Abstract
Germ cell tumors include a group of tumors that are highly heterogeneous regarding their clinical and histologic appearance. Altogether they comprise approximately 2–3% of cancers diagnosed in children and adolescents younger than 15 years (Ries LAG et al. 1999a; Kaatsch 2004a). During childhood and adolescence, approximately half of all germ cell tumors develop at extragonadal midline sites. Sacrococcygeal germ cell tumors constitute the most frequent tumor in neonates, and extracranial germ cell tumors account for 14% of all cancers in adolescents of the 15–19 age group. An epidemiological analysis of patients reported to the German GCT trials from 1981 to 2000 showed a bimodal age distribution with a small peak during infancy and a larger peak after puberty, to be continued among adults, among which germ cell tumors constitute the most common cancer in young men (Schneider et al. 2004a). During the first year of life, teratomas predominate, with a slight female preponderance (Fig. 39.1.1a, b). After the first 6 months of life, yolk sac tumors are the most frequent histologic subtype. This histology is slightly more often seen in boys than in girls. Tumors with germinoma histology (syn. seminoma or dysgerminoma) are first observed in girls at 5 years of age and show a gradually increasing incidence during adolescence.
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Schneider, D.T., Terenziani, M., Cecchetto, G., Olson, T.A. (2012). Gonadal and Extragonadal Germ Cell Tumors, Sex Cord Stromal and Rare Gonadal Tumors. In: Schneider, D., Brecht, I., Olson, T., Ferrari, A. (eds) Rare Tumors In Children and Adolescents. Pediatric Oncology. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-04197-6_39
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