Skip to main content
  • 769 Accesses

Cancer incidence varies widely among countries of the world with inter- and intra-country incidences of site-specific cancers varying by over 100-fold, correlating with a wide range of dietary and lifestyle variables. Lung cancer accounted for 1.2 million deaths worldwide in 2002, representing 18% of global cancer deaths [1]. Lung cancer is the most prevalent cause of cancer mortality in the U.S., accounting for approximately 30% of all cancer deaths [2, 3]. Exercise, the Mediterranean diet and caloric restriction enhance antioxidant production and immune defenses, decreasing lung cancer risk, while tobacco use increases risk [4,5,6].

The most effective method for reducing lung cancer risk from smoking, other than quitting, may be to have an annual whole body CT scan (Charles Sanders)

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

eBook
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 159.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Field AW, D Krewski, JH Lubin et al (2006) An overview of the North American residential radon and lung cancer case-control studies. J Toxicol Environ Hlth Part A 69:599–631

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. The health benefits of smoking cessation: a report of the Surgeon General. DHHS publication no. (CDC) 90-8416 (1990) Department of Health and Human Services, Rockville, MD

    Google Scholar 

  3. Jemal A, A Thomas, T Murray et al (2002) Cancer statistics. CA Cancer J Clin 52:23–47

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Sanders CL (1996) Prevention and therapy of cancer and other common diseases: alternative and traditional approaches. Infomedix, Richland, WA, 3000 pp

    Google Scholar 

  5. Sanders CL, BR Scott (2008) Smoking and hormesis as confounding factors in radiation pulmonary carcinogenesis. Dose Response 6:53–79

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Bochicchio F, F Forastiere, S Farchi et al (2005) Residential radon exposure, diet and lung cancer: a case-control study in a Mediterranean region. Int J Cancer 114:983–991

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Blot WJ (1992) Alcohol and cancer. Cancer Res 52(Suppl):2119s–2123s

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Hammond EC, IJ Selikoff, H Seidman H (1979) Asbestos exposure, cigarette smoking and death rates. Ann NY Acad Sci 330:473–491

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (1992) Respiratory health effects of passive smoking: lung cancers and other disorders. EPA/600//-90/006F, Washington, DC

    Google Scholar 

  10. Fontham ETH, P Correa, P Reynolds et al (1994) Environmental tobacco smoke and lung cancer in nonsmoking women. J Amer Med Assoc 271:1752–1759

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Lave LB, EP Seskin (1970) Air pollution and human health. Science 169:723–733

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Desideri D, MA Meli, L Feduzi et al (2007) 210Po and 210Pb inhalation by cigarette smoking in Italy. Health Phys 92:58–63

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Thompson TG (2004) The Health Consequences of Smoking: A Report of the Surgeon General, www.cdc.gov/tobacco/sgr/.

  14. Deetjen P, Falkenbach A (eds) (1999) Radon und Gesundheit. P. Land, Frankfurt, Germany

    Google Scholar 

  15. Chyou PH, AM Nomura, GN Stemmermann (1992) A prospective study of the attributable risk of cancer due to cigarette smoking. Amer J Public Health 82:37–40

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Sethi T (1997) Science, medicine, and the future: lung cancer. Brit J Med 314:652–660

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. U. S. Public Health Service (1982) The health consequences of smoking: Cancer. A report of the Surgeon General. U. S. Publich Health Service, DHHS Publication no. (PHS) 82–50179.

    Google Scholar 

  18. Crispo A, P Brennan, KH Jockel et al (2004) The cumulative risk of lung cancer among current, ex- and never-smokers in European men. Br J Cancer 91:1280–1286; Vineis P, M Alavanja, P Buffler, et al. 2004. Tobacco and cancer: recent epidemiological evidence. J Natl Cancer Inst 96:99–106.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Heidenreich WF, EG Luebeck, WD Hazelton et al (2002) Mutlistage models and the incidence of cancer in the cohort of atomic bomb survivors. Radiat Res 158:607–614

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Gustavsson P, R Jakobsson, F Nyberg et al (2000) Occupational exposure and lung cancer risk: a population-based case-referent study in Sweden. Am J Epidemiol 152:32–40

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer) (1987) Overall evaluations of carcinoge-nicity: an updating of IARC monographs volumes 1 to 42. (IARC monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans, supplement no. 7). IARC, Lyon, France, pp 1–440

    Google Scholar 

  22. Toth E, Lazar I, Selmeczi D et al (1998) Lower cancer risk in medium high radon. Pathol Oncol Res 4:125–129

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Villeneuve PJ, HI Morrison, R Lane (2007) Radon and lung cancer risk: an extension of the mortality follow-up of the Newfoundland fluorspar cohort. Health Phys 92:157–169

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Doll R (1992) The lessons of life: keynote address to the nutrition and cancer conference. Cancer Res 52:2024s–2029s

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Schull WJ, KM Weiss (1992) Radiation carcinogenesis in humans. Adv Radiat Biol 16:215–258

    Google Scholar 

  26. Gilbert ES, NA Koshurnikova, ME Sokolnikov et al (2004) Lung cancer in Mayak workers. Radiat Res 162:505–516

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Kreisheimer M, NA Koshurnikova, E Nekolla et al (2000) Lung cancer mortality among male nuclear workers of the Mayak facilities in the former Soviet Union. Radiat Res 154:3–11

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Shilnikova NS, DL Preston, E Ron et al (2003) Cancer mortality risk among workers at the Mayak nuclear complex. Radiat Res 159:787–798

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Yiin JH, MK Schubauer-Berigan, SR Silver et al (2005) Risk of lung cancer and leukemia from exposure to ionizing radiation and potential confounders among workers at the Portsmouth Naval Shipyard. Radiat Res 163:603–613

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Cardis E, M Vrijheid, M Blettner et al (2005) Risk of cancer after low doses of ionizing radiation: retrospective cohort study in 15 countries. Brit Med J 331:77–80

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Pierce DA, GB Sharp, K Mabuchi (2003) Joint effects of radiation and smoking on lung cancer risk among atomic bomb survivors. Radiat Res 159:511–520

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Pierce DA, Y Shimizu, DL Preston et al (1996) Studies of the mortality of atomic bomb survivors. Report 12. 1. Cancer: 1950–1990. Radiat Res 146:1–27

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Kopecky KJ, E Nakashima, T Yamamoto et al (1986) Lung cancer, radiation, and smoking among A-bomb survivors, Hiroshima and Nagasaki: TR-13–86. Radiation Effects Research Foundation, Hiroshima

    Google Scholar 

  34. Little MP (2002) Comparisons of lung tumour mortality risk in the Japanese A-bomb survivors and in the Colorado Plateau uranium miners: support for the ICRP lung model. Intern J Radiat Biol 78:145–163

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Taylor LS (1980) Some non-scientific influences on radiation protection standards and practice. Health Phys 32:851–874

    Google Scholar 

  36. Cameron JR (2002) Correspondence: Radiation increased the longevity of British radiologists. Br J Radiol 75:637–639

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Keirim-Markus IB (2004) Radiation exposure normalization taking account of specific effects at low doses and dose rates. Atomic Energy 93:836–844

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. Shleien B, AJ Ruttenber, M Sage (1991) Epidemiologic studies of cancer in populations near nuclear facilities. Health Phys 61:699–713

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Atkinson WD, DV Law, KJ Bromley et al (2004) Mortality of employees of the United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority, 1946–97. Occup Environ Med 61:577–585

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Ivanov V, L Iiyin, A Gorski et al (2004) Radiation and epidemiological analysis for solid cancer incidence among nuclear workers who participated in recovery operations following the accident at the Chernobyl NPP. J Radiat Res (Tokyo) 45:41–44

    Article  Google Scholar 

  41. Hornung RW, TJ Meinhardt (1987) Quantitative risk assessment of lung cancer in U. S. uranium miners. Health Phys 52:417–430

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Enflo A (2002) Lung cancer risks from residential radon among smokers and non-smokers. J Radiol Prot 22:A95–A99

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Petersen GR, ES Gilbert, JA Buchanan et al (1989) A case-cohort study of lung cancer, ionizing radiation, and tobacco smoking among males at the Hanford site. Health Phys 58:3–11

    Article  Google Scholar 

  44. Blettner M, H Zeeb, I Langner et al (2002) Mortality from cancer and other causes among airline cabin attendants in Germany, 1960–1997. Am J Epidemiol 156:556–565

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Band PR, ND Le, R Fang et al (1996) Cohort study of Air Canada pilots: mortality, cancer incidence, and leukemia risk. Am J Epidemiol 143:137–143

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Baverstock K, D Williams (2002) Chernobyl. an overlooked aspect? Letters Science 299:44

    Google Scholar 

  47. Chernobyl Forum (IAEA, WHO, UNDP, UNEP, UN-OCHA, UNSCEAR, World Bank) (2005) Chernobyl's Legacy: Health, Environmental and Socio-Economic Impacts. The work is in three volumes and 600 pages by more than 100 scientists

    Google Scholar 

  48. Hatch M, E Ron, A Bouville et al (2005) The Chernobyl disaster: cancer following the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant. Epidemiol Reviews 27:56–66

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Rossi HH, M Zaider (1997) Radiogenic lung cancer: the effects of low doses of low linear energy transfer (LET) radiation. Radiat Environ Biophys 36:85–88

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Thompson RC, JA Mahaffey (1986) Life-span radiation effects studies in animals: what can they tell us? Proceedings of the 22nd Hanford Life Science Symposium, Richland, WA

    Google Scholar 

  51. Stannard JN (1988) Radioactivity and health: a history. In: Baalman RW (ed). Pacific Northwest Laboratory, Richland, WA

    Google Scholar 

  52. Gregoire O, MR Cleland (2006) Novel approach to analyzing the carcinogenic effect of ionizing radiations. Int J Radiat Biol 82:13–19

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Okamoto K (1987) Critical values of linear energy transfer, dose rates and doses for radiation hormesis. Health Phys 52:671–674

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Wilkinson GS, Trieff N, Graham R et al (2000) Final Report. Study of Mortality Among Female Nuclear Weapons Workers. Grant Numbers: 1R01 OHO3274, R01/CCR214546, R01/ CCR61 2934-01, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

    Google Scholar 

  55. Matanoski GM (1991) Health effects of low-level radiation in shipyard workers. Final Report. Report No. DOE DE-AC02-79EV10095. US Department of Energy, Washington, DC

    Google Scholar 

  56. Sont WN, JM Zielinski, AP Ashmore et al (2001) First analysis of cancer incidence and occupational radiation exposure based on the National Dose Registry of Canada. Am J Epidemiol 153:309–318

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Zablotska LB, Ashmore JP, Howe GR (2004) Analysis of mortality among Canadian nuclear power industry workers after chronic low-dose exposure to ionizing radiation. Radiat Res 161:633–641

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. McGeoghegan D, K Binks (2001) The mortality and cancer morbidity experience of employees at the Chapelcross plant of British Nuclear Fuels, 1955–95. J Radiol Prot 21:221–250

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Carpenter LM, V Beral, PG Smith (1998) Cancer mortality in relation to monitoring for radio-nuclide exposure in three UK nuclear industry workforces. Br J Cancer 78:1224–1232

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Iwasaki T, M Murata, S Ohshima et al (2003) Second analysis of nuclear industry workers in Japan, 1986–1997. Radiat Res 159:228–238

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Ahn Y, J Bae (2005) Chronic exposure of low-dose radiation and cancer risks among nuclear power plant workers in Korea. Proceedings of the Forty-Eighth Annual Meeting of the Japan Radiation Research Society/The First Asian Congress of Radiation Research, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Japan, Abstract S11–2, p 89

    Google Scholar 

  62. Jin YW, M Jeong, SH Sung et al (2002) Epidemiological investigation of deaths among radiation workers in nuclear power plants of Korea. J Korea Assoc Radiat Prot 27:233–237

    Google Scholar 

  63. Howe GR, LB Zablotska, JJ Fix et al (2004) Analysis of the mortality experience amongst U.S. nuclear power industry workers after chronic low-dose exposure to ionizing radiation. Radiat Res 162:517–526

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Howe GR (1995) Lung cancer mortality between 1950 and 1987 after exposure to fractionated moderate-dose-rate ionizing radiation in the Canadian Fluoroscopy Cohort Study and a comparison with lung cancer mortality in the Atomic Bomb Survivors Study. Radiat Res 142:295–304

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Davis FG, JD Boice, H Hrubec et al (1989) Lung cancer mortality in a radiation-exposed cohort of Massachusetts tuberculosis patients. Cancer Res 49:6130–6136

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Luckey TD (2003) A Rosetta stone for ionizing radiation. ROS Magazine 8:22–30; lung cancer in Sweden. N Engl J Med 330:159–164

    Google Scholar 

  67. Berrington A, SC Darby, HA Weiss et al (2001) 100 years of observation on British radiologists: mortality from cancer and other causes 1987–1997. Br J Radiol 74:507–519

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Doody MM, JS Mandel, JH Lubin et al (1998) Mortality among USA radiologic technologists 1926–1990. Cancer Causes Control 9:67–75

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Yoshinaga S, T Aoyama, Y Yoshimoto et al (1999) Cancer mortality among radiological technologists in Japan: updated analysis of follow-up data from 1969 to 1993. J Epidemiol 9:61–72

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Sanders CL (2006) Hormesis as a confounding factor in epidemiological studies of radiation carcinogenesis. Korean Assoc Radiat Prot 31:69–89

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Baysson H, M Tirmarche, G Tymen et al (2004) Indoor radon and lung cancer in France. Epidemiology 15:709–716

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Krewski D, JH Lubin, JM Zielinski et al (2005) Residential radon and risk of lung cancer. A combined analysis of 7 North American case-control studies. Epidemiology 16:137–145

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Sanders CL (2008) Prevention of cigarette smoke induced lung cancer by low LET ionizing radiation. Nuclear Engineering and Technol 40:539–550

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Crump KS (2006) The effect of random error in exposure measurement upon the shape of the exposure response. Dose-Response 3:456–464

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Lubin JH, JD Boice, C Edling et al (1995) Lung cancer in radon-exposed miners and estimation of risk from indoor exposure. J Natl Cancer Inst 87:817–827

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Lubin JH, L Tomasek, C Edling et al (1997) Estimating lung cancer mortality from residential radon using data for low exposures of miners. Radiat Res 147:126–134

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Pavia M, A Bianco, C Pileggi, IF Angelillo (2003) Meta-analysis of residential exposure to radon gas and lung cancer. Bull World Health Organization 81:732–738

    Google Scholar 

  78. Yarmoshenko I V, IA Kirdin, MV Zhukovsky et al (2003) Meta analysis of epidemiological case control studies of lung cancer risk and indoor radon exposure. Med Radiol Radiat Prot 48:33–43 (in Russian)

    Google Scholar 

  79. Darby S, D Hill, A Auvinen et al (2005) Radon in homes and risk of lung cancer: collaborative analysis of individual data from 13 European case-control studies. Br Med J 330:223–228

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Lubin JH, JD Boice (1997) Lung cancer risk from residential radon: meta-analysis of eight epidemiological studies. J Natl Cancer Inst 89:49–57

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Lubin JH, ZY Wang, JD Boice et al (2004) Risk of lung cancer and residential radon in China: Pooled results of two studies. Int J Cancer 109:132–137

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Neuberger JS, TF Gesell (2002). Residential radon exposure and lung cancer: risk in nonsmok-ers. Health Phys 83:1–18

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Neuberger JS, RW Field (2003) Occupation and lung cancer in nonsmokers. Rev Environ Health 18:251–267

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. National Research Council (1999) Committee on Health Risks of Exposure to Radon, Health Effects of Exposure to Radon (BEIR VI), National Academy Press, Washington, DC

    Google Scholar 

  85. Thomas DC, KG McNeill, C Dougherty (1985) Estimates of lifetime lung-cancer risks resulting from Rn progeny exposures. Health Phys 49:825–846

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Scott BR, SA Belinsky, S Leng et al (2009) Radiation-stimulated epigenetic reprogramming of adaptive-response genes in the lung-an evolutionary gift for mounting adaptive protection against lung cancer. Dose Response 7:104 –131

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. Luxin WEI, T Sugahara, Z Tao (1997) High level of natural radiation 1966: radiation dose and health effects. Elsevier, Amsterdam

    Google Scholar 

  88. Lubin JH (1994) Invited commentary: lung cancer and exposure to residential radon. Am J Epidemiol 140:323–332

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. NCRP (National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements) (1987) Exposure of the population in the United States and Canada from natural background radiation. NCRP Report No. 94, Bethesda, MD

    Google Scholar 

  90. Thompson RE, DF Nelson, JH Popkin et al (2008) Case-control study of lung cancer risk from residential radon exposure in Worcester County, Massachusetts. Health Phys 94:228–241

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. Mitsunobu F, K Yamaoka, K Hanamoto et al (2003) Elevation of antioxidant enzymes in the clinical effects of radon and thermal therapy for bronchial asthma. J Radiat Res 44:95–99

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. Yamaoka K, C Sugie, S Futatsugawa et al (2005) Basic study of biologic effects of Thoron hot spring on hypertension. Proceedings of the Forty-Eighth Annual Meeting of the Japan Radiation Research Society/ the First Asian Congress of Radiation Research, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Japan. Abstract P-A-108, p 139

    Google Scholar 

  93. Takahashi M, S Kojima (2006) Suppression of atopic dermatitis and tumor metastasis in mice by small amounts of radon. Radiat Res 165:337–342

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  94. Franke A, L Reiner, P Pratzel et al (2000) Longterm efficacy of radon spa therapy in rheumatoid arthritis — a randomized, sham-controlled study and follow-up. Rheumatology 39:894–902

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  95. Bogoljubov WM (1988) Clinical aspects of radon therapy in the USSR. Z Phys Med Balneol Med Klimatol 17:58–63

    Google Scholar 

  96. City of Fort Collins, CO (2005). Air Quality Department, http://www.ci.fort-collins.co.us/ airqulaity/radon-health

  97. Hickey RJ, EJ Bowers, DE Spence et al (1981) Low level ionizing radiation and human mortality: multi-regional epidemiological studies. Health Phys 40:625–641

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  98. Frigerio NA, RS Stowe (1976) Carcinogenic and genetic hazards from background radiation, vol 2, IAEA, Vienna, pp 385–393

    Google Scholar 

  99. Nambi KSV, SD Soman (1987) Environmental radiation and cancer in India. Health Phys 52:653–657

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  100. Sun Q, ZS Akiba, Z Tao et al (2000) Excess risk of solid cancer mortality after prolonged exposure to naturally occurring high background radiation in Yangjiang, China. J Radiat Res 41(Suppl):43–52

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  101. Tao T, Y Zha, S Akiba et al (2000) Cancer mortality in the high background radiation areas of Yangjiang, China during the period between 1979 and 1995. J Radiat Res 41(Suppl): 31–41)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  102. Auvenin A, Maekelaeinen I, Hakama M et al (1996) Indoor radon exposure and risk of lung cancer: a nested case-control study in Finland. J Natl Cancer Inst 88:966–972

    Article  Google Scholar 

  103. Letourneau EG, Y Mao, RG McGregor et al (1983) Lung cancer mortality and indoor radon concentrations in 18 Canadian cities. In: Proceedings of the Sixteenth Midyear Topical Meeting of the Health Physics Society. National Technical Information Service, CONF-830101, UC-41, Albuquerque, NM, pp 470–438

    Google Scholar 

  104. Mortazavi SMJ, T Ikushima (2006) Open questions regarding implications of radioadaptive response in the estimation of the risks of low-level exposures in nuclear workers. Int J Low Radiat 2:88–96

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  105. Neuberger JS (1992) Residential radon exposure and lung cancer: an overview of ongoing studies. Health Phys 63:503–509

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  106. Wang Z, JH Lubin, L Wang et al (2002) Residential radon and lung cancer risk in a highexposure area of Gansu Province, China. Am J Epidemiol 155:554–564

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  107. Ghiassi-Nejad M, M Mortazavi (2005) Radiation adaptive response observed in residents in high level natural area of Ramsar. Proceedings of the Forty-Eighth Annual Meeting of the Japan Radiation Research Society/ the First Asian Congress of Radiation Research, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Japan. Abstract S4-2-2, p 81

    Google Scholar 

  108. Bowie C, SHU Bowie (1991) Radon and health. Lancet 337:409–413

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  109. Jagger J (1998) Natural background radiation and cancer death in Rocky Mountain states and Gulf Coast states. Health Phys 75:428–430

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  110. Wei L, T Sugahara (2000) An introductory overview of the epidemiological study on the population at the high background radiation areas in Yangjiang, China. J Radiat Res (Toyko) 41(Suppl):1–7

    Article  Google Scholar 

  111. National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements (2001) Evaluation of the linear-nonthreshold model for ionizing radiation. NCRP Report 136, Bethesda, MD: National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements, p 6

    Google Scholar 

  112. Haynes RM (1988) The distribution of domestic radon concentrations and lung cancer mortality in England and Wales. Radiat Prot Dosim 25:93–96

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  113. Arndt D (1992) Die Strahlenexposition in den Bergbaugebieten Sachsens und Thüringens. In: Reiners CHR et al (ed) Strahlenschutz in Forschung und Praxis, vol 33, Stuttgart, 47–60

    Google Scholar 

  114. Kreienbrock L, M Kreuzer, M Gerken et al (2001) Case-control study on lung cancer and residential radon in western Germany. Am J Epidemiol 153:42–52

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  115. Sobue T, VS Lee, W Ye et al (2000) Residential radon exposure and lung cancer risk in Misasa, Japan: a case-control study. J Radiat Res 41:81–92

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  116. Cohen BL (1995) Test of the linear no-threshold theory of radiation carcinogenesis for inhaled radon decay products. Health Phys 68:157–174

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  117. Cohen B (1990) A test of the linear no-threshold theory of radiation carcinogenesis. Environ Res 53:193–220

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  118. Cohen BL (1987) Tests of the linear, no-threshold dose-response relationship for high-LET radiation. Health Phys 52:629–636

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  119. Cohen BL (1993) Test of the linear no-threshold theory of radiation carcinogenesis for inhaled radon decay products. Health Phys 56:154–174

    Google Scholar 

  120. Cohen BL (2000) Updates and extensions to tests of the linear no-threshold theory. Technology 7:657–672

    Google Scholar 

  121. Mao Y, J Hu, A-M Ugnat et al (2001) Socioeconomic status and lung cancer risk in Canada. Int J Epidemiol 30:809–817

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  122. Cohen BL (2001) Radon exposure and the risk of lung cancer. J Radiat Prot 21:64–66

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  123. Puskin JS (2003) Smoking as a confounder in ecologic correlations of cancer mortality rates with average county radon levels. Health Phys 84:526–532

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  124. Cohen BL (2004) Response to “residential radon exposures and lung cancer risk: Commentary on Cohen's county-based study”. Health Phys 87:656–658

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  125. Stidley CA, JM Samet (1993) A review of ecologic studies of lung cancer and indoor radon. Health Phys 65:234–251

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  126. Van Pelt WR (2003) Epidemiological associations among lung cancer, radon exposure and elevation above sea level-a reassessment of cohen's county level radon study. Health Phys 85:397–403

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  127. Huff RL, JH Lawrence et al (1951) Effects of changes in altitude on hematopoietic activity. Medicine 30:197–217

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  128. Heath CW, PD Bond, DG Hoel et al (2004) Residential radon exposure and lung cancer risk: commentary on Cohen's county-based study. Health Phys 87:647–655

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  129. Price P (2004) Assessing uncertainties in the relationship between inhaled particle concentrations, internal deposition, and health effects. In: Ruzer LS (ed) Aerosol handbook: measurement, dosimetry and health effects. CRC-Taylor & Francis, pp 157–188

    Google Scholar 

  130. Lachet B (2005) Indoor radon and lung cancer. Letters to the Editor. Epidemiol 17:121

    Article  Google Scholar 

  131. Cavallo A, A Hutter, P Shebel (1999) Radon progeny unattached fraction in an atmosphere far from radioactive equilibrium. Health Phys 76:532–536

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  132. James AC, A Birchall A, GH Akabani (2002) Comparative dosimetry of BEIR VI revisited. Radiat Prot Dosim 108:3–26

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  133. Puskin JS, AC James (2006) Radon exposure assessment and dosimetry applied to epidemiology and risk estimation. Radiat Res 166:193–208

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  134. Bruske-Hohfeld I, AS Rosario, G Wolke et al (2006) Lung cancer risk among former uranium miners of the Wismut Company in Germany. Health Phys 90:208–216

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  135. Cothern CR (1999) Indoor air radon. Environ Geochem Health 21:83–90

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  136. Lin C Y, A Gelman, PN Price et al (1999) Analysis of local decisions using hierarchial modeling, applied to home radon radon measurement and remediation. Statistical Science 14:305–337

    Article  Google Scholar 

  137. Blot WJ, Z-Y Xu, JD Boice et al (1990) Indoor radon and lung cancer in China. J Natl Cancer Inst 82:10–25

    Google Scholar 

  138. Kreuzer M, J Heinrich, G Wolke et al (2003) Residential radon and risk of lung cancer in Eastern Germany. Epidemiology 14:559–568

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  139. Letourneau EG, D Krewski, NW Choi et al (1994) Case-control study of residential radon and lung cancer in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada. Am J Epidemiol 140:310–322

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  140. Krewski D, SN Rai, JM Zielinski et al (1999) Characterization of uncertainty and variability in residential radon cancer risks. Ann N Y Acad Sci 895:245–272

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  141. Kauffman JM (2003) Radiation hormesis: demonstrated, deconstructed, denied, dismissed, and some implications for public policy. J Scientific Exploration 17:389–407

    Google Scholar 

  142. Barros-Dios JM, MS Barreiro, A Ruano-Ravina et al (2002) Exposure to residential radon and lung cancer in Spain: a population-based case-control study. Am J Epidemiol 156:548–555

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  143. Lagarde F, G Axelsson, L Damber et al (2001) Residential radon and lung cancer among never-smokers in Sweden. Epidemiology 12:396–404

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  144. Wichmann H-E, A Schaffrath Rosario, IM Heid et al (2005) Increased lung cancer risk due to residential radon in a pooled and extended analysis of studies in Germany. Health Phys 88:71–79

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  145. Alavanja MCR, JH Lubin, JA Mahaffey et al (1999) Residential radon exposure and risk of lung cancer in Missouri. Am J Public Health 89:1042–1048

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  146. Tracy BL, D Krewski, J Chen et al (2006) Assessment and management of residential radon health risks: a report from the Health Canada radon workshop. J Toxicol Environ Health Part A 69:735–758

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  147. Yarmoshenko I, I Kirdin, M Zhukovsky (2006) Uncertainty analysis of relative biological effectiveness of alpha-radiation for human lung exposure. J Toxicol Environ Health Part A 69:665–679

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  148. Saccomano G, C Yale, W Dixon et al (1986) An epidemiological analysis of the relationship between exposure to Rn progeny, smoking and bronchogenic carcinoma in the U-mining population of the Colorado plateau-1960–1980. Health Phys 50:605–618

    Article  Google Scholar 

  149. Leuraud K, S Billon, D. Bergot et al (2007) Lung cancer risk associated to exposure to radon and smoking in a case-control study of French uranium miners. Health Phys 92:371–378

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  150. Duport P (2002) Is the radon risk overestimated? Neglected doses in the estimation of the risk of lung cancer in uranium underground miners. Radiat Prot Dosim 98:329–338

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  151. Saccomanno G, O Auerbach, M Kuschner et al (1996) A comparison between the localization of lung tumors in uranium miners and in non-miners from 1947 to 1991. Cancer 77:1278–1283

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  152. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) (2004) Air toxics risk assessment reference library. vol 1, Technical Resource Manual, Office of Air Quality Planning Standards, Emissions Standards Division.

    Google Scholar 

  153. International Agency for Research on Cancer (1997) IARC monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans, vol 68: Silica, some silicates, coal dust and paraaramin fibrils. IARC, Lyon

    Google Scholar 

  154. Gilliland FD, WC Hunt, VE Archer et al (2000) Radon progeny exposure and lung cancer risk among non-smoking uranium miners. Health Phys 79:365–372

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  155. Roscoe RJ, K Steenland, WE Halperin (1989) Lung cancer mortality among nonsmoking uranium miners exposed to radon daughters. J Am Med Assoc 262:629–633

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  156. Woodward A, D Roder, AJ McMichael et al (1991) Radon daughter exposures at the Radium Hill uranium mine and lung cancer rates among former workers, 1952–87. Cancer Causes Control 2:213–220

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  157. Tomasek L, A Rogel, M Tirmarche et al (2008) Lung cancer in French and Czech uranium miners: Radon-associated risk at low exposure rates and modifying effects of time since exposure and age at exposure. Radiat Res 169:125–137

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  158. Xiang-Zhen X, JH Lubin, L Jun-Yao et al (1993) A cohort study in southern China of tin miners exposed to radon and radon decay products. Health Phys 64:120–131

    Article  Google Scholar 

  159. Darby SC, E Whitley, GR Howe et al (1995) Radon and cancers other than lung cancer in underground miners: a collaborative analysis of 11 studies. J Natl Cancer Inst 87:378–384

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  160. Rowlands RE, AF Stheney, HF Lucas (1983) Dose-response relationships for radium-induced bone sarcomas. Health Phys 44(S1):15–31

    Google Scholar 

  161. Andersson M, HH Strom (1992) Cancer incidence among Danish thorotrast patients. J Natl Cancer Inst 4:1318–1325

    Google Scholar 

  162. Van Kaick G, H Wesch, H Luhrs et al (1991) Neoplastic diseases induced by chronic alpha irradiation. Epidemiological, biophysical and clinical results by the German Thoratrast study. J Radiat Res 32:20–33

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  163. Tokarskaya ZB, GV Zhuntova, BR Scott et al (2006) Influence of alpha and gamma radiations and non-radiation risk factors on the incidence of malignant liver tumors among Mayak workers. Health Phys 91:296–310

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  164. Wiggs LD, CA Cox-DeVore, G Voelz (1991) Mortality among a cohort of workers monitored for 210Po exposure: 1944–1972. Health Phys 61:71–76

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  165. McGeoghegan D, K Binks (2000) The mortality and cancer morbidity experience of workers at the Springfields uranium production facility, 1946–95. J Radiol Prot 20:111–137

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  166. McGeoghegan D, K Binks (2000) The mortality and cancer morbidity experience of workers at the Capenhurst uranium enrichment facility 1946–95. J Radiol Prot 20:381–401

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  167. Brown SC, MF Schonbeck, D McClure et al (2004) Lung cancer and internal lung doses among plutonium workers at the Rocky Flats plant: a case-control study. Am J Epidemiol 160:163–172

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  168. Wilkinson GS, TGL ietjen, LD Wiggs et al (1987) Mortality among plutonium and other radiation workers at a plutonium weapons facility. Am J Epidemiol 125:231–250

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  169. Tietjen GL (1987) Plutonium and lung cancer. Health Phys 52:625–628

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  170. Voelz GL, CS Wilkinson, JF Acquavelle (1983) An update of epidemiologic studies of plutonium workers. Health Phys 44(Suppl 1):493–503

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  171. Voelz GL, JNP Lawrence, ER Johnson (1997) Fifty years of plutonium exposure to the Manhattan project plutonium workers: an update. Health Phys 73:611–619

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  172. Tokarskaya ZB, ND Okladnikova, ZD Belyaeva et al (1997) Multifactorial analysis of lung cancer dose-response relationships for workers at the Mayak nuclear enterprise. Health Phys 73:899–905

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  173. Tokarskaya ZB, BR Scott, GV Zhuntova et al (2002) Interaction of radiation and smoking in lung cancer induction among workers at the Mayak nuclear enterprise. Health Phys 83:833–846

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  174. Koshurnikova NA, MG Bolotnikova, LA Iyin et al (1998) Lung cancer risk due to exposure to incorporated plutonium. Radiat Res 149:366–371

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  175. Khokryakov V, S Romanov (1994) Lung cancer in radiochemical industry workers. The Science of the Total Environment 142:25–28

    Article  Google Scholar 

  176. Belyaeva ZD, SV Osovets, BR Scott et al (2008) Modeling of respiratory system dysfunction among nuclear workers: a preliminary study. Dose-Response 6:319–332

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  177. Jacob V, P Jacob, R Meckbach et al (2005) Lung cancer in Mayak workers: interaction of smoking and plutonium exposure. Radiat Environ Biophys 44:119–129

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  178. Tokarskaya EB, ND Okladnikova, ZD Belyaeva et al (1995) The influence of radiation and nonradiation factors on the lung cancer incidence among the workers of the nuclear enterprise “Mayak.” Health Phys 69:356–366

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  179. Khokhriakov VF, SA Romanov (1996) Estimation of the temporal distribution and dose dependency of lung cancer among workers of nuclear fuel reprocessing plant. Health Phys 71:83–85

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  180. Sanders CL, GE Dagle, WC Cannon et al (1976) Inhalation carcinogenesis of high-fired 239PuO2 in rats. Radiat Res 68:340–360

    Article  Google Scholar 

  181. Sanders CL, D Lundgren (1995) Pulmonary carcinogenesis in the F344 and Wistar rat following inhalation of 239PuO2. Rad Res 144:206–214

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  182. Mitchel REJ, Gragtmans NJ, Morrison DP (1999) Beta-radiation-induced resistance to MNNG initiation of papilloma but not carcinoma formation in mouse skin. Radiat Res 121:180–186

    Article  Google Scholar 

  183. Sakai K, Y Hoshi, T Nomura et al (2003) Suppression of carcinogenic processes in mice by chronic low dose rat gamma-irradiation. Intern J Low Radiation 1:142–146

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Appendix

Appendix

Table A9.6 Risk of lung cancer from epidemiologic studies of populations exposed to external low LET ionizing radiation compared with the corresponding referent groups
Table A9.7 Case–Control Studies of Indoor Radon and Lung Cancer

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2010 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

(2010). Lung Cancer. In: Sanders, C.L. (eds) Radiation Hormesis and the Linear-No-Threshold Assumption. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-03720-7_9

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-03720-7_9

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-642-03719-1

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-642-03720-7

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics