J, Jeffrey GP, McCaughan GW, Australasian Liver Transplant Study Group (2007) Lamivudine plus low-dose hepatitis B immunoglobulin to prevent recurrent hepatitis B following liver transplantation. Gastroenterology 132:931–937

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  222. Gane EJ, Portmann BC, Naoumov NV, Smith HM, Underhill JA, Donaldson PT, Maertens G, Williams R (1996) Long-term outcome of hepatitis C infection after liver transplantation. N Engl J Med 334:815–820

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  223. Garcia RF, Morales E, Garcia CE, Saksena S, Hubscher SG, Elias E (2001) Recurrent and de novo non-alcoholic steatohepatitis following orthotopic liver transplantation. Arq Gastroenterol 38:247–253

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  224. Gastaca M (2009) Extended criteria donors in liver transplantation: adapting donor quality and recipient. Transplant Proc 41:975–979

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  225. Gautam M, Cheruvattath R, Balan V (2006) Recurrence of autoimmune liver disease after liver transplantation: a systematic review. Liver Transpl 12:1813–1824

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  226. Ge X, Ericzon BG, Nowak G, Öhrström H, Broomé U, Sumitran-Holgersson S (2003) Are preformed antibodies to biliary epithelial cells of clinical importance in liver transplantation? Liver Transpl 9:1191–1198

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  227. Gelson W, Hoare M, Unitt E, Palmer C, Gibbs P, Coleman N, Davies S, Alexander GJ (2010) Heterogeneous inflammatory changes in liver graft recipients with normal biochemistry. Transplantation 89:739–748

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  228. George TI, Jeng M, Berquist W, Cherry AM, Link MP, Arber DA (2005) Epstein-Barr virus-associated peripheral T-cell lymphoma and hemophagocytic syndrome arising after liver transplantation: case report and review of the literature. Pediatr Blood Cancer 44:270–276

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  229. Gerolami R, Moal V, Colson P (2008) Chronic hepatitis E with cirrhosis in a kidney-transplant recipient. N Engl J Med 358:859–860

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  230. Gerolami R, Moal V, Picard C, Colson P (2009) Hepatitis E virus as an emerging cause of chronic liver disease in organ transplant recipients. J Hepatol 50:622–624

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  231. Ghali P, Marotta PJ, Yoshida EM, Bain VG, Marleau D, Peltekian K, Metrakos P, Deschenes M (2005) Liver transplantation for incidental cholangiocarcinoma: analysis of the Canadian experience. Liver Transpl 11:1412–1416

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  232. Gish RG, McCashland T (2006) Hepatitis B in liver transplant recipients. Liver Transpl 12:S54–S64

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  233. Goddard S, Williams A, Morland C, Qin S, Gladue R, Hubscher SG, Adams DH (2001) Differential expression of chemokines and chemokine receptors shapes the inflammatory response in rejecting human liver transplants. Transplantation 72:1957–1967

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  234. Gomez R, Colina F, Moreno E, Gonzalez I, Loinaz C, Garcia I, Musella M, Garcia H, Lumbreras C, Maffettone V (1994) Etiopathogenesis and prognosis of centrilobular necrosis in hepatic grafts. J Hepatol 21:441–446

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  235. Gonzalez-Koch A, Czaja AJ, Carpenter HA, Roberts SK, Charlton MR, Porayko MK, Rosen CB, Wiesner RH (2001) Recurrent autoimmune hepatitis after orthotopic liver transplantation. Liver Transpl 7:302–310

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  236. Gonzalez-Uriarte J, Valdivieso A, Gastaca M, Errasti G, Campo M, Hernandez MJ, Montejo M, Bustamante J, Suarez MJ, Testillano M, Fernandez JR, Ortiz de Urbina J (2003) Liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma in cirrhotic patients. Transplant Proc 35:1827–1829

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  237. Gordon FD, Pomfret EA, Pomposelli JJ, Lewis WD, Jenkins RL, Khettry U (2004) Severe steatosis as the initial histologic manifestation of recurrent hepatitis C genotype 3. Hum Pathol 35:636–638

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  238. Goss JA, Shackleton CR, Farmer DG, Arnaout WS, Seu P, Markowitz JS, Martin P, Stribling RJ, Goldstein LI, Busuttil RW (1997) Orthotopic liver transplantation for primary sclerosing cholangitis. A 12-year single center experience. Ann Surg 225:472–481 (discussion 481–483)

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  239. Gottschlich MJ, Aardema KL, Burd EM, Nakhleh RE, Brown KA, Abouljoud MS, Hirst K, Moonka DK (2001) The use of hepatitis C viral RNA levels in liver tissue to distinguish rejection from recurrent hepatitis C. Liver Transpl 7:436–441

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  240. Gouw AS, van den Heuvel MC, Boot M, Slooff MJ, Poppema S, de Jong KP (2006) Dynamics of the vascular profile of the finer branches of the biliary tree in normal and diseased human livers. J Hepatol 45:393–400

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  241. Gouw AS, van den Heuvel MC, van den Berg AP, Slooff MJ, de Jong KP, Poppema S (2002) The significance of parenchymal changes of acute cellular rejection in predicting chronic liver graft rejection. Transplantation 73:243–247

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  242. Graziadei IW, Wiesner RH, Batts KP, Marotta PJ, LaRusso NF, Porayko MK, Hay JE, Gores GJ, Charlton MR, Ludwig J, Poterucha JJ, Steers JL et al (1999) Recurrence of primary sclerosing cholangitis following liver transplantation. Hepatology 29:1050–1056

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  243. Graziadei IW, Wiesner RH, Marotta PJ, Porayko MK, Hay JE, Charlton MR, Poterucha JJ, Rosen CB, Gores GJ, LaRusso NF, Krom RA (1999) Long-term results of patients undergoing liver transplantation for primary sclerosing cholangitis. Hepatology 30:1121–1127

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  244. Green M, Webber SA (2007) Persistent increased Epstein-Barr virus loads after solid organ transplantation: truth and consequences? Liver Transpl 13:321–322

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  245. Greenson JK, Svoboda-Newman SM, Merion RM, Frank TS (1996) Histologic progression of recurrent hepatitis C in liver transplant allografts. Am J Surg Pathol 20:731–738

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  246. Gugenheim J, Samuel D, Fabiani B, Saliba F, Castaing D, Reynes M, Bismuth H (1989) Rejection of ABO incompatible liver allografts in man. Transplant Proc 21:2223–2224

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  247. Gugenheim J, Samuel D, Reynes M, Bismuth H (1990) Liver transplantation across ABO blood group barriers. Lancet 336:519–523

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  248. Guichelaar MM, Benson JT, Malinchoc M, Krom RA, Wiesner RH, Charlton MR (2003) Risk factors for and clinical course of non-anastomotic biliary strictures after liver transplantation. Am J Transplant 3:885–890

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  249. Guido M, Burra P (2011) De novo autoimmune hepatitis after liver transplantation. Semin Liver Dis 31:71–81

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  250. Guido M, Fagiuoli S, Tessari G, Burra P, Leandro G, Boccagni P, Cillo U, Naccarato R, Rugge M (2002) Histology predicts cirrhotic evolution of post transplant hepatitis C. Gut 50:697–700

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  251. Guido M, Rugge M, Leandro G, Fiel IM, Thung SN (1997) Hepatic stellate cell immunodetection and cirrhotic evolution of viral hepatitis in liver allografts. Hepatology 26:310–314

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  252. Gunsar F, Rolando N, Pastacaldi S, Patch D, Raimondo ML, Davidson B, Rolles K, Burroughs AK (2003) Late hepatic artery thrombosis after orthotopic liver transplantation. Liver Transpl 9:605–611

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  253. Gupta P, Hart J, Millis JM, Cronin D, Brady L (2001) De novo hepatitis with autoimmune antibodies and atypical histology: a rare cause of late graft dysfunction after pediatric liver transplantation. Transplantation 71:664–668

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  254. Guzman G, Alagiozian-Angelova V, Layden-Almer JE, Layden TJ, Testa G, Benedetti E, Kajdacsy-Balla A, Cotler SJ (2005) p53, Ki-67, and serum alpha feto-protein as predictors of hepatocellular carcinoma recurrence in liver transplant patients. Mod Pathol 18:1498–1503

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  255. Haagsma EB, Cuypers HT, Gouw AS, Sjerps MC, Huizenga JR, Slooff MJ, Jansen PL (1997) High prevalence of hepatitis G virus after liver transplantation without apparent influence on long-term graft function. J Hepatol 26:921–925

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  256. Haagsma EB, Niesters HG, van den Berg AP, Riezebos-Brilman A, Porte RJ, Vennema H, Reimerink JH, Koopmans MP (2009) Prevalence of hepatitis E virus infection in liver transplant recipients. Liver Transpl 15:1225–1228

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  257. Haagsma EB, Riezebos-Brilman A, van den Berg AP, Porte RJ, Niesters HG (2010) Treatment of chronic hepatitis E in liver transplant recipients with pegylated interferon alpha-2b. Liver Transpl 16:474–477

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  258. Haagsma EB, van den Berg AP, Porte RJ, Benne CA, Vennema H, Reimerink JH, Koopmans MP (2008) Chronic hepatitis E virus infection in liver transplant recipients. Liver Transpl 14:547–553

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  259. Haga H, Egawa H, Fujimoto Y, Ueda M, Miyagawa-Hayashino A, Sakurai T, Okuno T, Koyanagi I, Takada Y, Manabe T (2006) Acute humoral rejection and C4d immunostaining in ABO blood type-incompatible liver transplantation. Liver Transpl 12:457–464

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  260. Haga H, Egawa H, Shirase T, Miyagawa A, Sakurai T, Minamiguchi S, Yamabe H, Manabe T, Tanaka K (2004) Periportal edema and necrosis as diagnostic histological features of early humoral rejection in ABO-incompatible liver transplantation. Liver Transpl 10:16–27

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  261. Haga H, Miyagawa-Hayashino A, Taira K, Morioka D, Egawa H, Takada Y, Manabe T, Uemoto S (2007) Histological recurrence of autoimmune liver diseases after living-donor liver transplantation. Hepatol Res 37(Suppl 3):S463–S469

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  262. Halac U, Beland K, Lapierre P, Patey N, Ward P, Brassard J, Houde A, Alvarez F (2012) Chronic hepatitis E infection in children with liver transplantation. Gut 61:597–603

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  263. Halme L, Hockerstedt K, Lautenschlager I (2003) Cytomegalovirus infection and development of biliary complications after liver transplantation. Transplantation 75:1853–1858

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  264. Hanto DW, Fecteau AH, Alonso MH, Valente JF, Whiting JF (2003) ABO-incompatible liver transplantation with no immunological graft losses using total plasma exchange, splenectomy, and quadruple immunosuppression: evidence for accommodation. Liver Transpl 9:22–30

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  265. Harma M, Hockerstedt K, Lyytikainen O, Lautenschlager I (2006) HHV-6 and HHV-7 antigenemia related to CMV infection after liver transplantation. J Med Virol 78:800–805

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  266. Harrison RF, Davies MH, Goldin RD, Hübscher SG (1993) Recurrent hepatitis B in liver allografts: a distinctive form of rapidly developing cirrhosis. Histopathology 23:21–28

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  267. Harrison RF, Patsiaoura K, Hübscher SG (1994) Cytokeratin immunostaining for detection of biliary epithelium: its use in counting bile ducts in cases of liver allograft rejection. J Clin Pathol 47:303–308

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  268. Hasegawa Y, Kawachi S, Shimazu M, Hoshino K, Tanabe M, Fuchimoto Y, Obara H, Shinoda M, Shimizu H, Yamada Y, Akatsu T, Irie R et al (2007) Discontinuation of living donor liver transplantation for PSC due to histological abnormalities in intraoperative donor liver biopsy. Am J Transplant 7:2204–2207

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  269. Hashimoto E, Taniai M, Yatsuji S, Tokushige K, Shiratori K, Yamamoto M, Fuchinoue S (2007) Long-term clinical outcome of living-donor liver transplantation for primary biliary cirrhosis. Hepatol Res 37(Suppl 3):S455–S461

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  270. Hashimoto K, Miller C (2008) The use of marginal grafts in liver transplantation. J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Surg 15:92–101

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  271. Hassoun Z, N’Guyen B, Cote J, Marleau D, Willems B, Roy A, Dagenais M, Lapointe R, Letourneau R, Villeneuve JP (2000) A case of giant cell hepatitis recurring after liver transplantation and treated with ribavirin. Can J Gastroenterol 14:729–731

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  272. Hassoun Z, Shah V, Lohse CM, Pankratz VS, Petrovic LM (2004) Centrilobular necrosis after orthotopic liver transplantation: association with acute cellular rejection and impact on outcome. Liver Transpl 10:480–487

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  273. Hayashi M, Fujii K, Kiuchi T, Uryuhara K, Kasahara M, Takatsuki M, Takeichi T, Kitade H, Sugimoto T, Uemoto S, Asonuma K, Egawa H et al (1999) Effects of fatty infiltration of the graft on the outcome of living-related liver transplantation. Transplant Proc 31:403

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  274. Heffron TG, Emond JC, Whitington PF, Thistlethwaite JR Jr., Stevens L, Piper J, Whitington S, Broelsch CE (1992) Biliary complications in pediatric liver transplantation. A comparison of reduced-size and whole grafts. Transplantation 53:391–395

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  275. Heidenhain C, Pratschke J, Puhl G, Neumann U, Pascher A, Veltzke-Schlieker W, Neuhaus P (2010) Incidence of and risk factors for ischemic-type biliary lesions following orthotopic liver transplantation. Transpl Int 23:14–22

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  276. Heimbach JK, Gores GJ, Haddock MG, Alberts SR, Pedersen R, Kremers W, Nyberg SL, Ishitani MB, Rosen CB (2006) Predictors of disease recurrence following neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy and liver transplantation for unresectable perihilar cholangiocarcinoma. Transplantation 82:1703–1707

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  277. Heneghan MA, Portmann BC, Norris SM, Williams R, Muiesan P, Rela M, Heaton ND, O’Grady JG (2001) Graft dysfunction mimicking autoimmune hepatitis following liver transplantation in adults. Hepatology 34:464–470

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  278. Heneghan MA, Tuttle-Newhall JE, Suhocki PV, Muir AJ, Morse M, Bornstein JD, Sylvestre PB, Collins B, Kuo PC, Rockey DC (2003) De-novo cholangiocarcinoma in the setting of recurrent primary sclerosing cholangitis following liver transplant. Am J Transplant 3:634–638

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  279. Herrera OB, Golshayan D, Tibbott R, Salcido Ochoa F, James MJ, Marelli-Berg FM, Lechler RI (2004) A novel pathway of alloantigen presentation by dendritic cells. J Immunol 173:4828–4837

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  280. Herrero JI (2009) De novo malignancies following liver transplantation: impact and recommendations. Liver Transpl 15(Suppl 2):S90–S94

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  281. Herzog D, Soglio DB, Fournet JC, Martin S, Marleau D, Alvarez F (2008) Interface hepatitis is associated with a high incidence of late graft fibrosis in a group of tightly monitored pediatric orthotopic liver transplantation patients. Liver Transpl 14:946–955

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  282. Hoffmann CJ, Subramanian AK, Cameron AM, Engels EA (2008) Incidence and risk factors for hepatocellular carcinoma after solid organ transplantation. Transplantation 86:784–790

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  283. Holmes RD, Sokol RJ (2002) Epstein-Barr virus and post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease. Pediatr Transplant 6:456–464

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  284. Holt CD, Winston DJ (2005) Infections after liver transplantation. In: Busuttil RW, Klintmalm GK (Hrsg) Transplantation of the liver, 2. Aufl. Saunders, Philadelphia, S 963–994

    Google Scholar 

  285. Hom BK, Shrestha R, Palmer SL, Katz MD, Selby RR, Asatryan Z, Wells JK, Grant EG (2006) Prospective evaluation of vascular complications after liver transplantation: comparison of conventional and microbubble contrast-enhanced US. Radiology 241:267–274

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  286. Hoofnagle JH, Nelson KE, Purcell RH (2012) Hepatitis E. N Engl J Med 367:1237–1244

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  287. Hopf U, Neuhaus P, Lobeck H, König V, Küther S, Bauditz J, Bechstein WO, Blumhardt G, Steffen R, Neuhaus R (1991) Follow-up of recurrent hepatitis B and delta infection in liver allograft recipients after treatment with recombinant interferon-alpha. J Hepatol 13:339–346

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  288. Horton JD, San Miguel FL, Membreno F, Wright F, Paima J, Foster P, Ortiz JA (2008) Budd-Chiari syndrome: illustrated review of current management. Liver Int 28:455–466

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  289. Houben KW, McCall JL (1999) Liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma in patients without underlying liver disease: a systematic review. Liver Transpl Surg 5:91–95

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  290. Hsieh CL, Obara H, Ogura Y, Martinez OM, Krams SM (2002) NK cells and transplantation. Transpl Immunol 9:111–114

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  291. Huang EJ, Wright TL, Lake JR, Combs C, Ferrell LD (1996) Hepatitis B and C coinfections and persistent hepatitis B infections: clinical outcome and liver pathology after transplantation. Hepatology 23:396–404

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  292. Huang R, Schiano TD, Amolat MJ, Miller CM, Thung SN, Saxena R (2004) Hepatocellular proliferation and changes in microarchitecture of right lobe allografts in adult transplant recipients. Liver Transpl 10:1461–1467

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  293. Hübscher S (2012) Antibody-mediated rejection in the liver allograft. Curr Opin Organ Transplant 17:280–286

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  294. Hübscher S (1996) Diagnosis and grading of liver allograft rejection: a European perspective. Transplant Proc 28:504–507

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  295. Hübscher SG (2011) Steatosis and fibrosis progression in patients with recurrent hepatitis C infection: complex interactions providing diagnostic and therapeutic challenges. Liver Transpl 17:1374–1379

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  296. Hübscher SG (2011) What is the long-term outcome of the liver allograft? J Hepatol 55:702–717

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  297. Hübscher SG (2008) Central perivenulitis: a common and potentially important finding in late posttransplant liver biopsies. Liver Transpl 14:596–600

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  298. Hübscher SG (2001) Recurrent autoimmune hepatitis after liver transplantation: diagnostic criteria, risk factors, and outcome. Liver Transpl 7:285–291

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  299. Hubscher SG (1991) Histological findings in liver allograft rejection – new insights into the pathogenesis of hepatocellular damage in liver allografts. Histopathology 18:377–383

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  300. Hübscher SG, Adams DH, Buckels JA, McMaster P, Neuberger J, Elias E (1989) Massive haemorrhagic necrosis of the liver after liver transplantation. J Clin Pathol 42:360–370

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  301. Hubscher SG, Adams DH, Elias E (1990) Changes in the expression of major histocompatibility complex class II antigens in liver allograft rejection. J Pathol 162:165–171

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  302. Hubscher SG, Clements D, Elias E, McMaster P (1985) Biopsy findings in cases of rejection of liver allograft. J Clin Pathol 38:1366–1373

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  303. Hubscher SG, Elias E, Buckels JA, Mayer AD, McMaster P, Neuberger JM (1993) Primary biliary cirrhosis. Histological evidence of disease recurrence after liver transplantation. J Hepatol 18:173–184

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  304. Hübscher S (2006) Recurrent and de-novo disease in the liver allograft. Curr Opin Organ Transplant 11:283–288

    Google Scholar 

  305. Hwang S, Lee SG, Ahn CS, Kim KH, Moon DB, Ha TY, Song GW, Jung DH, Park JI, Ryu JH, Lee HJ, Suh DJ et al (2008) Prevention of hepatitis B recurrence after living donor liver transplantation: primary high-dose hepatitis B immunoglobulin monotherapy and rescue antiviral therapy. Liver Transpl 14:770–778

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  306. Hytiroglou P, Gutierrez JA, Freni M, Odin JA, Stanca CM, Merati S, Schiano TD, Branch AD, Thung SN (2009) Recurrence of primary biliary cirrhosis and development of autoimmune hepatitis after liver transplant: a blind histologic study. Hepatol Res 39:577–584

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  307. Ijaz S, Yang W, Winslet MC, Seifalian AM (2003) Impairment of hepatic microcirculation in fatty liver. Microcirculation 10:447–456

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  308. Ikeda T, Yanaga K, Kishikawa K, Kakizoe S, Shimada M, Sugimachi K (1992) Ischemic injury in liver transplantation: difference in injury sites between warm and cold ischemia in rats. Hepatology 16:454–461

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  309. Illigens BM, Yamada A, Fedoseyeva EV, Anosova N, Boisgerault F, Valujskikh A, Heeger PS, Sayegh MH, Boehm B, Benichou G (2002) The relative contribution of direct and indirect antigen recognition pathways to the alloresponse and graft rejection depends upon the nature of the transplant. Hum Immunol 63:912–925

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  310. Imber CJ, St Peter SD, Lopez I, Guiver L, Friend PJ (2002) Current practice regarding the use of fatty livers: a trans-Atlantic survey. Liver Transpl 8:545–549

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  311. Ishak K, Baptista A, Bianchi L, Callea F, De Groote J, Gudat F, Denk H, Desmet V, Korb G, MacSween RN (1995) Histological grading and staging of chronic hepatitis. J Hepatol 22:696–699

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  312. Jacob DA, Neumann UP, Bahra M, Langrehr JM, Neuhaus P (2005) Liver transplantation for primary biliary cirrhosis: influence of primary immunosuppression on survival. Transplant Proc 37:1691–1692

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  313. Jaeschke H (2003) Molecular mechanisms of hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury and preconditioning. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 284:G15–26

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  314. Jaeschke H (2002) Reperfusion injury after warm ischemia or cold storage of the liver: role of apoptotic cell death. Transplant Proc 34:2656–2658

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  315. Jaeschke H, Lemasters JJ (2003) Apoptosis versus oncotic necrosis in hepatic ischemia/reperfusion injury. Gastroenterology 125:1246–1257

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  316. Jagannath S, Kalloo AN (2002) Biliary complications after liver transplantation. Curr Treat Options Gastroenterol 5:101–112

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  317. Jain A, Costa G, Marsh W, Fontes P, Devera M, Mazariegos G, Reyes J, Patel K, Mohanka R, Gadomski M, Fung J, Marcos A (2006) Thrombotic and nonthrombotic hepatic artery complications in adults and children following primary liver transplantation with long-term follow-up in 1000 consecutive patients. Transpl Int 19:27–37

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  318. Jain A, Demetris AJ, Kashyap R, Blakomer K, Ruppert K, Khan A, Rohal S, Starzl TE, Fung JJ (2001) Does tacrolimus offer virtual freedom from chronic rejection after primary liver transplantation? Risk and prognostic factors in 1,048 liver transplantations with a mean follow-up of 6 years. Liver Transpl 7:623–630

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  319. Jain D, Robert ME, Navarro V, Friedman AL, Crawford JM (2004) Total fibrous obliteration of main portal vein and portal foam cell venopathy in chronic hepatic allograft rejection. Arch Pathol Lab Med 128:64–67

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  320. Jara P, Hierro L, Martinez-Fernandez P, Alvarez-Doforno R, Yanez F, Diaz MC, Camarena C, De la Vega A, Frauca E, Munoz-Bartolo G, Lopez-Santamaria M, Larrauri J et al (2009) Recurrence of bile salt export pump deficiency after liver transplantation. N Engl J Med 361:1359–1367

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  321. Jones DE, James OF, Portmann B, Burt AD, Williams R, Hudson M (1999) Development of autoimmune hepatitis following liver transplantation for primary biliary cirrhosis. Hepatology 30:53–57

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  322. Junge G, Tullius SG, Klitzing V, Schewior L, Pratschke J, Radke C, Neuhaus R, Neuhaus P (2005) The influence of late acute rejection episodes on long-term graft outcome after liver transplantation. Transplant Proc 37:1716–1717

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  323. Kaiser GM, Sotiropoulos GC, Jauch KW, Löhe F, Hirner A, Kalff JC, Königsrainer A, Steurer W, Senninger N, Brockmann JG, Schlitt HJ, Zulke C et al (2008) Liver transplantation for hilar cholangiocarcinoma: a German survey. Transplant Proc 40:3191–3193

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  324. Kakizoe S, Yanaga K, Starzl TE, Demetris AJ (1990) Evaluation of protocol before transplantation and after reperfusion biopsies from human orthotopic liver allografts: considerations of preservation and early immunological injury. Hepatology 11:932–941

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  325. Kallinowski B, Seipp S, Dengler T, Klar E, Theilmann L, Stremmel W (2002) Clinical impact of hepatitis G virus infection in heart and liver transplant recipients. Transplant Proc 34:2288–2291

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  326. Kamada N, Davies HS, Roser B (1981) Reversal of transplantation immunity by liver grafting. Nature 292:840–842

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  327. Kamada N, Shinomiya T (1985) Clonal deletion as the mechanism of abrogation of immunological memory following liver grafting in rats. Immunology 55:85–90

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  328. Kamada N, Wight DG (1984) Antigen-specific immunosuppression induced by liver transplantation in the rat. Transplantation 38:217–221

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  329. Kamar N, Selves J, Mansuy JM, Ouezzani L, Peron JM, Guitard J, Cointault O, Esposito L, Abravanel F, Danjoux M, Durand D, Vinel JP et al (2008) Hepatitis E virus and chronic hepatitis in organ-transplant recipients. N Engl J Med 358:811–817

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  330. Kamphues C, Lotz K, Rocken C, Berg T, Eurich D, Pratschke J, Neuhaus P, Neumann UP (2010) Chances and limitations of non-invasive tests in the assessment of liver fibrosis in liver transplant patients. Clin Transplant 24:652–659

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  331. Karayiannis P, Brind AM, Pickering J, Mathew J, Burt AD, Hess G, Bassendine MF, Thomas HC (1998) Hepatitis G virus does not cause significant liver disease after liver transplantation. J Viral Hepat 5:35–42

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  332. Kashyap R, Jain A, Reyes J, Demetris AJ, Elmagd KA, Dodson SF, Marsh W, Madariaga V, Mazariegos G, Geller D, Bonham CA, Cacciarelli T et al (2001) Causes of retransplantation after primary liver transplantation in 4000 consecutive patients: 2 to 19 years follow-up. Transplant Proc 33:1486–1487

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  333. Keaveny AP, Gordon FD, Khettry U (2005) Post-liver transplantation de novo hepatitis with overlap features. Pathol Int 55:660–664

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  334. Keitel V, Burdelski M, Vojnisek Z, Schmitt L, Haussinger D, Kubitz R (2009) De novo bile salt transporter antibodies as a possible cause of recurrent graft failure after liver transplantation: a novel mechanism of cholestasis. Hepatology 50:510–517

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  335. Kelly M, Chick J, Gribble R, Gleeson M, Holton M, Winstanley J, McCaughan GW, Haber PS (2006) Predictors of relapse to harmful alcohol after orthotopic liver transplantation. Alcohol Alcohol 41:278–283

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  336. Kemnitz J, Gubernatis G, Bunzendahl H, Ringe B, Pichlmayr R, Georgii A (1989) Criteria for the histopathological classification of liver allograft rejection and their clinical relevance. Transplant Proc 21:2208–2210

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  337. Kemnitz J, Mogilevski G, Erhard J, Gubernatis G (1996) Post-transplant livers. Am J Surg Pathol 20:510–513

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  338. Kerkar N, Hadzic N, Davies ET, Portmann B, Donaldson PT, Rela M, Heaton ND, Vergani D, Mieli-Vergani G (1998) De-novo autoimmune hepatitis after liver transplantation. Lancet 351:409–413

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  339. Khapra AP, Agarwal K, Fiel MI, Kontorinis N, Hossain S, Emre S, Schiano TD (2006) Impact of donor age on survival and fibrosis progression in patients with hepatitis C undergoing liver transplantation using HCV+ allografts. Liver Transpl 12:1496–1503

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  340. Khettry U, Anand N, Faul PN, Lewis WD, Pomfret EA, Pomposelli J, Jenkins RL, Gordon FD (2003) Liver transplantation for primary biliary cirrhosis: a long-term pathologic study. Liver Transpl 9:87–96

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  341. Khettry U, Backer A, Ayata G, Lewis WD, Jenkins RL, Gordon FD (2002) Centrilobular histopathologic changes in liver transplant biopsies. Hum Pathol 33:270–276

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  342. Khettry U, Huang WY, Simpson MA, Pomfret EA, Pomposelli JJ, Lewis WD, Jenkins RL, Gordon FD (2007) Patterns of recurrent hepatitis C after liver transplantation in a recent cohort of patients. Hum Pathol 38:443–452

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  343. Khettry U, Keaveny A, Goldar-Najafi A, Lewis WD, Pomfret EA, Pomposelli JJ, Jenkins RL, Gordon FD (2003) Liver transplantation for primary sclerosing cholangitis: a long-term clinicopathologic study. Hum Pathol 34:1127–1136

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  344. Kishi Y, Sugawara Y, Matsui Y, Akamatsu N, Makuuchi M (2008) Late onset portal vein thrombosis and its risk factors. Hepatogastroenterology 55:1008–1009

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  345. Kita Y, Yanaga K (2008) Management of de novo hepatocellular carcinoma developing in a transplanted liver. Dig Dis Sci 53:1424–1425

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  346. Kiuchi T, Kasahara M, Uryuhara K, Inomata Y, Uemoto S, Asonuma K, Egawa H, Fujita S, Hayashi M, Tanaka K (1999) Impact of graft size mismatching on graft prognosis in liver transplantation from living donors. Transplantation 67:321–327

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  347. Kiyici M, Yilmaz M, Akyildiz M, Arikan C, Aydin U, Sigirli D, Nart D, Yilmaz F, Ozacar T, Karasu Z, Kilic M (2008) Association between hepatitis B and hepatocellular carcinoma recurrence in patients undergoing liver transplantation. Transplant Proc 40:1511–1517

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  348. Klintmalm GB (1998) Liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma: a registry report of the impact of tumor characteristics on outcome. Ann Surg 228:479–490

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  349. Koch DG, Christiansen L, Lazarchick J, Stuart R, Willner IR, Reuben A (2007) Posttransplantation lymphoproliferative disorder – the great mimic in liver transplantation: appraisal of the clinicopathologic spectrum and the role of Epstein-Barr virus. Liver Transpl 13:904–912

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  350. Koneru B, Dikdan G (2002) Hepatic steatosis and liver transplantation current clinical and experimental perspectives. Transplantation 73:325–330

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  351. Koneru B, Sterling MJ, Bahramipour PF (2006) Bile duct strictures after liver transplantation: a changing landscape of the Achilles’ heel. Liver Transpl 12:702–704

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  352. Kontorinis N, Agarwal K, Elhajj N, Fiel MI, Schiano TD (2006) Pegylated interferon-induced immune-mediated hepatitis post-liver transplantation. Liver Transpl 12:827–830

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  353. Koshiba T, Li Y, Takemura M, Wu Y, Sakaguchi S, Minato N, Wood KJ, Haga H, Ueda M, Uemoto S (2007) Clinical, immunological, and pathological aspects of operational tolerance after pediatric living-donor liver transplantation. Transpl Immunol 17:94–97

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  354. Kotru A, Sheperd R, Nadler M, Chapman W, Huddleston C, Lowell J (2006) Combined lung and liver transplantation: the United States experience. Transplantation 82:144–145 (author reply 145)

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  355. Koukoulis GK, Shen J, Karademir S, Jensen D, Williams J (2001) Cholangiocytic apoptosis in chronic ductopenic rejection. Hum Pathol 32:823–827

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  356. Kozlowski T (2011) Liver allograft antibody-mediated rejection with demonstration of sinusoidal C4d staining and circulating donor specific antibodies. Liver Transpl 17:357–368

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  357. Krams SM, Egawa H, Quinn MB, Villanueva JC, Garcia-Kennedy R, Martinez OM (1995) Apoptosis as a mechanism of cell death in liver allograft rejection. Transplantation 59:621–625

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  358. Krasinskas A (2005) Liver transplantation for severe intrahepatic noncirrhotic portal hypertension. Liver Transpl 11:627–634

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  359. Krasinskas A (2007) The significance of nodular regenerative hyperplasia in the transplanted liver. Liver Transpl 13:1496–1497

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  360. Krasinskas AM, Demetris AJ, Poterucha JJ, Abraham SC (2008) The prevalence and natural history of untreated isolated central perivenulitis in adult allograft livers. Liver Transpl 14:625–632

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  361. Krasinskas AM, Ruchelli ED, Rand EB, Chittams JL, Furth EE (2001) Central venulitis in pediatric liver allografts. Hepatology 33:1141–1147

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  362. Kremers WK, Devarbhavi HC, Wiesner RH, Krom RA, Macon WR, Habermann TM (2006) Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorders following liver transplantation: incidence, risk factors and survival. Am J Transplant 6:1017–1024

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  363. Krinsky GA, Lee VS, Theise ND, Weinreb JC, Rofsky NM, Diflo T, Teperman LW (2001) Hepatocellular carcinoma and dysplastic nodules in patients with cirrhosis: prospective diagnosis with MR imaging and explantation correlation. Radiology 219:445–454

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  364. Krishna M, Keaveny AP, Genco PV, Rosser BG, Dickson RC, Nguyen JH, Steers JL, Nakhleh RE (2005) Clinicopathological review of 18 cases of liver allografts lost due to bile duct necrosis. Transplant Proc 37:2221–2223

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  365. Krukemeyer MG, Moeller J, Morawietz L, Rudolph B, Neumann U, Theruvath T, Neuhaus P, Krenn V (2004) Description of B lymphocytes and plasma cells, complement, and chemokines/receptors in acute liver allograft rejection. Transplantation 78:65–70

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  366. Kugelmas M, Osgood MJ, Trotter JF, Bak T, Wachs M, Forman L, Kam I, Everson GT (2003) Hepatitis C virus therapy, hepatocyte drug metabolism, and risk for acute cellular rejection. Liver Transpl 9:1159–1165

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  367. Kupiec-Weglinski JW, Busuttil RW (2005) Ischemia and reperfusion injury in liver transplantation. Transplant Proc 37:1653–1656

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  368. Kurdow R, Marks HG, Kraemer-Hansen H, Luttges J, Kremer B, Henne-Bruns D (2003) Recurrence of primary biliary cirrhosis after orthotopic liver transplantation. Hepatogastroenterology 50:322–325

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  369. Kusne S, Schwartz M, Breinig MK, Dummer JS, Lee RE, Selby R, Starzl TE, Simmons RL, Ho M (1991) Herpes simplex virus hepatitis after solid organ transplantation in adults. J Infect Dis 163:1001–1007

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  370. Lamps LW, Pinson CW, Raiford DS, Shyr Y, Scott MA, Washington MK (1998) The significance of microabscesses in liver transplant biopsies: a clinicopathological study. Hepatology 28:1532–1537

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  371. Landaverde C, Ng V, Sato A, Tabibian J, Durazo F, Busuttil R (2009) De-novo cholangiocarcinoma in native common bile duct remnant following OLT for primary sclerosing cholangitis. Ann Hepatol 8:379–383

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  372. Lautenschlager I, Halme L, Hockerstedt K, Krogerus L, Taskinen E (2006) Cytomegalovirus infection of the liver transplant: virological, histological, immunological, and clinical observations. Transpl Infect Dis 8:21–30

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  373. Lautenschlager I, Harma M, Hockerstedt K, Linnavuori K, Loginov R, Taskinen E (2002) Human herpesvirus-6 infection is associated with adhesion molecule induction and lymphocyte infiltration in liver allografts. J Hepatol 37:648–654

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  374. Lautenschlager I, Hockerstedt K, Jalanko H, Loginov R, Salmela K, Taskinen E, Ahonen J (1997) Persistent cytomegalovirus in liver allografts with chronic rejection. Hepatology 25:190–194

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  375. Lautenschlager I, Hockerstedt K, Taskinen E (2003) Histologic findings associated with CMV infection in liver transplantation. Transplant Proc 35:819

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  376. Lautenschlager I, Lappalainen M, Linnavuori K, Suni J, Hockerstedt K (2002) CMV infection is usually associated with concurrent HHV-6 and HHV-7 antigenemia in liver transplant patients. J Clin Virol 25(Suppl 2):57–61

    Google Scholar 

  377. Lautenschlager I, Linnavuori K, Hockerstedt K (2000) Human herpesvirus-6 antigenemia after liver transplantation. Transplantation 69:2561–2566

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  378. Lautt WW (1985) Mechanism and role of intrinsic regulation of hepatic arterial blood flow: hepatic arterial buffer response. Am J Physiol 249:G549–G556

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  379. Le Moine O, Louis H, Demols A, Desalle F, Demoor F, Quertinmont E, Goldman M, Deviere J (2000) Cold liver ischemia-reperfusion injury critically depends on liver T cells and is improved by donor pretreatment with interleukin 10 in mice. Hepatology 31:1266–1274

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  380. Leblond V, Choquet S (2004) Lymphoproliferative disorders after liver transplantation. J Hepatol 40:728–735

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  381. Lentsch AB, Kato A, Yoshidome H, McMasters KM, Edwards MJ (2000) Inflammatory mechanisms and therapeutic strategies for warm hepatic ischemia/reperfusion injury. Hepatology 32:169–173

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  382. Lerut J, Sanchez-Fueyo A (2006) An appraisal of tolerance in liver transplantation. Am J Transplant 6:1774–1780

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  383. Lerut JP, Weber M, Orlando G, Dutkowski P (2007) Vascular and rare liver tumors: a good indication for liver transplantation? J Hepatol 47:466–475

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  384. Levitsky J (2011) Operational tolerance: past lessons and future prospects. Liver Transpl 17:222–232

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  385. Libbrecht L, Bielen D, Verslype C, Vanbeckevoort D, Pirenne J, Nevens F, Desmet V, Roskams T (2002) Focal lesions in cirrhotic explant livers: pathological evaluation and accuracy of pretransplantation imaging examinations. Liver Transpl 8:749–761

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  386. Liermann Garcia RF, Evangelista Garcia C, McMaster P, Neuberger J (2001) Transplantation for primary biliary cirrhosis: retrospective analysis of 400 patients in a single center. Hepatology 33:22–27

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  387. Lim LG, Cheng CL, Wee A, Lim SG, Lee YM, Sutedja DS, Da Costa M, Prabhakaran K, Wai CT (2007) Prevalence and clinical associations of posttransplant fatty liver disease. Liver Int 27:76–80

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  388. Limaye AP, Bakthavatsalam R, Kim HW, Randolph SE, Halldorson JB, Healey PJ, Kuhr CS, Levy AE, Perkins JD, Reyes JD, Boeckh M (2006) Impact of cytomegalovirus in organ transplant recipients in the era of antiviral prophylaxis. Transplantation 81:1645–1652

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  389. Liu G, Butany J, Wanless IR, Cameron R, Greig P, Levy G (1993) The vascular pathology of human hepatic allografts. Hum Pathol 24:182–188

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  390. Llado L, Fabregat J, Castellote J, Ramos E, Torras J, Jorba R, Garcia-Borobia F, Busquets J, Figueras J, Rafecas A (2007) Management of portal vein thrombosis in liver transplantation: influence on morbidity and mortality. Clin Transplant 21:716–721

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  391. Lo CM, Fan ST, Chan JK, Wei W, Lo RJ, Lai CL (1996) Minimum graft volume for successful adult-to-adult living donor liver transplantation for fulminant hepatic failure. Transplantation 62:696–698

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  392. Lo IJ, Lefkowitch JH, Feirt N, Alkofer B, Kin C, Samstein B, Guarrera JV, Renz JF (2008) Utility of liver allograft biopsy obtained at procurement. Liver Transpl 14:639–646

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  393. Lohse AW, Obermayer-Straub P, Gerken G, Brunner S, Altes U, Dienes HP, Manns MP, Meyer zum Buschenfelde KH (1999) Development of cytochrome P450 2D6-specific LKM-autoantibodies following liver transplantation for Wilson’s disease – possible association with a steroid-resistant transplant rejection episode. J Hepatol 31:149–155

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  394. Loinaz C, Abradelo M, Gomez R, Colina F, Rey P, Ochando F, Canete AR, Gonzalez-Pinto I, Jimenez C, Garcia I, Gonzalez EM (1998) Liver transplantation and incidental primary liver tumors. Transplant Proc 30:3301–3302

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  395. Lok AS (2008) How to diagnose and treat hepatitis B virus antiviral drug resistance in the liver transplant setting. Liver Transpl 14(Suppl 2):S8–S14

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  396. Lok AS (2002) Prevention of recurrent hepatitis B post-liver transplantation. Liver Transpl 8:S67–S73

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  397. Lones MA, Lopez-Terrada D, Weiss LM, Shintaku IP, Said JW (1997) Donor origin of posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorder localized to a liver allograft: demonstration by fluorescence in situ hybridization. Arch Pathol Lab Med 121:701–706

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  398. Lory J, Zimmermann A (1997) Endotheliitis-like changes in chronic hepatitis C. Histol Histopathol 12:359–366

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  399. Lovell MO, Speeg KV, Halff GA, Molina DK, Sharkey FE (2004) Acute hepatic allograft rejection: a comparison of patients with and without centrilobular alterations during first rejection episode. Liver Transpl 10:369–373

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  400. Lowes JR, Hubscher SG, Neuberger JM (1993) Chronic rejection of the liver allograft. Gastroenterol Clin North Am 22:401–420

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  401. Lucey MR (1997) Alcohol injury in the transplanted liver. Liver Transpl Surg 3:S26–S31

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  402. Lucey MR, Carr K, Beresford TP, Fisher LR, Shieck V, Brown KA, Campbell DA, Appelman HD (1997) Alcohol use after liver transplantation in alcoholics: a clinical cohort follow-up study. Hepatology 25:1223–1227

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  403. Ludwig J, Batts KP, MacCarty RL (1992) Ischemic cholangitis in hepatic allografts. Mayo Clin Proc 67:519–526

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  404. Ludwig J, Gross JB Jr., Perkins JD, Moore SB (1990) Persistent centrilobular necroses in hepatic allografts. Hum Pathol 21:656–661

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  405. Ludwig J, Hashimoto E, Porayko MK, Therneau TM (1996) Failed allografts and causes of death after orthotopic liver transplantation from 1985 to 1995: decreasing prevalence of irreversible hepatic allograft rejection. Liver Transpl Surg 2:185–191

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  406. Ludwig J, Wiesner RH, Batts KP, Perkins JD, Krom RA (1987) The acute vanishing bile duct syndrome (acute irreversible rejection) after orthotopic liver transplantation. Hepatology 7:476–483

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  407. Lundell R, Elenitoba-Johnson KS, Lim MS (2004) T-cell posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorder occurring in a pediatric solid-organ transplant patient. Am J Surg Pathol 28:967–973

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  408. Lunz JG 3rd, Contrucci S, Ruppert K, Murase N, Fung JJ, Starzl TE, Demetris AJ (2001) Replicative senescence of biliary epithelial cells precedes bile duct loss in chronic liver allograft rejection: increased expression of p21(WAF1/Cip1) as a disease marker and the influence of immunosuppressive drugs. Am J Pathol 158:1379–1390

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  409. MacDonald GA, Greenson JK, DelBuono EA, Grady WM, Merion RM, Frank TS, Lucey MR, Appelman HD (1997) Mini-microabscess syndrome in liver transplant recipients. Hepatology 26:192–197

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  410. Maggiore G, Gonzales E, Sciveres M, Redon MJ, Grosse B, Stieger B, Davit-Spraul A, Fabre M, Jacquemin E (2010) Relapsing features of bile salt export pump deficiency after liver transplantation in two patients with progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis type 2. J Hepatol 53:981–986

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  411. Malacarne F, Webster GJ, Reignat S, Gotto J, Behboudi S, Burroughs AK, Dusheiko GM, Williams R, Bertoletti A (2003) Tracking the source of the hepatitis B virus-specific CD8 T cells during lamivudine treatment. J Infect Dis 187:679–682

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  412. Malhi H, Gores GJ, Lemasters JJ (2006) Apoptosis and necrosis in the liver: a tale of two deaths? Hepatology 43:S31–S44

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  413. Malik SM, Devera ME, Fontes P, Shaikh O, Sasatomi E, Ahmad J (2009) Recurrent disease following liver transplantation for nonalcoholic steatohepatitis cirrhosis. Liver Transpl 15:1843–1851

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  414. Mann CD, Neal CP, Garcea G, Manson MM, Dennison AR, Berry DP (2007) Prognostic molecular markers in hepatocellular carcinoma: a systematic review. Eur J Cancer 43:979–992

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  415. Manns MP, Bahr MJ (2000) Recurrent autoimmune hepatitis after liver transplantation – when non-self becomes self. Hepatology 32:868–870

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  416. Manousou P, Arvaniti V, Tsochatzis E, Isgro G, Jones K, Shirling G, Dhillon AP, O’Beirne J, Patch D, Burroughs AK (2010) Primary biliary cirrhosis after liver transplantation: influence of immunosuppression and human leukocyte antigen locus disparity. Liver Transpl 16:64–73

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  417. Manousou P, Dhillon AP, Isgro G, Calvaruso V, Luong TV, Tsochatzis E, Xirouchakis E, Kalambokis G, Cross TJ, Rolando N, O’Beirne J, Patch D et al (2011) Digital image analysis of liver collagen predicts clinical outcome of recurrent hepatitis C virus 1 year after liver transplantation. Liver Transpl 17:178–188

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  418. Manousou P, Samonakis D, Cholongitas E, Patch D, O’Beirne J, Dhillon AP, Rolles K, McCormick A, Hayes P, Burroughs AK (2009) Outcome of recurrent hepatitis C virus after liver transplantation in a randomized trial of tacrolimus monotherapy versus triple therapy. Liver Transpl 15:1783–1791

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  419. Markiewicz M, Kalicinski P, Teisseyre J, Ismail H, Kaminski A, Teisseyre M (2003) Rapamycin in children after liver transplantation. Transplant Proc 35:2284–2286

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  420. Markin RS, Wisecarver JL, Radio SJ, Stratta RJ, Langnas AN, Hirst K, Shaw BW Jr. (1993) Frozen section evaluation of donor livers before transplantation. Transplantation 56:1403–1409

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  421. Markus BH, Fung JJ, Gordon RD, Vanek M, Starzl TE, Duquesnoy RJ (1987) HLA histocompatibility and liver transplant survival. Transplant Proc 19:63–65

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  422. Marsh JW Jr., Iwatsuki S, Makowka L, Esquivel CO, Gordon RD, Todo S, Tzakis A, Miller C, Van Thiel D, Starzl TE (1988) Orthotopic liver transplantation for primary sclerosing cholangitis. Ann Surg 207:21–25

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  423. Marsh JW, Gray E, Ness R, Starzl TE (2009) Complications of right lobe living donor liver transplantation. J Hepatol 51:715–724

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  424. Marsh JW, Schmidt C (2010) The Milan criteria: no room on the metro for the king? Liver Transpl 16:252–255

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  425. Marshall A, Rushbrook S, Morris LS, Scott IS, Vowler SL, Davies SE, Coleman N, Alexander G (2005) Hepatocyte expression of minichromosome maintenance protein-2 predicts fibrosis progression after transplantation for chronic hepatitis C virus: a pilot study. Liver Transpl 11:427–433

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  426. Marshall AE, Rushbrook SM, Vowler SL, Palmer CR, Davies RJ, Gibbs P, Davies SE, Coleman N, Alexander GJ (2010) Tumor recurrence following liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma: role of tumor proliferation status. Liver Transpl 16:279–288

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  427. Martelius T, Halme L, Arola J, Hockerstedt K, Lautenschlager I (2009) Vascular deposition of complement C4d is increased in liver allografts with chronic rejection. Transpl Immunol 21:244–246

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  428. Martin SR, Russo P, Dubois J, Alvarez F (2002) Centrilobular fibrosis in long-term follow-up of pediatric liver transplant recipients. Transplantation 74:828–836

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  429. Martinez OM, Rosen HR (2005) Basic concepts in transplant immunology. Liver Transpl 11:370–381

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  430. Marusawa H, Uemoto S, Hijikata M, Ueda Y, Tanaka K, Shimotohno K, Chiba T (2000) Latent hepatitis B virus infection in healthy individuals with antibodies to hepatitis B core antigen. Hepatology 31:488–495

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  431. Matsumoto Y, McCaughan GW, Painter DM, Bishop GA (1993) Evidence that portal tract microvascular destruction precedes bile duct loss in human liver allograft rejection. Transplantation 56:69–75

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  432. Mazzaferro V, Regalia E, Doci R, Andreola S, Pulvirenti A, Bozzetti F, Montalto F, Ammatuna M, Morabito A, Gennari L (1996) Liver transplantation for the treatment of small hepatocellular carcinomas in patients with cirrhosis. N Engl J Med 334:693–699

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  433. McCaughan GW, Davies JS, Waugh JA, Bishop GA, Hall BM, Gallagher ND, Thompson JF, Sheil AG, Painter DM (1990) A quantitative analysis of T lymphocyte populations in human liver allografts undergoing rejection: the use of monoclonal antibodies and double immunolabeling. Hepatology 12:1305–1313

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  434. McCaughan GW, Huynh JC, Feller R, Painter D, Waugh R, Sheil AG (1995) Fulminant hepatic failure post liver transplantation: clinical syndromes, correlations and outcomes. Transpl Int 8:20–26

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  435. McCaughan GW, Shackel NA, Strasser SI, Dilworth P, Tang P (2010) Minimal but significant improvement in survival for non-hepatitis C-related adult liver transplant patients beyond the one-year posttransplant mark. Liver Transpl 16:130–137

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  436. McCaughan GW, Zekry A (2004) Mechanisms of HCV reinfection and allograft damage after liver transplantation. J Hepatol 40:368–374

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  437. McCaughan GW, Zekry A (2002) Pathogenesis of hepatitis C virus recurrence in the liver allograft. Liver Transpl 8:S7–S13

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  438. McCormack L, Dutkowski P, El-Badry AM, Clavien PA (2011) Liver transplantation using fatty livers: always feasible? J Hepatol 54:1055–1062

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  439. McDiarmid SV, Jordan S, Kim GS, Toyoda M, Goss JA, Vargas JH, Martin MG, Bahar R, Maxfield AL, Ament ME, Busuttil RW (1998) Prevention and preemptive therapy of postransplant lymphoproliferative disease in pediatric liver recipients. Transplantation 66:1604–1611

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  440. McGuire BM, Bonkovsky HL, Carithers RL Jr., Chung RT, Goldstein LI, Lake JR, Lok AS, Potter CJ, Rand E, Voigt MD, Davis PR, Bloomer JR (2005) Liver transplantation for erythropoietic protoporphyria liver disease. Liver Transpl 11:1590–1596

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  441. McMillan JS, Shaw T, Angus PW, Locarnini SA (1995) Effect of immunosuppressive and antiviral agents on hepatitis B virus replication in vitro. Hepatology 22:36–43

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  442. Melendez HV, Rela M, Baker AJ, Ball C, Portmann B, Mieli-Vergani G, Heaton ND (1997) Liver transplant for giant cell hepatitis with autoimmune haemolytic anaemia. Arch Dis Child 77:249–251

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  443. Mells G, Mann C, Hubscher S, Neuberger J (2009) Late protocol liver biopsies in the liver allograft: a neglected investigation? Liver Transpl 15:931–938

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  444. Mells G, Neuberger J (2008) Protocol liver allograft biopsies. Transplantation 85:1686–1692

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  445. Mendez JC, Dockrell DH, Espy MJ, Smith TF, Wilson JA, Harmsen WS, Ilstrup D, Paya CV (2001) Human beta-herpesvirus interactions in solid organ transplant recipients. J Infect Dis 183:179–184

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  446. Mentha G, Giostra E, Majno PE, Bechstein WO, Neuhaus P, O’Grady J, Praseedom RK, Burroughs AK, Le Treut YP, Kirkegaard P, Rogiers X, Ericzon BG et al (2006) Liver transplantation for Budd-Chiari syndrome: a European study on 248 patients from 51 centres. J Hepatol 44:520–528

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  447. Meriden Z, Forde KA, Pasha TL, Hui JJ, Reddy KR, Furth EE, Wells RG (2010) Histologic predictors of fibrosis progression in liver allografts in patients with hepatitis C virus infection. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 8:289–296.e8

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  448. Merli M, Gentili F, Giusto M, Attili AF, Corradini SG, Mennini G, Rossi M, Corsi A, Bianco P (2009) Immune-mediated liver dysfunction after antiviral treatment in liver transplanted patients with hepatitis C: allo or autoimmune de novo hepatitis? Dig Liver Dis 41:345–349

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  449. Meyer CG, Penn I, James L (2000) Liver transplantation for cholangiocarcinoma: results in 207 patients. Transplantation 69:1633–1637

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  450. Michaels MG, Green M, Wald ER, Starzl TE (1992) Adenovirus infection in pediatric liver transplant recipients. J Infect Dis 165:170–174

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  451. Minervini MI, Ruppert K, Fontes P, Volpes R, Vizzini G, de Vera ME, Gruttadauria S, Miraglia R, Pipitone L, Marsh JW, Marcos A, Gridelli B et al (2009) Liver biopsy findings from healthy potential living liver donors: reasons for disqualification, silent diseases and correlation with liver injury tests. J Hepatol 50:501–510

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  452. Miyagawa-Hayashino A, Egawa H, Yorifuji T, Hasegawa M, Haga H, Tsuruyama T, Wen MC, Sumazaki R, Manabe T, Uemoto S (2009) Allograft steatohepatitis in progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis type 1 after living donor liver transplantation. Liver Transpl 15:610–618

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  453. Miyagawa-Hayashino A, Haga H, Egawa H, Hayashino Y, Sakurai T, Minamiguchi S, Tanaka K, Manabe T (2004) Outcome and risk factors of de novo autoimmune hepatitis in living-donor liver transplantation. Transplantation 78:128–135

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  454. Miyagawa-Hayashino A, Haga H, Egawa H, Hayashino Y, Uemoto S, Manabe T (2009) Idiopathic post-transplantation hepatitis following living donor liver transplantation, and significance of autoantibody titre for outcome. Transpl Int 22:303–312

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  455. Molmenti EP, Netto GJ, Murray NG, Smith DM, Molmenti H, Crippin JS, Hoover TC, Jung G, Marubashi S, Sanchez EQ, Gogel B, Levy MF et al (2002) Incidence and recurrence of autoimmune/alloimmune hepatitis in liver transplant recipients. Liver Transpl 8:519–526

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  456. Monbaliu D, Libbrecht L, De Vos R, Vekemans K, Walter H, Liu Q, Heedfeld V, Goossens V, Pirenne J, Roskams T (2008) The extent of vacuolation in non-heart-beating porcine donor liver grafts prior to transplantation predicts their viability. Liver Transpl 14:1256–1265

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  457. Montano-Loza AJ, Mason AL, Ma M, Bastiampillai RJ, Bain VG, Tandon P (2009) Risk factors for recurrence of autoimmune hepatitis after liver transplantation. Liver Transpl 15:1254–1261

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  458. Montano-Loza AJ, Wasilenko S, Bintner J, Mason AL (2010) Cyclosporine A protects against primary biliary cirrhosis recurrence after liver transplantation. Am J Transplant 10:852–858

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  459. Morioka D, Sekido H, Kubota K, Sugita M, Tanaka K, Togo S, Yamanaka S, Sasaki T, Inayama Y, Shimada H (2004) Antibody-mediated rejection after adult ABO-incompatible liver transplantation remedied by gamma-globulin bolus infusion combined with plasmapheresis. Transplantation 78:1225–1228

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  460. Morita K, Taketomi A, Soejima Y, Ikegami T, Fukuhara T, Iguchi T, Nagata S, Sugimachi K, Gion T, Shirabe K, Maehara Y (2009) De novo hepatocellular carcinoma in a liver graft with sustained hepatitis C virus clearance after living donor liver transplantation. Liver Transpl 15:1412–1416

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  461. Morris-Stiff G, Bhati C, Olliff S, Hubscher S, Gunson B, Mayer D, Mirza D, Buckels J, Bramhall SR (2008) Cholangiocarcinoma complicating primary sclerosing cholangitis: a 24-year experience. Dig Surg 25:126–132

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  462. Mosmann TR, Coffman RL (1989) TH1 and TH2 cells: different patterns of lymphokine secretion lead to different functional properties. Annu Rev Immunol 7:145–173

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  463. Musat A, Agni RM, Wai PY et al (2011) The significance of donor-specific HLA antibodies in rejection and ductopenia development in ABO compatible liver transplantation. Am J Transplant 11:500–510

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  464. Mutimer DJ, Shaw J, O’Donnell K, Elias E (1997) Enhanced (cytomegalovirus) viral replication after transplantation for fulminant hepatic failure. Liver Transpl Surg 3:506–512

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  465. Nadalin S, Malago M, Valentin-Gamazo C, Testa G, Baba HA, Liu C, Fruhauf NR, Schaffer R, Gerken G, Frilling A, Broelsch CE (2005) Preoperative donor liver biopsy for adult living donor liver transplantation: risks and benefits. Liver Transpl 11:980–986

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  466. Nagral A, Ben-Ari Z, Dhillon AP, Burroughs AK (1998) Eosinophils in acute cellular rejection in liver allografts. Liver Transpl Surg 4:355–362

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  467. Nair S, Baisden B, Boitnott J, Klein A, Thuluvath PJ (2001) Recurrent, progressive giant cell hepatitis in two consecutive liver allografts in a middle-aged woman. J Clin Gastroenterol 32:454–456

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  468. Nakazawa Y, Chisuwa H, Mita A, Ikegami T, Hashikura Y, Terada M, Nakayama J, Kawasaki S (2003) Life-threatening veno-occlusive disease after living-related liver transplantation. Transplantation 75:727–730

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  469. Nakazawa Y, Jonsson JR, Walker NI, Kerlin P, Steadman C, Lynch SV, Strong RW, Clouston AD (2000) Fibrous obliterative lesions of veins contribute to progressive fibrosis in chronic liver allograft rejection. Hepatology 32:1240–1247

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  470. Nakazawa Y, Walker NI, Kerlin P, Steadman C, Lynch SV, Strong RW, Clouston AD (2000) Clinicopathological analysis of liver allograft biopsies with late centrilobular necrosis: a comparative study in 54 patients. Transplantation 69:1599–1608

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  471. Nakhleh RE, Krishna M, Keaveny AP, Dickson RC, Rosser B, Nguyen JH, Steers JL (2005) Review of 31 cases of morphologic hepatitis in liver transplant patients not related to disease recurrence. Transplant Proc 37:1240–1242

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  472. Narang TK, Ahrens W, Russo MW (2010) Post-liver transplant cholestatic hepatitis C: a systematic review of clinical and pathological findings and application of consensus criteria. Liver Transpl 16:1228–1235

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  473. Neff GW, Montalbano M, Slapak-Green G, Berney T, Bejarano PA, Joshi A, Icardi M, Nery J, Seigo N, Levi D, Weppler D, Pappas P et al (2003) A retrospective review of sirolimus (Rapamune) therapy in orthotopic liver transplant recipients diagnosed with chronic rejection. Liver Transpl 9:477–483

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  474. Neil DA, Hubscher SG (2010) Current views on rejection pathology in liver transplantation. Transpl Int 23:971–983

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  475. Neil DA, Hubscher SG (2002) Histologic and biochemical changes during the evolution of chronic rejection of liver allografts. Hepatology 35:639–651

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  476. Neil DA, Hubscher SG (2001) Are parenchymal changes in early post-transplant biopsies related to preservation-reperfusion injury or rejection? Transplantation 71:1566–1572

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  477. Neuberger J (2003) Liver transplantation for primary biliary cirrhosis: indications and risk of recurrence. J Hepatol 39:142–148

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  478. Neuberger J (1995) Liver allograft rejection – current concepts on diagnosis and treatment. J Hepatol 23(Suppl 1):54–61

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  479. Neuberger J, Gunson B, Hubscher S, Nightingale P (2004) Immunosuppression affects the rate of recurrent primary biliary cirrhosis after liver transplantation. Liver Transpl 10:488–491

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  480. Neumann U (2006) C4d Immunostaining in Acute HumoralRejection After ABO Blood Group-IncompatibleLiver Transplantation. Liver Transpl 12:356–367

    Google Scholar 

  481. Newsome PN (2010) Recurrence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease after liver transplantation: it is common, but does it affect outcome? Liver Transpl 16:420–422

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  482. Nguyen TH, Melancon K, Lake J, Payne W, Humar A (2008) Do graft type or donor source affect acute rejection rates after liver transplant: a multivariate analysis. Clin Transplant 22:624–629

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  483. Nickkholgh A, Weitz J, Encke J, Sauer P, Mehrabi A, Buchler MW, Schmidt J, Schemmer P (2007) Utilization of extended donor criteria in liver transplantation: a comprehensive review of the literature. Nephrol Dial Transplant 22(Suppl 8):viii29–viii36

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  484. Nishizaki T, Ikegami T, Hiroshige S, Hashimoto K, Uchiyama H, Yoshizumi T, Kishikawa K, Shimada M, Sugimachi K (2001) Small graft for living donor liver transplantation. Ann Surg 233:575–580

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  485. Nocito A, El-Badry AM, Clavien PA (2006) When is steatosis too much for transplantation? J Hepatol 45:494–499

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  486. Nonomura A, Mizukami Y, Matsubara F, Kobayashi K (1991) Clinicopathological study of lymphocyte attachment to endothelial cells (endothelialitis) in various liver diseases. Liver 11:78–88

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  487. Nuckols JD, Baron PW, Stenzel TT, Olatidoye BA, Tuttle-Newhall JE, Clavien PA, Howell DN (2000) The pathology of liver-localized post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease: a report of three cases and a review of the literature. Am J Surg Pathol 24:733–741

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  488. Nussler NC, Settmacher U, Haase R, Stange B, Heise M, Neuhaus P (2003) Diagnosis and treatment of arterial steal syndromes in liver transplant recipients. Liver Transpl 9:596–602

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  489. O’Grady JG (2005) Acute liver failure. Postgrad Med J 81:148–154

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  490. O’Grady JG, Polson RJ, Rolles K, Calne RY, Williams R (1988) Liver transplantation for malignant disease. Results in 93 consecutive patients. Ann Surg 207:373–379

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  491. O’Grady JG, Smith HM, Davies SE, Daniels HM, Donaldson PT, Tan KC, Portmann B, Alexander GJ, Williams R (1992) Hepatitis B virus reinfection after orthotopic liver transplantation. Serological and clinical implications. J Hepatol 14:104–111

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  492. Oguma S, Belle S, Starzl TE, Demetris AJ (1989) A histometric analysis of chronically rejected human liver allografts: insights into the mechanisms of bile duct loss: direct immunologic and ischemic factors. Hepatology 9:204–209

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  493. Oh CK, Pelletier SJ, Sawyer RG, Dacus AR, McCullough CS, Pruett TL, Sanfey HA (2001) Uni- and multi-variate analysis of risk factors for early and late hepatic artery thrombosis after liver transplantation. Transplantation 71:767–772

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  494. Ong J, Younossi ZM, Reddy V, Price LL, Gramlich T, Mayes J, Boparai N (2001) Cryptogenic cirrhosis and posttransplantation nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Liver Transpl 7:797–801

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  495. Opelz G, Mytilineos J, Scherer S, Dunckley H, Trejaut J, Chapman J, Middleton D, Savage D, Fischer O, Bignon JD (1991) Survival of DNA HLA-DR typed and matched cadaver kidney transplants. The Collaborative Transplant Study. Lancet 338:461–463

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  496. Ormonde DG, de Boer WB, Kierath A, Bell R, Shilkin KB, House AK, Jeffrey GP, Reed WD (1999) Banff schema for grading liver allograft rejection: utility in clinical practice. Liver Transpl Surg 5:261–268

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  497. Oswari H, Lynch SV, Fawcett J, Strong RW, Ee LC (2005) Outcomes of split versus reduced-size grafts in pediatric liver transplantation. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 20:1850–1854

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  498. Pagadala M, Dasarathy S, Eghtesad B, McCullough AJ (2009) Posttransplant metabolic syndrome: an epidemic waiting to happen. Liver Transpl 15:1662–1670

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  499. Pageaux GP, Bismuth M, Perney P, Costes V, Jaber S, Possoz P, Fabre JM, Navarro F, Blanc P, Domergue J, Eledjam JJ, Larrey D (2003) Alcohol relapse after liver transplantation for alcoholic liver disease: does it matter? J Hepatol 38:629–634

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  500. Pageaux GP, Michel J, Coste V, Perney P, Possoz P, Perrigault PF, Navarro F, Fabre JM, Domergue J, Blanc P, Larrey D (1999) Alcoholic cirrhosis is a good indication for liver transplantation, even for cases of recidivism. Gut 45:421–426

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  501. Papatheodoridis GV, Cholongitas E, Archimandritis AJ, Burroughs AK (2009) Current management of hepatitis B virus infection before and after liver transplantation. Liver Int 29:1294–1305

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  502. Pappo O, Ramos H, Starzl TE, Fung JJ, Demetris AJ (1995) Structural integrity and identification of causes of liver allograft dysfunction occurring more than 5 years after transplantation. Am J Surg Pathol 19:192–206

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  503. Pappo O, Yunis E, Jordan JA, Jaffe R, Mateo R, Fung J, Demetris AJ (1994) Recurrent and de novo giant cell hepatitis after orthotopic liver transplantation. Am J Surg Pathol 18:804–813

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  504. Pareja E, Cortes M, Navarro R, Sanjuan F, Lopez R, Mir J (2010) Vascular complications after orthotopic liver transplantation: hepatic artery thrombosis. Transplant Proc 42:2970–2972

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  505. Park JW, Lee KW, Kim SJ, Choi SH, Heo JS, Kwon CH, Kim DJ, Han YS, Lee SK, Joh JW (2006) Outcome of patients with recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma in liver transplantation. Transplant Proc 38:2121–2122

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  506. Parolin MB, Batts KP, Wiesner RH, Bernstein PS, Zinsmeister AR, Harmsen WS, Porayko MJ, Burgart LJ, Brandhagen DJ (2002) Liver allograft iron accumulation in patients with and without pretransplantation hepatic hemosiderosis. Liver Transpl 8:331–339

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  507. Parrilla P, Sanchez-Bueno F, Figueras J, Jaurrieta E, Mir J, Margarit C, Lazaro J, Herrera L, Gomez-Fleitas M, Varo E, Vicente E, Robles R et al (1999) Analysis of the complications of the piggy-back technique in 1,112 liver transplants. Transplantation 67:1214–1217

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  508. Pascher A, Neuhaus P (2005) Bile duct complications after liver transplantation. Transpl Int 18:627–642

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  509. Pastacaldi S, Teixeira R, Montalto P, Rolles K, Burroughs AK (2001) Hepatic artery thrombosis after orthotopic liver transplantation: a review of nonsurgical causes. Liver Transpl 7:75–81

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  510. Patel T, Gores GJ (1998) Apoptosis in liver transplantation: a mechanism contributing to immune modulation, preservation injury, neoplasia, and viral disease. Liver Transpl Surg 4:42–50

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  511. Paya CV, Wiesner RH, Hermans PE, Larson-Keller JJ, Ilstrup DM, Krom RA, Rettke S, Smith TF (1993) Risk factors for cytomegalovirus and severe bacterial infections following liver transplantation: a prospective multivariate time-dependent analysis. J Hepatol 18:185–195

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  512. Peeters PM, Sieders E, van den Heuvel M, Bijleveld CM, de Jong KP, TenVergert EM, Slooff MJ, Gouw AS (2000) Predictive factors for portal fibrosis in pediatric liver transplant recipients. Transplantation 70:1581–1587

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  513. Pelletier SJ, Iezzoni JC, Crabtree TD, Hahn YS, Sawyer RG, Pruett TL (2000) Prediction of liver allograft fibrosis after transplantation for hepatitis C virus: persistent elevation of serum transaminase levels versus necroinflammatory activity. Liver Transpl 6:44–53

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  514. Peralta C, Rosello-Catafau J (2004) The future of fatty livers. J Hepatol 41:149–151

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  515. Pfitzmann R, Benscheidt B, Langrehr JM, Schumacher G, Neuhaus R, Neuhaus P (2007) Trends and experiences in liver retransplantation over 15 years. Liver Transpl 13:248–257

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  516. Phillips MJ, Cameron R, Flowers MA, Blendis LM, Greig PD, Wanless I, Sherman M, Superina R, Langer B, Levy GA (1992) Post-transplant recurrent hepatitis B viral liver disease. Viral-burden, steatoviral, and fibroviral hepatitis B. Am J Pathol 140:1295–1308

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  517. Pichlmayr R, Weimann A, Ringe B (1994) Indications for liver transplantation in hepatobiliary malignancy. Hepatology 20:33S–40S

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  518. Pine JK, Aldouri A, Young AL, Davies MH, Attia M, Toogood GJ, Pollard SG, Lodge JP, Prasad KR (2009) Liver transplantation following donation after cardiac death: an analysis using matched pairs. Liver Transpl 15:1072–1082

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  519. Pischke S, Suneetha PV, Baechlein C, Barg-Hock H, Heim A, Kamar N, Schlue J, Strassburg CP, Lehner F, Raupach R, Bremer B, Magerstedt P et al (2010) Hepatitis E virus infection as a cause of graft hepatitis in liver transplant recipients. Liver Transpl 16:74–82

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  520. Ploeg RJ, D’Alessandro AM, Knechtle SJ, Stegall MD, Pirsch JD, Hoffmann RM, Sasaki T, Sollinger HW, Belzer FO, Kalayoglu M (1993) Risk factors for primary dysfunction after liver transplantation – a multivariate analysis. Transplantation 55:807–813

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  521. Pomfret EA, Fryer JP, Sima CS, Lake JR, Merion RM (2007) Liver and intestine transplantation in the United States, 1996–2005. Am J Transplant 7:1376–1389

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  522. Pons JA (1995) Role of liver transplantation in viral hepatitis. J Hepatol 22:146–153

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  523. Poordad F, Gish R, Wakil A, Garcia-Kennedy R, Martin P, Yao FY (2003) De novo non-alcoholic fatty liver disease following orthotopic liver transplantation. Am J Transplant 3:1413–1417

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  524. Porter KA (1969) Pathology of liver transplantation. Transplant Rev 2:129–170

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  525. Pratschke S, Loehe F, Graeb C, Jauch KW, Angele MK (2009) Usage of marginal organs for liver transplantation: a way around the critical organ shortage? Zentralbl Chir 134:107–112

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  526. Quaglia AF, Del Vecchio Blanco G, Greaves R, Burroughs AK, Dhillon AP (2000) Development of ductopaenic liver allograft rejection includes a “hepatitic” phase prior to duct loss. J Hepatol 33:773–780

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  527. Quezada SA, Jarvinen LZ, Lind EF, Noelle RJ (2004) CD40/CD154 interactions at the interface of tolerance and immunity. Annu Rev Immunol 22:307–328

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  528. Quintini C, Hirose K, Hashimoto K, Diago T, Aucejo F, Eghtesad B, Vogt D, Pierce G, Baker M, Kelly D, Miller CM (2008) “Splenic artery steal syndrome” is a misnomer: the cause is portal hyperperfusion, not arterial siphon. Liver Transpl 14:374–379

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  529. Quiroga J, Colina I, Demetris AJ, Starzl TE, Van Thiel DH (1991) Cause and timing of first allograft failure in orthotopic liver transplantation: a study of 177 consecutive patients. Hepatology 14:1054–1062

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  530. Ra SH, Bradley RF, Fishbein MC, Busuttil RW, Lu DS, Lassman CR (2007) Recurrent hepatic lymphangiomatosis after orthotopic liver transplantation. Liver Transpl 13:1593–1597

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  531. Ramirez S, Perez-Del-Pulgar S, Forns X (2008) Virology and pathogenesis of hepatitis C virus recurrence. Liver Transpl 14(Suppl 2):S27–S35

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  532. Ramos E, Llado L, Serrano T, Figueras A, Lastra R, Torras J, Figueras J, Rafecas A, Fabregat J (2006) Utility of cell-cycle modulators to predict vascular invasion and recurrence after surgical treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma. Transplantation 82:753–758

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  533. Ramos HC, Reyes J, Abu-Elmagd K, Zeevi A, Reinsmoen N, Tzakis A, Demetris AJ, Fung JJ, Flynn B, McMichael J (1995) Weaning of immunosuppression in long-term liver transplant recipients. Transplantation 59:212–217

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  534. Randhawa P, Blakolmer K, Kashyap R, Raikow R, Nalesnik M, Demetris AJ, Jain A (2001) Allograft liver biopsy in patients with Epstein-Barr virus-associated posttransplant lymphoproliferative disease. Am J Surg Pathol 25:324–330

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  535. Randhawa PS, Markin RS, Starzl TE, Demetris AJ (1990) Epstein-Barr virus-associated syndromes in immunosuppressed liver transplant recipients. Clinical profile and recognition on routine allograft biopsy. Am J Surg Pathol 14:538–547

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  536. Rasmussen A, Davies HF, Jamieson NV, Evans DB, Calne RY (1995) Combined transplantation of liver and kidney from the same donor protects the kidney from rejection and improves kidney graft survival. Transplantation 59:919–921

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  537. Raymond E, Tricottet V, Samuel D, Reynes M, Bismuth H, Misset JL (1995) Epstein-Barr virus-related localized hepatic lymphoproliferative disorders after liver transplantation. Cancer 76:1344–1351

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  538. Razonable RR (2008) Cytomegalovirus infection after liver transplantation: current concepts and challenges. World J Gastroenterol 14:4849–4860

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  539. Razonable RR, Rivero A, Rodriguez A, Wilson J, Daniels J, Jenkins G, Larson T, Hellinger WC, Spivey JR, Paya CV (2001) Allograft rejection predicts the occurrence of late-onset cytomegalovirus (CMV) disease among CMV-mismatched solid organ transplant patients receiving prophylaxis with oral ganciclovir. J Infect Dis 184:1461–1464

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  540. Rea DJ, Heimbach JK, Rosen CB, Haddock MG, Alberts SR, Kremers WK, Gores GJ, Nagorney DM (2005) Liver transplantation with neoadjuvant chemoradiation is more effective than resection for hilar cholangiocarcinoma. Ann Surg 242:451–458 (discussion 458–461)

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  541. Regev A, Molina E, Moura R, Bejarano PA, Khaled A, Ruiz P, Arheart K, Berho M, Drachenberg CB, Mendez P, O’Brien C, Jeffers L et al (2004) Reliability of histopathologic assessment for the differentiation of recurrent hepatitis C from acute rejection after liver transplantation. Liver Transpl 10:1233–1239

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  542. Rela M, Muiesan P, Bhatnagar V, Baker A, Mowat AP, Mieli-Vergani G, Karani J, Williams R, Heaton ND (1996) Hepatic artery thrombosis after liver transplantation in children under 5 years of age. Transplantation 61:1355–1357

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  543. Rey JW, Wirges U, Dienes HP, Fries JW (2009) Hepatic steatosis in organ donors: disparity between surgery and histology? Transplant Proc 41:2557–2560

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  544. Rifai K, Wedemeyer H, Rosenau J, Klempnauer J, Strassburg CP, Manns MP, Tillmann HL (2007) Longer survival of liver transplant recipients with hepatitis virus coinfections. Clin Transplant 21:258–264

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  545. Riva S, Sonzogni A, Bravi M, Bertani A, Alessio MG, Candusso M, Stroppa P, Melzi ML, Spada M, Gridelli B, Colledan M, Torre G (2006) Late graft dysfunction and autoantibodies after liver transplantation in children: preliminary results of an Italian experience. Liver Transpl 12:573–577

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  546. Rivero M, Crespo J, Mayorga M, Fabrega E, Casafont F, Pons-Romero F (2002) Involvement of the Fas system in liver allograft rejection. Am J Gastroenterol 97:1501–1506

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  547. Rizkalla KS, Asfar SK, McLean CA, Garcia BM, Wall WJ, Grant DR (1997) Key features distinguishing post-transplantation lymphoproliferative disorders and acute liver rejection. Mod Pathol 10:708–715

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  548. Robles R, Figueras J, Turrion VS, Margarit C, Moya A, Varo E, Calleja J, Valdivieso A, Valdecasas JC, Lopez P, Gomez M, de Vicente E et al (2004) Spanish experience in liver transplantation for hilar and peripheral cholangiocarcinoma. Ann Surg 239:265–271

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  549. Roche B, Samuel D, Gigou M, Feray C, Virot V, Schmets L, David MF, Arulnaden JL, Bismuth A, Reynes M, Bismuth H (1997) De novo and apparent de novo hepatitis B virus infection after liver transplantation. J Hepatol 26:517–526

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  550. Rodriguez-Mahou M, Salcedo M, Fernandez-Cruz E, Tiscar JL, Banares R, Clemente G, Vicario JL, Alvarez E, Rodriguez-Sainz C (2007) Antibodies against glutathione S-transferase T1 (GSTT1) in patients with GSTT1 null genotype as prognostic marker: long-term follow-up after liver transplantation. Transplantation 83:1126–1129

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  551. Rogers NJ, Lechler RI (2001) Allorecognition. Am J Transplant 1:97–102

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  552. Roque-Afonso AM, Ducoulombier D, Di Liberto G, Kara R, Gigou M, Dussaix E, Samuel D, Feray C (2005) Compartmentalization of hepatitis C virus genotypes between plasma and peripheral blood mononuclear cells. J Virol 79:6349–6357

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  553. Rosen CB, Heimbach JK, Gores GJ (2008) Surgery for cholangiocarcinoma: the role of liver transplantation. HPB (Oxford) 10:186–189

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  554. Rosen HR (2008) Transplantation immunology: what the clinician needs to know for immunotherapy. Gastroenterology 134:1789–1801

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  555. Rosen HR (2001) Hepatitis B and C in the liver transplant recipient: current understanding and treatment. Liver Transpl 7:S87–S98

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  556. Rosen HR, Doherty DG, Madrigal-Estebas L, O’Farrelly C, Golden-Mason L (2008) Pretransplantation CD56(+) innate lymphocyte populations associated with severity of hepatitis C virus recurrence. Liver Transpl 14:31–40

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  557. Rosen HR, Gretch DR, Oehlke M, Flora KD, Benner KG, Rabkin JM, Corless CL (1998) Timing and severity of initial hepatitis C recurrence as predictors of long-term liver allograft injury. Transplantation 65:1178–1182

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  558. Rowe IA, Webb K, Gunson BK, Mehta N, Haque S, Neuberger J (2008) The impact of disease recurrence on graft survival following liver transplantation: a single centre experience. Transpl Int 21:459–465

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  559. Russo MW, Firpi RJ, Nelson DR, Schoonhoven R, Shrestha R, Fried MW (2005) Early hepatic stellate cell activation is associated with advanced fibrosis after liver transplantation in recipients with hepatitis C. Liver Transpl 11:1235–1241

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  560. Saab S, Kalmaz D, Gajjar NA, Hiatt J, Durazo F, Han S, Farmer DG, Ghobrial RM, Yersiz H, Goldstein LI, Lassman CR, Busuttil RW (2004) Outcomes of acute rejection after interferon therapy in liver transplant recipients. Liver Transpl 10:859–867

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  561. Saab S, Waterman B, Chi AC, Tong MJ (2010) Comparison of different immunoprophylaxis regimens after liver transplantation with hepatitis B core antibody-positive donors: a systematic review. Liver Transpl 16:300–307

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  562. Saad RS, Demetris AJ, Lee RG, Kusne S, Randhawa PS (1997) Adenovirus hepatitis in the adult allograft liver. Transplantation 64:1483–1485

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  563. Said A, Safdar N, Lucey MR, Knechtle SJ, D’Alessandro A, Musat A, Pirsch J, Kalayoglu M, Maki DG (2004) Infected bilomas in liver transplant recipients, incidence, risk factors and implications for prevention. Am J Transplant 4:574–582

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  564. Salcedo M, Rodriguez-Mahou M, Rodriguez-Sainz C, Rincon D, Alvarez E, Vicario JL, Catalina MV, Matilla A, Ripoll C, Clemente G, Banares R (2009) Risk factors for developing de novo autoimmune hepatitis associated with anti-glutathione S-transferase T1 antibodies after liver transplantation. Liver Transpl 15:530–539

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  565. Salcedo M, Vaquero J, Banares R, Rodriguez-Mahou M, Alvarez E, Vicario JL, Hernandez-Albujar A, Tiscar JL, Rincon D, Alonso S, De Diego A, Clemente G (2002) Response to steroids in de novo autoimmune hepatitis after liver transplantation. Hepatology 35:349–356

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  566. Sampathkumar P, Paya CV (2000) Management of cytomegalovirus infection after liver transplantation. Liver Transpl 6:144–156

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  567. Samuel D, Bismuth A, Mathieu D, Arulnaden JL, Reynes M, Benhamou JP, Brechot C, Bismuth H (1991) Passive immunoprophylaxis after liver transplantation in HBsAg-positive patients. Lancet 337:813–815

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  568. Samuel D, Muller R, Alexander G, Fassati L, Ducot B, Benhamou JP, Bismuth H (1993) Liver transplantation in European patients with the hepatitis B surface antigen. N Engl J Med 329:1842–1847

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  569. Samuel D, Zignego AL, Reynes M, Feray C, Arulnaden JL, David MF, Gigou M, Bismuth A, Mathieu D, Gentilini P (1995) Long-term clinical and virological outcome after liver transplantation for cirrhosis caused by chronic delta hepatitis. Hepatology 21:333–339

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  570. Sanchez-Urdazpal L, Batts KP, Gores GJ, Moore SB, Sterioff S, Wiesner RH, Krom RA (1993) Increased bile duct complications in liver transplantation across the ABO barrier. Ann Surg 218:152–158

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  571. Sanchez-Urdazpal L, Gores GJ, Ward EM, Maus TP, Buckel EG, Steers JL, Wiesner RH, Krom RA (1993) Diagnostic features and clinical outcome of ischemic-type biliary complications after liver transplantation. Hepatology 17:605–609

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  572. Sanchez-Urdazpal L, Gores GJ, Ward EM, Maus TP, Wahlstrom HE, Moore SB, Wiesner RH, Krom RA (1992) Ischemic-type biliary complications after orthotopic liver transplantation. Hepatology 16:49–53

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  573. Sass DA, Reich DJ (2011) Liver transplantation in the 21st century: expanding the donor options. Gastroenterol Clin North Am 40:641–658

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  574. Savas N, Coskun M, Bilezikci B, Uruc I, Karakayali H, Yilmaz U, Haberal M (2008) Value of an individual liver biopsy in the preoperative evaluation of apparently healthy potential liver donors. Liver Transpl 14:541–546

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  575. Scheenstra R, Peeters PM, Verkade HJ, Gouw AS (2009) Graft fibrosis after pediatric liver transplantation: ten years of follow-up. Hepatology 49:880–886

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  576. Schirren CA, Jung M, Worzfeld T, Mamin M, Baretton GB, Gruener NH, Gerlach JT, Diepolder HM, Zachoval R, Pape GR (2000) Cytokine profile of liver- and blood-derived nonspecific T cells after liver transplantation: T helper cells type 1/0 lymphokines dominate in recurrent hepatitis C virus infection and rejection. Liver Transpl 6:222–228

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  577. Schirren CA, Zachoval R, Gerlach JT, Ulsenheimer A, Gruener NH, Diepolder HM, Baretton G, Schraut W, Rau HG, Nitschko H, Pape GR, Jung MC (2003) Antiviral treatment of recurrent hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection after liver transplantation: association of a strong, multispecific, and long-lasting CD4+ T cell response with HCV-elimination. J Hepatol 39:397–404

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  578. Schlitt HJ, Nashan B, Krick P, Ringe B, Wittekind C, Wonigeit K, Pichlmayr R (1992) Intragraft immune events after human liver transplantation. Correlation with clinical signs of acute rejection and influence of immunosuppression. Transplantation 54:273–278

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  579. Schlitt HJ, Neipp M, Weimann A, Oldhafer KJ, Schmoll E, Boeker K, Nashan B, Kubicka S, Maschek H, Tusch G, Raab R, Ringe B et al (1999) Recurrence patterns of hepatocellular and fibrolamellar carcinoma after liver transplantation. J Clin Oncol 17:324–331

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  580. Schlitt HJ, Schafers S, Deiwick A, Eckardt KU, Pietsch T, Ebell W, Nashan B, Ringe B, Wonigeit K, Pichlmayr R (1995) Extramedullary erythropoiesis in human liver grafts. Hepatology 21:689–696

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  581. Schlitt HJ, Shi L (2002) Human herpesvirus-6 and liver transplantation. J Hepatol 37:681–683

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  582. Schluger LK, Sheiner PA, Thung SN, Lau JY, Min A, Wolf DC, Fiel I, Zhang D, Gerber MA, Miller CM, Bodenheimer HC Jr. (1996) Severe recurrent cholestatic hepatitis C following orthotopic liver transplantation. Hepatology 23:971–976

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  583. Schon MR, Kollmar O, Akkoc N, Matthes M, Wolf S, Schrem H, Tominaga M, Keech G, Neuhaus P (1998) Cold ischemia affects sinusoidal endothelial cells while warm ischemia affects hepatocytes in liver transplantation. Transplant Proc 30:2318–2320

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  584. Schreuder TC, Hubscher SG, Neuberger J (2009) Autoimmune liver diseases and recurrence after orthotopic liver transplantation: what have we learned so far? Transpl Int 22:144–152

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  585. Schwartz M, Dvorchik I, Roayaie S, Fiel MI, Finkelstein S, Marsh JW, Martignetti JA, Llovet JM (2008) Liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma: extension of indications based on molecular markers. J Hepatol 49:581–588

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  586. Sebagh M, Blakolmer K, Falissard B, Roche B, Emile JF, Bismuth H, Samuel D, Reynes M (2002) Accuracy of bile duct changes for the diagnosis of chronic liver allograft rejection: reliability of the 1999 Banff schema. Hepatology 35:117–125

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  587. Sebagh M, Debette M, Samuel D, Emile JF, Falissard B, Cailliez V, Shouval D, Bismuth H, Reynes M (1999) “Silent” presentation of veno-occlusive disease after liver transplantation as part of the process of cellular rejection with endothelial predilection. Hepatology 30:1144–1150

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  588. Sebagh M, Farges O, Dubel L, Samuel D, Bismuth H, Reynes M (1998) Histological features predictive of recurrence of primary biliary cirrhosis after liver transplantation. Transplantation 65:1328–1333

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  589. Sebagh M, Farges O, Kalil A, Samuel D, Bismuth H, Reynes M (1995) Sclerosing cholangitis following human orthotopic liver transplantation. Am J Surg Pathol 19:81–90

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  590. Sebagh M, Rifai K, Feray C, Yilmaz F, Falissard B, Roche B, Bismuth H, Samuel D, Reynes M (2003) All liver recipients benefit from the protocol 10-year liver biopsies. Hepatology 37:1293–1301

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  591. Sebagh M, Yilmaz F, Karam V, Falissard B, Roche B, Azoulay D, Samuel D, Guettier C (2005) The histologic pattern of “biliary tract pathology” is accurate for the diagnosis of biliary complications. Am J Surg Pathol 29:318–323

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  592. Seehofer D, Rayes N, Neumann UP, Meisel H, Oettle H, Nussler NC, Jonas S, Langrehr JM, Neuhaus P (2005) Changing impact of cytomegalovirus in liver transplantation – a single centre experience of more than 1000 transplantations without ganciclovir prophylaxis. Transpl Int 18:941–948

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  593. Seehofer D, Rayes N, Tullius SG, Schmidt CA, Neumann UP, Radke C, Settmacher U, Muller AR, Steinmuller T, Neuhaus P (2002) CMV hepatitis after liver transplantation: incidence, clinical course, and long-term follow-up. Liver Transpl 8:1138–1146

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  594. Seifalian AM, Piasecki C, Agarwal A, Davidson BR (1999) The effect of graded steatosis on flow in the hepatic parenchymal microcirculation. Transplantation 68:780–784

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  595. Selzner M, Clavien PA (2000) Failure of regeneration of the steatotic rat liver: disruption at two different levels in the regeneration pathway. Hepatology 31:35–42

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  596. Selzner M, Kashfi A, Selzner N, McCluskey S, Greig PD, Cattral MS, Levy GA, Lilly L, Renner EL, Therapondos G, Adcock LE, Grant DR et al (2009) Recipient age affects long-term outcome and hepatitis C recurrence in old donor livers following transplantation. Liver Transpl 15:1288–1295

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  597. Sempoux C, Horsmans Y, Lerut J, Rahier J, Geubel A (1997) Acute lobular hepatitis as the first manifestation of recurrent autoimmune hepatitis after orthotopic liver transplantation. Liver 17:311–315

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  598. Seo S, Maganti K, Khehra M, Ramsamooj R, Tsodikov A, Bowlus C, McVicar J, Zern M, Torok N (2007) De novo nonalcoholic fatty liver disease after liver transplantation. Liver Transpl 13:844–847

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  599. Seth AK, Badminton MN, Mirza D, Russell S, Elias E (2007) Liver transplantation for porphyria: who, when, and how? Liver Transpl 13:1219–1227

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  600. Seu P, Shackleton CR, Shaked A, Imagawa DK, Olthoff KM, Rudich SR, Kinkhabwala M, Busuttil RW (1996) Improved results of liver transplantation in patients with portal vein thrombosis. Arch Surg 131:840–844 (discussion 844–845)

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  601. Seyam M, Neuberger JM, Gunson BK, Hubscher SG (2007) Cirrhosis after orthotopic liver transplantation in the absence of primary disease recurrence. Liver Transpl 13:966–974

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  602. Seyfert-Margolis V, Turka LA (2008) Marking a path to transplant tolerance. J Clin Invest 118:2684–2686

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  603. Shackel NA, Jamias J, Rahman W, Prakoso E, Strasser SI, Koorey DJ, Crawford MD, Verran DJ, Gallagher J, McCaughan GW (2009) Early high peak hepatitis C viral load levels independently predict hepatitis C-related liver failure post-liver transplantation. Liver Transpl 15:709–718

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  604. Shah JA, Steinbrecher UP, Erb SR, Tha SP, Yoshida EM (2008) Recurrent giant cell hepatitis in an 18 year old liver transplant patient. Ann Hepatol 7:257

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  605. Shah JN, Haigh WG, Lee SP, Lucey MR, Brensinger CM, Kochman ML, Long WB, Olthoff K, Shaked A, Ginsberg GG (2003) Biliary casts after orthotopic liver transplantation: clinical factors, treatment, biochemical analysis. Am J Gastroenterol 98:1861–1867

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  606. Shaikh OS, Demetris AJ (2007) Idiopathic posttransplantation hepatitis? Liver Transpl 13:943–946

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  607. Shaked A, Ghobrial RM, Merion RM, Shearon TH, Emond JC, Fair JH, Fisher RA, Kulik LM, Pruett TL, Terrault NA, A2ALL Study Group (2009) Incidence and severity of acute cellular rejection in recipients undergoing adult living donor or deceased donor liver transplantation. Am J Transplant 9:301–308

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  608. Sharma S, Gurakar A, Jabbour N (2008) Biliary strictures following liver transplantation: past, present and preventive strategies. Liver Transpl 14:759–769

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  609. Sheng R, Campbell WL, Zajko AB, Baron RL (1996) Cholangiographic features of biliary strictures after liver transplantation for primary sclerosing cholangitis: evidence of recurrent disease. AJR Am J Roentgenol 166:1109–1113

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  610. Sheng R, Zajko AB, Campbell WL, Abu-Elmagd K (1993) Biliary strictures in hepatic transplants: prevalence and types in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis vs those with other liver diseases. AJR Am J Roentgenol 161:297–300

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  611. Shepherd RW, Turmelle Y, Nadler M, Lowell JA, Narkewicz MR, McDiarmid SV, Anand R, Song C, SPLIT Research Group (2008) Risk factors for rejection and infection in pediatric liver transplantation. Am J Transplant 8:396–403

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  612. Sher LS, Cosenza CA, Michel J, Makowka L, Miller CM, Schwartz ME, Busuttil R, McDiarmid S, Burdick JF, Klein AS, Esquivel C, Klintmalm G et al (1997) Efficacy of tacrolimus as rescue therapy for chronic rejection in orthotopic liver transplantation: a report of the U.S. Multicenter Liver Study Group. Transplantation 64:258–263

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  613. Shibolet O, Ilan Y, Kalish Y, Safadi R, Ashur Y, Eid A, Shouval D, Wolf D (2003) Late cytomegalovirus disease following liver transplantation. Transpl Int 16:861–865

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  614. Sieders E, Peeters PM, TenVergert EM, de Jong KP, Porte RJ, Zwaveling JH, Bijleveld CM, Slooff MJ (2000) Early vascular complications after pediatric liver transplantation. Liver Transpl 6:326–332

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  615. Silva MA, Jambulingam PS, Gunson BK, Mayer D, Buckels JA, Mirza DF, Bramhall SR (2006) Hepatic artery thrombosis following orthotopic liver transplantation: a 10-year experience from a single centre in the United Kingdom. Liver Transpl 12:146–151

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  616. Silva MA, Mirza DF, Murphy N, Richards DA, Reynolds GM, Wigmore SJ, Neil DA (2008) Intrahepatic complement activation, sinusoidal endothelial injury, and lactic acidosis are associated with initial poor function of the liver after transplantation. Transplantation 85:718–725

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  617. Simpson MA, Verbesey JE, Khettry U, Morin DS, Gordon FD, Burns DL, Robson K, Pomposelli JJ, Jenkins RL, Pomfret EA (2008) Successful algorithm for selective liver biopsy in the right hepatic lobe live donor (RHLD). Am J Transplant 8:832–838

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  618. Sindram D, Porte RJ, Hoffman MR, Bentley RC, Clavien PA (2000) Platelets induce sinusoidal endothelial cell apoptosis upon reperfusion of the cold ischemic rat liver. Gastroenterology 118:183–191

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  619. Singh N (2006) Cytomegalovirus infection in solid organ transplant recipients: new challenges and their implications for preventive strategies. J Clin Virol 35:474–477

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  620. Slapak GI, Saxena R, Portmann B, Gane E, Devlin J, Calne R, Williams R (1997) Graft and systemic disease in long-term survivors of liver transplantation. Hepatology 25:195–202

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  621. Smedile A, Casey JL, Cote PJ, Durazzo M, Lavezzo B, Purcell RH, Rizzetto M, Gerin JL (1998) Hepatitis D viremia following orthotopic liver transplantation involves a typical HDV virion with a hepatitis B surface antigen envelope. Hepatology 27:1723–1729

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  622. Smyth LA, Herrera OB, Golshayan D, Lombardi G, Lechler RI (2006) A novel pathway of antigen presentation by dendritic and endothelial cells: Implications for allorecognition and infectious diseases. Transplantation 82:15–18

    Google Scholar 

  623. Snover DC, Freese DK, Sharp HL, Bloomer JR, Najarian JS, Ascher NL (1987) Liver allograft rejection. An analysis of the use of biopsy in determining outcome of rejection. Am J Surg Pathol 11:1–10

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  624. Soliman T, Bodingbauer M, Langer F, Berlakovich GA, Wamser P, Rockenschaub S, Muehlbacher F, Steininger R (2003) The role of complex hepatic artery reconstruction in orthotopic liver transplantation. Liver Transpl 9:970–975

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  625. Souza P, Prihoda TJ, Hoyumpa AM, Sharkey FE (2009) Morphologic features resembling transplant rejection in core biopsies of native livers from patients with hepatitis C. Hum Pathol 40:92–97

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  626. Spitzer AL, Lao OB, Dick AA, Bakthavatsalam R, Halldorson JB, Yeh MM, Upton MP, Reyes JD, Perkins JD (2010) The biopsied donor liver: incorporating macrosteatosis into high-risk donor assessment. Liver Transpl 16:874–884

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  627. Sreekumar R, Gonzalez-Koch A, Maor-Kendler Y, Batts K, Moreno-Luna L, Poterucha J, Burgart L, Wiesner R, Kremers W, Rosen C, Charlton MR (2000) Early identification of recipients with progressive histologic recurrence of hepatitis C after liver transplantation. Hepatology 32:1125–1130

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  628. Stange BJ, Glanemann M, Nuessler NC, Settmacher U, Steinmuller T, Neuhaus P (2003) Hepatic artery thrombosis after adult liver transplantation. Liver Transpl 9:612–620

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  629. Starzl TE (2001) The “privileged” liver and hepatic tolerogenicity. Liver Transpl 7:918–920

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  630. Starzl TE, Demetris AJ, Trucco M, Ramos H, Zeevi A, Rudert WA, Kocova M, Ricordi C, Ildstad S, Murase N (1992) Systemic chimerism in human female recipients of male livers. Lancet 340:876–877

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  631. Starzl TE, Groth CG, Brettschneider L, Penn I, Fulginiti VA, Moon JB, Blanchard H, Martin AJ Jr, Porter KA (1968) Orthotopic homotransplantation of the human liver. Ann Surg 168:392–415

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  632. Starzl TE, Iwatsuki S, Van Thiel DH, Gartner JC, Zitelli BJ, Malatack JJ, Schade RR, Shaw BW Jr., Hakala TR, Rosenthal JT, Porter KA (1982) Evolution of liver transplantation. Hepatology 2:614–636

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  633. Starzl TE, Koep LJ, Halgrimson CG, Hood J, Schroter GP, Porter KA, Weil R 3rd (1979) Fifteen years of clinical liver transplantation. Gastroenterology 77:375–388

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  634. Steinmuller T, Seehofer D, Rayes N, Muller AR, Settmacher U, Jonas S, Neuhaus R, Berg T, Hopf U, Neuhaus P (2002) Increasing applicability of liver transplantation for patients with hepatitis B-related liver disease. Hepatology 35:1528–1535

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  635. Stewart ZA, Locke JE, Segev DL, Dagher NN, Singer AL, Montgomery RA, Cameron AM (2009) Increased risk of graft loss from hepatic artery thrombosis after liver transplantation with older donors. Liver Transpl 15:1688–1695

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  636. Straatsburg IH, Boermeester MA, Wolbink GJ, van Gulik TM, Gouma DJ, Frederiks WM, Hack CE (2000) Complement activation induced by ischemia-reperfusion in humans: a study in patients undergoing partial hepatectomy. J Hepatol 32:783–791

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  637. Strasberg SM, Howard TK, Molmenti EP, Hertl M (1994) Selecting the donor liver: risk factors for poor function after orthotopic liver transplantation. Hepatology 20:829–838

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  638. Stravitz RT, Shiffman ML, Sanyal AJ, Luketic VA, Sterling RK, Heuman DM, Ashworth A, Mills AS, Contos M, Cotterell AH, Maluf D, Posner MP et al (2004) Effects of interferon treatment on liver histology and allograft rejection in patients with recurrent hepatitis C following liver transplantation. Liver Transpl 10:850–858

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  639. Strazzabosco M, Corneo B, Iemmolo RM, Menin C, Gerunda G, Bonaldi L, Merenda R, Neri D, Poletti A, Montagna M, Del Mistro A, Faccioli AM et al (1997) Epstein-Barr virus-associated post-transplant lympho-proliferative disease of donor origin in liver transplant recipients. J Hepatol 26:926–934

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  640. Sumitran-Holgersson S, Ge X, Karrar A, Xu B, Nava S, Broome U, Nowak G, Ericzon BG (2004) A novel mechanism of liver allograft rejection facilitated by antibodies to liver sinusoidal endothelial cells. Hepatology 40:1211–1221

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  641. Sundaram SS, Melin-Aldana H, Neighbors K, Alonso EM (2006) Histologic characteristics of late cellular rejection, significance of centrilobular injury, and long-term outcome in pediatric liver transplant recipients. Liver Transpl 12:58–64

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  642. Sutcliffe R, Maguire D, Mroz A, Portmann B, O’Grady J, Bowles M, Muiesan P, Rela M, Heaton N (2004) Bile duct strictures after adult liver transplantation: a role for biliary reconstructive surgery? Liver Transpl 10:928–934

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  643. Swerdlow SH, Webber SA, Chadburn A, Ferry JA (2008) Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorders. IARC, Lyon

    Google Scholar 

  644. Sylvestre PB, Batts KP, Burgart LJ, Poterucha JJ, Wiesner RH (2003) Recurrence of primary biliary cirrhosis after liver transplantation: Histologic estimate of incidence and natural history. Liver Transpl 9:1086–1093

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  645. Syn WK, Nightingale P, Gunson B, Hubscher SG, Neuberger JM (2007) Natural history of unexplained chronic hepatitis after liver transplantation. Liver Transpl 13:984–989

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  646. Tabatabai L, Lewis WD, Gordon F, Jenkins R, Khettry U (1999) Fibrosis/cirrhosis after orthotopic liver transplantation. Hum Pathol 30:39–47

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  647. Taga SA, Washington MK, Terrault N, Wright TL, Somberg KA, Ferrell LD (1998) Cholestatic hepatitis C in liver allografts. Liver Transpl Surg 4:304–310

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  648. Takatsuki M, Soyama A, Eguchi S (2014) Liver transplantation for HIV/hepatitis C virus co-infected patients. Hepatol Res 44:17–21

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  649. Takaya S, Bronsther O, Iwaki Y, Nakamura K, Abu-Elmagd K, Yagihashi A, Demetris AJ, Kobayashi M, Todo S, Tzakis AG (1992) The adverse impact on liver transplantation of using positive cytotoxic crossmatch donors. Transplantation 53:400–406

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  650. Tannapfel A, Kohlhaw K, Ebelt J, Hauss J, Liebert U, Berr F, Wittekind C (1999) Apoptosis and the expression of Fas and Fas ligand (FasL) antigen in rejection and reinfection in liver allograft specimens. Transplantation 67:1079–1083

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  651. Telenti A, Smith TF, Ludwig J, Keating MR, Krom RA, Wiesner RH (1991) Epstein-Barr virus and persistent graft dysfunction after liver transplantation. Hepatology 14:282–286

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  652. Thai NL, Fu F, Qian S, Sun H, Gao L, Wang SC, Demetris AJ, Woo J, Thomson AW, Duquesnoy RJ (1995) Cytokine mRNA profiles in mouse orthotopic liver transplantation. Graft rejection is associated with augmented TH1 function. Transplantation 59:274–281

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  653. Theise ND, Conn M, Thung SN (1993) Localization of cytomegalovirus antigens in liver allografts over time. Hum Pathol 24:103–108

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  654. Therapondos G, Hayes PC (2002) Is this the end for protocol early posttransplant liver biopsies? Liver Transpl 8:1154–1155

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  655. Thomson AW, Lu L, Wan Y, Qian S, Larsen CP, Starzl TE (1995) Identification of donor-derived dendritic cell progenitors in bone marrow of spontaneously tolerant liver allograft recipients. Transplantation 60:1555–1559

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  656. Thorgeirsson SS, Lee JS, Grisham JW (2006) Functional genomics of hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatology 43:S145–S150

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  657. Tillery W, Demetris J, Watkins D, Goldstein R, Poplawski S, Husberg B, Klintmalm G (1989) Pathologic recognition of preservation injury in hepatic allografts with six months follow-up. Transplant Proc 21:1330–1331

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  658. Tippner C, Nashan B, Hoshino K, Schmidt-Sandte E, Akimaru K, Boker KH, Schlitt HJ (2001) Clinical and subclinical acute rejection early after liver transplantation: contributing factors and relevance for the long-term course. Transplantation 72:1122–1128

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  659. Tisone G, Orlando G, Cardillo A, Palmieri G, Manzia TM, Baiocchi L, Lionetti R, Anselmo A, Toti L, Angelico M (2006) Complete weaning off immunosuppression in HCV liver transplant recipients is feasible and favourably impacts on the progression of disease recurrence. J Hepatol 44:702–709

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  660. Todo S, Demetris AJ, Makowka L, Teperman L, Podesta L, Shaver T, Tzakis A, Starzl TE (1989) Primary nonfunction of hepatic allografts with preexisting fatty infiltration. Transplantation 47:903–905

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  661. Todo S, Demetris AJ, Van Thiel D, Teperman L, Fung JJ, Starzl TE (1991) Orthotopic liver transplantation for patients with hepatitis B virus-related liver disease. Hepatology 13:619–626

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  662. Toufeeq Khan TF, Reddy KS, Johnston TD, Ranjan D (2006) Orthotopic liver transplantation in hepatocellular carcinoma: comparison of results in incidental and known hepatocellular carcinoma. Int Surg 91:185–187

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  663. Toyokawa H, Nakao A, Bailey RJ, Nalesnik MA, Kaizu T, Lemoine JL, Ikeda A, Tomiyama K, Papworth GD, Huang L, Demetris AJ, Starzl TE et al (2008) Relative contribution of direct and indirect allorecognition in developing tolerance after liver transplantation. Liver Transpl 14:346–357

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  664. Trak-Smayra V, Contreras J, Dondero F, Durand F, Dubois S, Sommacale D, Marcellin P, Belghiti J, Degott C, Paradis V (2004) Role of replicative senescence in the progression of fibrosis in hepatitis C virus (HCV) recurrence after liver transplantation. Transplantation 77:1755–1760

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  665. Trevisani F, Colantoni A, Caraceni P, Van Thiel DH (1996) The use of donor fatty liver for liver transplantation: a challenge or a quagmire? J Hepatol 24:114–121

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  666. Tripathi D, Neuberger J (2009) Autoimmune hepatitis and liver transplantation: indications, results, and management of recurrent disease. Semin Liver Dis 29:286–296

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  667. Trotter JF, Osborne JC, Heller M, Christians U (2005) Effect of hepatitis C infection on tacrolimus doses and blood levels in liver transplantation recipients. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 22:37–44

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  668. Tsamandas AC, Jain AB, Felekouras ES, Fung JJ, Demetris AJ, Lee RG (1997) Central venulitis in the allograft liver: a clinicopathologic study. Transplantation 64:252–257

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  669. Tsamandas AC, Jain AB, Raikow RB, Demetris AJ, Nalesnik MA, Randhawa PS (1995) Extramedullary hematopoiesis in the allograft liver. Mod Pathol 8:671–674

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  670. Tur-Kaspa R, Burk RD, Shaul Y, Shafritz DA (1986) Hepatitis B virus DNA contains a glucocorticoid-responsive element. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 83:1627–1631

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  671. Turlin B, Slapak GI, Hayllar KM, Heaton N, Williams R, Portmann B (1995) Centrilobular necrosis after orthotopic liver transplantation: a longitudinal clinicopathologic study in 71 patients. Liver Transpl Surg 1:285–289

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  672. Ueda M, Egawa H, Ogawa K, Uryuhara K, Fujimoto Y, Kasahara M, Ogura Y, Kozaki K, Takada Y, Tanaka K (2005) Portal vein complications in the long-term course after pediatric living donor liver transplantation. Transplant Proc 37:1138–1140

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  673. Ueda M, Oike F, Kasahara M, Ogura Y, Ogawa K, Haga H, Takada Y, Egawa H, Tanaka K, Uemoto S (2008) Portal vein complications in pediatric living donor liver transplantation using left-side grafts. Am J Transplant 8:2097–2210

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  674. Ulrich F, Pratschke J, Neumann U, Pascher A, Puhl G, Fellmer P, Weiss S, Jonas S, Neuhaus P (2008) Eighteen years of liver transplantation experience in patients with advanced Budd-Chiari syndrome. Liver Transpl 14:144–150

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  675. Urena MA, Moreno Gonzalez E, Romero CJ, Ruiz-Delgado FC, Moreno Sanz C (1999) An approach to the rational use of steatotic donor livers in liver transplantation. Hepatogastroenterology 46:1164–1173

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  676. Usuda M, Fujimori K, Koyamada N, Fukumori T, Sekiguchi S, Kawagishi N, Akamatsu Y, Enomoto Y, Satoh K, Satoh A, Ishida K, Moriya T et al (2005) Successful use of anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody (rituximab) for ABO-incompatible living-related liver transplantation. Transplantation 79:12–16

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  677. Vaidya S, Dighe M, Kolokythas O, Dubinsky T (2007) Liver transplantation: vascular complications. Ultrasound Q 23:239–253

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  678. van den Heuvel MC, de Jong KP, Boot M, Slooff MJ, Poppema S, Gouw AS (2006) Preservation of bile ductules mitigates bile duct loss. Am J Transplant 6:2660–2671

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  679. van den Heuvel MC, de Jong KP, van der Horst ML, Poppema S, Slooff MJ, Gouw AS (2004) Impaired regeneration of biliary cells in human chronic liver allograft rejection. Special emphasis on the role of the finest branches of the biliary tree. Liver Transpl 10:28–35

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  680. van den Heuvel MC, Gouw AS, Boot M, Slooff MJ, Poppema S, de Jong KP (2006) The finest branches of the biliary tree might induce biliary vascularization necessary for biliary regeneration. J Hepatol 44:947–955

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  681. van Hoek B, Wiesner RH, Ludwig J, Paya C (1991) Recurrence of ductopenic rejection in liver allografts after retransplantation for vanishing bile duct syndrome. Transplant Proc 23:1442–1443

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  682. Vardanian AJ, Busuttil RW, Kupiec-Weglinski JW (2008) Molecular mediators of liver ischemia and reperfusion injury: a brief review. Mol Med 14:337–345

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  683. Vargas HE (2006) A difficult case of primary sclerosing cholangitis. Liver Transpl 12:S65–S67

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  684. Varotti G, Grazi GL, Vetrone G, Ercolani G, Cescon M, Del Gaudio M, Ravaioli M, Cavallari A, Pinna A (2005) Causes of early acute graft failure after liver transplantation: analysis of a 17-year single-centre experience. Clin Transplant 19:492–500

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  685. Venick RS, McDiarmid SV, Farmer DG, Gornbein J, Martin MG, Vargas JH, Ament ME, Busuttil RW (2007) Rejection and steroid dependence: unique risk factors in the development of pediatric posttransplant de novo autoimmune hepatitis. Am J Transplant 7:955–963

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  686. Vera A, Moledina S, Gunson B, Hubscher S, Mirza D, Olliff S, Neuberger J (2002) Risk factors for recurrence of primary sclerosing cholangitis of liver allograft. Lancet 360:1943–1944

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  687. Verdonk RC, Buis CI, Porte RJ, Haagsma EB (2006) Biliary complications after liver transplantation: a review. Scand J Gastroenterol 243(sup243):89–101

    Google Scholar 

  688. Verdonk RC, Buis CI, van der Jagt EJ, Gouw AS, Limburg AJ, Slooff MJ, Kleibeuker JH, Porte RJ, Haagsma EB (2007) Nonanastomotic biliary strictures after liver transplantation, part 2: Management, outcome, and risk factors for disease progression. Liver Transpl 13:725–732

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  689. Verran D, Kusyk T, Painter D, Fisher J, Koorey D, Strasser S, Stewart G, McCaughan G (2003) Clinical experience gained from the use of 120 steatotic donor livers for orthotopic liver transplantation. Liver Transpl 9:500–505

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  690. Vierling JM (1999) Immunology of acute and chronic hepatic allograft rejection. Liver Transpl Surg 5:S1–S20

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  691. Vivarelli M, Cucchetti A, La Barba G, Bellusci R, De Vivo A, Nardo B, Cavallari A, Pinna AD (2004) Ischemic arterial complications after liver transplantation in the adult: multivariate analysis of risk factors. Arch Surg 139:1069–1074

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  692. Wall WJ (2000) Liver transplantation for hepatic and biliary malignancy. Semin Liver Dis 20:425–436

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  693. Walter T, Dumortier J, Guillaud O, Hervieu V, Paliard P, Scoazec JY, Boillot O (2007) Rejection under alpha interferon therapy in liver transplant recipients. Am J Transplant 7:177–184

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  694. Walter T, Dumortier J, Guillaud O, Hervieu V, Scoazec JY, Boillot O (2007) Factors influencing the progression of fibrosis in patients with recurrent hepatitis C after liver transplantation under antiviral therapy: a retrospective analysis of 939 liver biopsies in a single center. Liver Transpl 13:294–301

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  695. Washington K (2005) Update on post-liver transplantation infections, malignancies, and surgical complications. Adv Anat Pathol 12:221–226

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  696. Watson R, Kozlowski T, Nickeleit V, Woosley JT, Schmitz JL, Zacks SL, Fair JH, Gerber DA, Andreoni KA (2006) Isolated donor specific alloantibody-mediated rejection after ABO compatible liver transplantation. Am J Transplant 6:3022–3029

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  697. Watt KD, Pedersen RA, Kremers WK, Heimbach JK, Sanchez W, Gores GJ (2009) Long-term probability of and mortality from de novo malignancy after liver transplantation. Gastroenterology 137:2010–2017

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  698. Weiss KH, Gotthardt D, Schmidt J, Schemmer P, Encke J, Riediger C, Stremmel W, Sauer P, Merle U (2007) Liver transplantation for metabolic liver diseases in adults: indications and outcome. Nephrol Dial Transplant 22(Suppl 8):viii12–viii9

    Google Scholar 

  699. Weston SJ, Leistikow RL, Reddy KR, Torres M, Wertheimer AM, Lewinsohn DM, Chou S, Davey MP, Corless C, O’Farrelly C, Nelson DR, Rosen HR (2005) Reconstitution of hepatitis C virus-specific T-cellmediated immunity after liver transplantation. Hepatology 41:72–81

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  700. Wiesner RH, Batts KP, Krom RA (1999) Evolving concepts in the diagnosis, pathogenesis, and treatment of chronic hepatic allograft rejection. Liver Transpl Surg 5:388–400

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  701. Wong PY, Portmann B, O’Grady JG, Devlin JJ, Hegarty JE, Tan KC, Williams R (1993) Recurrence of primary biliary cirrhosis after liver transplantation following FK506-based immunosuppression. J Hepatol 17:284–287

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  702. Wong T, Nouri-Aria KT, Devlin J, Portmann B, Williams R (1998) Tolerance and latent cellular rejection in long-term liver transplant recipients. Hepatology 28:443–449

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  703. Woo HY, Choi JY, Jang JW, You CR, Bae SH, Yoon SK, Yang JM, Choi SW, Han NI, Kim DG (2008) Role of long-term lamivudine treatment of hepatitis B virus recurrence after liver transplantation. J Med Virol 80:1891–1899

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  704. Yalamanchili K, Saadeh S, Klintmalm GB, Jennings LW, Davis GL (2010) Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease after liver transplantation for cryptogenic cirrhosis or nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Liver Transpl 16:431–439

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  705. Yang ZF, Ho DW, Chu AC, Wang YQ, Fan ST (2004) Linking inflammation to acute rejection in small-for-size liver allografts: the potential role of early macrophage activation. Am J Transplant 4:196–209

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  706. Yao H, Michitaka K, Tokumoto Y, Murata Y, Mashiba T, Abe M, Hiasa Y, Horiike N, Onji M (2007) Recurrence of autoimmune hepatitis after liver transplantation without elevation of alanine aminotransferase. World J Gastroenterol 13:1618–1621

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  707. Yataco ML, Dickson RC, Bonatti H, Aranda-Michel J, Mendez J, Ghabril M, Nguyen J (2009) Dual hepatitis virus infections in liver transplant: case report and a review of the literature. Clin Transplant 23:282–288

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  708. Yeh MM, Larson AM, Tung BY, Swanson PE, Upton MP (2006) Endotheliitis in chronic viral hepatitis: a comparison with acute cellular rejection and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. Am J Surg Pathol 30:727–733

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  709. Yersiz H, Renz JF, Farmer DG, Hisatake GM, McDiarmid SV, Busuttil RW (2003) One hundred in situ split-liver transplantations: a single-center experience. Ann Surg 238:496–505 (discussion 506–507)

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  710. Yi NJ, Suh KS, Cho JY, Kwon CH, Lee KW, Joh JW, Lee SK, Kim SI, Lee KU (2007) Recurrence of hepatitis B is associated with cumulative corticosteroid dose and chemotherapy against hepatocellular carcinoma recurrence after liver transplantation. Liver Transpl 13:451–458

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  711. Yoo HY, Maheshwari A, Thuluvath PJ (2003) Retransplantation of liver: primary graft nonfunction and hepatitis C virus are associated with worse outcome. Liver Transpl 9:897–904

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  712. Yoshikawa T (2003) Human herpesvirus-6 and -7 infections in transplantation. Pediatr Transplant 7:11–17

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  713. Yoshitomi M, Koshiba T, Haga H, Li Y, Zhao X, Cheng D, Miyagawa A, Sakashita H, Tsuruyama T, Ohe H, Ueda M, Okamoto S et al (2009) Requirement of protocol biopsy before and after complete cessation of immunosuppression after liver transplantation. Transplantation 87:606–614

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  714. Zein NN (2008) Mission poorly accomplished: the protective role of natural killer cells in recurrent hepatitis C after liver transplantation. Liver Transpl 14:4–6

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  715. Zhai Y, Shen XD, O’Connell R, Gao F, Lassman C, Busuttil RW, Cheng G, Kupiec-Weglinski JW (2004) Cutting edge: TLR4 activation mediates liver ischemia/reperfusion inflammatory response via IFN regulatory factor 3-dependent MyD88-independent pathway. J Immunol 173:7115–7119

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  716. Zhang L, Lewis JT, Abraham SC, Smyrk TC, Leung S, Chari ST, Poterucha JJ, Rosen CB, Lohse CM, Katzmann JA, Wu TT (2010) IgG4+ plasma cell infiltrates in liver explants with primary sclerosing cholangitis. Am J Surg Pathol 34:88–94

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  717. Zhang Q, Chen X, Zhou J, Zhang L, Zhao Q, Chen G, Xu J, Qian F, Chen Z (2006) CD147, MMP-2, MMP-9 and MVD-CD34 are significant predictors of recurrence after liver transplantation in hepatocellular carcinoma patients. Cancer Biol Ther 5:808–814

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  718. Zimmermann A, Lerut J (1995) Early fulminant graft failure in orthotopic liver transplantation with massive haemorrhagic necrosis. Ital J Gastroenterol 27:501–505

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  719. Zimmermann T, Otto C, Hoppe-Lotichius M, Biesterfeld S, Lautem A, Knaak M, Zimmermann A, Barreiros AP, Heise M, Schattenberg JM, Sprinzl MF, Galle PR et al (2009) Risk factors in patients with rapid recurrent hepatitis C virus-related cirrhosis within 1 year after liver transplantation. Transplant Proc 41:2549–2556

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Diagnostik & Forschungs- (D&F) Institut für Pathologie, Medizinische Universität Graz, Graz, Österreich

    Univ. Prof. Dr. Carolin Lackner

  2. Leith Professor and Professor of Hepatic Pathology, University of Birmingham, Department of Cellular Pathology, Level-1, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham, Großbritannien

    Prof. Dr. Stefan G. Huebscher

Authors
  1. Univ. Prof. Dr. Carolin Lackner
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Prof. Dr. Stefan G. Huebscher
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Carolin Lackner .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Institut für Pathologie, Ruhr-Universität Bochem, Bochum, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Germany

    Andrea Tannapfel

  2. Konsultationszentrum für Pankreas- und Endokrine Tumore, Technische Universität München, München, Germany

    Günter Klöppel

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2020 Springer-Verlag GmbH Deutschland, ein Teil von Springer Nature

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Lackner, C., Huebscher, S.G. (2020). Lebertransplantation. In: Tannapfel, A., Klöppel, G. (eds) Pathologie. Pathologie. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-04557-8_13

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-04557-8_13

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-642-04556-1

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-642-04557-8

  • eBook Packages: Medicine (German Language)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation