Abstract
The first chapter of this book is dedicated to the problem of measuring basic electric quantities in electric utilities (voltage, current, power, frequency), both from the aspect of accuracy of this type of measurements and the possibilities of simple and practical realization. The conventional algorithms used to this purpose (calculating the active power and the RMS value of the voltage and current signals that are the object of processing) are based on the use of integration or summation process on limit time interval. A characteristic of this approach is that it offers the correct result if the input signal is periodical in time. However, in real systems, voltage and current signals are not necessarily of a periodical quanity, due to the presence of nonharmonic components or/and possible stochastic variation. It is for this reason that, very often, the result of processing is not an instantaneous value of processing signal — it is rather a processed (observed) value in some time interval, both with conventional and certain new algorithms for processing [1–19].
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
R.S. Turgel, “Digital wattmeter using a sampling method”, IEEE Trans. on I&M, Vol. IM-23, pp. 337–341, December 1974.
P. Bosnjakovic, “Electronic measurement of electric energy”, Ph.D. thesis (in Serbian), ETF Beograd, 1985.
Clarke F.J.J. and Stockton J.R., “Principles and theory of wattmeters operating on the basis of regulary spaced sample pairs”, J. Phys. E: Sci. Instrum., 15, pp. 645–652, January 1982.
T.S. Rathore, “Theorems on power, mean and RMS values of uniformly sampled periodic signals”, IEE Proceedings, 131, pp.598–600, November 1984.
L. Toivonen, J. Morsky, “Digital Multirate Algorithms for Measurement of Voltage, Current, Power and Flicker”, IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery, Vol. 10, No. 1, January 1995.
A.V. Voloshko, O.I. Kotsar, O.P. Malik, “An approach to the design of digital algorithms for measuring power consumption characteristics”, IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery, Vol. 10, No. 2, April 1995.
T. Tanaka, H. Akagi, “A new method of harmonic power detection based on the instantaneous active power in three-phase circuits”, IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery, vol. 10, no. 4, 1995.
S.S. Milovancev, V.V. Vujicic, V.A. Katic, “Improvements of On-line Measurement in Distribution System Using New Adding A/D Converter”, IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery, vol. 10, no. 4, 1995.
L. Cristaldi, A. Ferrero, “A Method and Related Digital Instrument for the Measurement of the Electric Power Quality”, IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery, vol. 10, no. 3, 1995.
J.R. Pickering, P.S. Wright, “A new wattmeter for traceable power measurements at audio frequencies”, IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery, vol. 44, no.2, 1995.
E. So, P.N. Miljanic, D.J. Angelo, “A computer-controlled load loss standard for calibrating high-voltage power measurement system”, IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery, vol. 44, no. 2, 1995.
C.S. Moo, Y.N. Chang, P.P. Mok, “A digital measurement scheme for time-varying transient harmonics”, IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery, vol. 10, no. 2, 1995.
Crochiere, R. E., Rabiner, R.R., “Interpolation and Decimation of Digital Signals — A Tutorial Review”, Proc. IEEE, vol. 69, no. 3, pp. 300–331, 1981.
Srinivasan, K., “Errors in digital measurement of voltage, active and reactive powers and an on-line correction for frequency drift”, IEEE Trans. Power Delivery, vol. PWRD-2, no. 1, pp 72–76, 1987.
P. Miljanic, “Definitions of the Average and RMS Values Suitable for the Measurement and Descriptions of Quasi Steady State”, Electronics, vol. 5, no. 1–2, Banja Luka, 2001.
B. Stojanovic, F. Herrmann, and M. Stojanovic, “High-Performance power Measurements by Sample-and-Hold AC/DC Transfer Technique”, IEEE Trans. on I&M, vol. 48, no. 6, pp. 1301–1305, 1999.
G. Bucci, and C. Landi, “On-Line Digital Measurement for the Quality Analysis of Power Systems Under Nonsinusoidal Conditions”, IEEE Trans. on I&M, vol. 48, no. 4, pp. 853–857, 1999.
A. Carullo and M. Parvis, “Power Meter for Highly Distorted Three-Phase Systems”, IEEE Trans. on I&M, vol. 46, no. 6, pp. 1262–1267, 1997.
V. V. Vujicic, S.S. Milovancev, M.D. Pesaljevic, D.V. Pejic, and I.Z. Zupunski, “Low-frequency stochastic true RMS instrument”, IEEE Trans. on I&M., vol. 48, no. 2, pp. 467–470, 1999.
D.B. Zivkovic, M.V. Popovic, “Impulse and digital electronics”, Electro technical Faculty Belgrade, and IP NAUKA, Beograd, (in Serbian), 1997.
P. Arpaia, P. Daponte, and L. Michaeli, “Influence of the Architecture on ADC Error Modeling, IEEE Trans. on I&M, vol. 48, no. 5, pp. 956–966, 1999.
P. D. Capofreddi, B. A. Wooley, “The Efficiency of Methods for Measuring A/D Converter Linearity”, IEEE Trans. on I&M, vol. 48, no. 3, pp. 763–769, 1999.
Pejovic, P., Saranovac, L., and Popovic, M.: ‘Computation of average values of synchronously sampled signals’, IEE Proc. Electr. Power Appl., vol. 149, no. 3, pp. 217–222, 2002.
Numerical Integration: Course Materials, Department of Mathematical Sciences — Worcester Polytechnic Institute, MA, USA, http://www.math.wpi.edu/Course_Materials/MA1023C05/num_int/node1.html, 2005.
Stenbakken, G.N.: ‘A wideband sampling wattmeter’, IEEE Trans. Power Appa. Syst., PAS-103, no. 10, pp. 2919–2926, 1984.
F. Fiicorri, D. Mirri, M. Rinaldi, “Error estimation in sampling digital wattmeters”, IEEE Proceedings, May 1985.
G. Ramm, H. Moser, and A. Braun, “A New Scheme for Generating and Measuring Active, Reactive, and Apparent Power at Power Frequencies with Uncertainties of 2.5×10−6”, IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas., vol. 48, no. 2, pp. 422–426, 1999.
W.G.K. Ihlenfeld, E. Mohns, H. Bachmair, G. Ramm, and H. Moser, “Evaluation of the Synchronous Generation and Sampling Technique”, IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas., vol. 52, no. 2, pp. 371–374, 2003.
U. Pogliano, “Use of Integrative Analog-to-Digital Converters for High-Precision Measurement of Electrical Power”, IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas., vol. 50, no. 5, pp. 1315–1318, 2001.
B.N. Taylor, and C.E. Kuyatt, “NIST Technical Note 1297, 1994 Edition: Guidelines for Evaluating and Expressing the Uncertainty of NIST Measurement Results”, Physics Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899-0001, USA (Supersedes NIST Technical Note 1297, 1993), 1994.
B.D. Hall, “Calculations of Measurement Uncertainty in Complex-Valued Quantities Involving Uncertainty in the Uncertainty”, 64 th ARFTG Microwave Measurements Conference, pp. 15–22, 2–3 Dec. 2004.
N. Oldham, T. Nelson, R. Bergeest, G. Ramm, R. Carranza, A.C. Corney, M. Gibbes, G. Kyriazis, H.M. Laiz, L.X. Liu, Z. Lu, U. Pogliano, K.-E. Rydler, E. Shapiro, E. So, M. Temba, and P. Wright, “An International Comparison of 50/60 Hz Power (1996–1999)”, IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas., vol. 50, no. 2, pp. 356–360, 2001.
M. Kampik, H. Laiz, and M. Klonz, “Comparison of Three Accurate Methods to Measure AC Voltage at Low Frequencies”, IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas., vol. 49, no. 2, pp. 429–433, 2000.
S. Simonson, S. Svensson, and K.E. Rydler, “A Comparison of Power Measuring Systems”, IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas., vol. 46, no. 2, pp. 423–425, 1997.
G.A. Kyriazis, “Extension of Swerlein’s Algorithm for AC Voltage Measurement in the Frequency Domain”, IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas., vol. 52, no. 2, pp. 367–370, 2003.
R.G. Jones, P. Clarkson, A.J. Wheaton, and P.S. Wright, “Calibration of AC voltage”, 2000 Conference on Precision Electromagnetic Measurements Digest, pp. 234–235, 14–19 May 2000.
B. Larsson, H. Nilsson, and S. Svensson, “Calculation of Measurement Uncertainty in a Measuring System for Electrical Energy”, Ninth International Conference on Metering and Tariffs for Energy Supply, (Conf. Publ. No. 462), pp. 58–62, 1999.
P. Miljanic, Z. Mitrovic, I. Zupunski and V. Vujicic, “Toward New Standard of AC Voltage, Current, Power, Energy and Phase Angle-Experimental Results” (in Serbian), Proceedings of the 4 th Congress of Metrologists of Serbia and Montenegro, Belgrade, Serbia and Montenegro, 2003.
Z. Mitrovic, I. Zupunski, “Stable Source of AC Voltage and Current”, IMTC’ 2004, IEEE Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference, Como, Italy, 18–20 May 2004.
P. Petrovic, S. Marjanovic, M. Stevanovic, “Measuring Active Power, Voltage and Current Using Slw A/D Converters”, 15th Annual IEEE Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference, Volume II, pp. 732–737, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA, 18–21 May 1998.
P. Petrovic, S. Marjanovic, M. Stevanovic, “New algorithm for measuring AC values based on the usage of slow A/D converters”, IEEE Trans. on I&M, vol. 49, No. 1, pp. 166–171, 2000.
P. Petrovic, S. Marjanovic, M. Stevanovic, “Digital method for power frequency measurement using synchronous sampling”, IEE Proceedings, Electric Power Applications, vol. 146, no. 4, pp. 383–390, 1999.
P. Petrovic, S. Marjanovic, M. Stevanovic, “An approach to the design of digital algorithm for measuring AC values using slow A/D Converters”, International conference on Scientific Creativity of the Young Scientists, COMPUTER SIMULATION, MODELING AND COMPUTER TECHNOLOGIES. (CSMCT — 2000), Proceedings Vol. II, ISBN: 5-89653-058-7, Edited by LASER ACADEMY Kaluga, pp. 14–26, Kaluga (Russia), June 30–July 2, 2000.
P. Petrovic, “New Improvements in Accurate Measurement of Synchronously Sampled AC Signals”, Proceedings of the IEEE Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference IMTC/2002, pp. 1367–1372, Anchorage, Alaska, 21–21 May 2002.
P. Petrovic, “Digital processing of slowly changing signals without sample-and-hold circuit”, The 2000 International Symposium on Information Theory and its Applications, ISITA2000 proceedings, Sheraton Waikiki Hotel, Honolulu, Hawaii, U.S.A., Paper No.0003, section W-A-5 Intelligent Processing, pp. 724–727, November 5–8, 2000.
P. Petrovic, S. Marjanovic, “New approach to measuring of AC values without sample and hold circuit”, Fourth IASTED International Conference on Power and Energy Systems, PES 2000, paper No. 319-049, September 19–22, 2000, Marbella, Spain (published in the MIC conference proceedings, February 2001).
P. Petrovic, S. Marjanovic, M. Stevanovic, “Measuring of slowly chaning AC signals without sample and hold circuit”, Trans. Instrum. Meas., vol. 49, no. 6, pp. 1245–1248, 2000.
P. Petrovic, “Simulation and Practical Realization of the New High Precise Digital Multimeter Based on Use of IADC”, European Transactions of Power Electrical Engineering, vol. 14, no. 1, p. 5–19, 2004.
P. Petrovic, S. Marjanovic, M. Stevanovic, “A Reply on Comments on “Digital method for power frequency measurement using synchronous sampling”, IEE Proc.-Electr. Power Appl., vol. 148, no. 2, 2001.
P. Petrovic, “New Improvements in Accurate Measurement of Synchronously Sampled AC Signals”, IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas., vol. 53, no. 3, pp. 716–725, 2004.
P. Petrovic, “Calculation of the measurement uncertainties of synchronously sampled AC signals in the case of nonideal synchronization with fundamental frequency” IEICE Transactions on Electronics, vol. E89-C(11), pp. 1695–1699, 2006.
P. Petrovic, S. Marjanovic, M. Stevanovic: “Digital multimemeter-watthourmeter based on usage of slowly ADC with possibility of processing without special sample-and-hold circuit”, Serbian and Montenegro Patent No. 033/03, January 21, Belgrade, 2003.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2009 Springer-Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg, Germany
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Petrović, P., Stevanović, M. (2009). Introduction. In: Digital Processing and Reconstruction of Complex AC Signals. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-03843-3_1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-03843-3_1
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-03842-6
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-03843-3
eBook Packages: EngineeringEngineering (R0)