Cancer incidence varies widely among countries of the world with inter- and intra-country incidences of site-specific cancers varying by over 100-fold, correlating with a wide range of dietary and lifestyle variables. Lung cancer accounted for 1.2 million deaths worldwide in 2002, representing 18% of global cancer deaths [1]. Lung cancer is the most prevalent cause of cancer mortality in the U.S., accounting for approximately 30% of all cancer deaths [2, 3]. Exercise, the Mediterranean diet and caloric restriction enhance antioxidant production and immune defenses, decreasing lung cancer risk, while tobacco use increases risk [4,5,6].
The most effective method for reducing lung cancer risk from smoking, other than quitting, may be to have an annual whole body CT scan (Charles Sanders)
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Field AW, D Krewski, JH Lubin et al (2006) An overview of the North American residential radon and lung cancer case-control studies. J Toxicol Environ Hlth Part A 69:599–631
The health benefits of smoking cessation: a report of the Surgeon General. DHHS publication no. (CDC) 90-8416 (1990) Department of Health and Human Services, Rockville, MD
Jemal A, A Thomas, T Murray et al (2002) Cancer statistics. CA Cancer J Clin 52:23–47
Sanders CL (1996) Prevention and therapy of cancer and other common diseases: alternative and traditional approaches. Infomedix, Richland, WA, 3000 pp
Sanders CL, BR Scott (2008) Smoking and hormesis as confounding factors in radiation pulmonary carcinogenesis. Dose Response 6:53–79
Bochicchio F, F Forastiere, S Farchi et al (2005) Residential radon exposure, diet and lung cancer: a case-control study in a Mediterranean region. Int J Cancer 114:983–991
Blot WJ (1992) Alcohol and cancer. Cancer Res 52(Suppl):2119s–2123s
Hammond EC, IJ Selikoff, H Seidman H (1979) Asbestos exposure, cigarette smoking and death rates. Ann NY Acad Sci 330:473–491
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (1992) Respiratory health effects of passive smoking: lung cancers and other disorders. EPA/600//-90/006F, Washington, DC
Fontham ETH, P Correa, P Reynolds et al (1994) Environmental tobacco smoke and lung cancer in nonsmoking women. J Amer Med Assoc 271:1752–1759
Lave LB, EP Seskin (1970) Air pollution and human health. Science 169:723–733
Desideri D, MA Meli, L Feduzi et al (2007) 210Po and 210Pb inhalation by cigarette smoking in Italy. Health Phys 92:58–63
Thompson TG (2004) The Health Consequences of Smoking: A Report of the Surgeon General, www.cdc.gov/tobacco/sgr/.
Deetjen P, Falkenbach A (eds) (1999) Radon und Gesundheit. P. Land, Frankfurt, Germany
Chyou PH, AM Nomura, GN Stemmermann (1992) A prospective study of the attributable risk of cancer due to cigarette smoking. Amer J Public Health 82:37–40
Sethi T (1997) Science, medicine, and the future: lung cancer. Brit J Med 314:652–660
U. S. Public Health Service (1982) The health consequences of smoking: Cancer. A report of the Surgeon General. U. S. Publich Health Service, DHHS Publication no. (PHS) 82–50179.
Crispo A, P Brennan, KH Jockel et al (2004) The cumulative risk of lung cancer among current, ex- and never-smokers in European men. Br J Cancer 91:1280–1286; Vineis P, M Alavanja, P Buffler, et al. 2004. Tobacco and cancer: recent epidemiological evidence. J Natl Cancer Inst 96:99–106.
Heidenreich WF, EG Luebeck, WD Hazelton et al (2002) Mutlistage models and the incidence of cancer in the cohort of atomic bomb survivors. Radiat Res 158:607–614
Gustavsson P, R Jakobsson, F Nyberg et al (2000) Occupational exposure and lung cancer risk: a population-based case-referent study in Sweden. Am J Epidemiol 152:32–40
IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer) (1987) Overall evaluations of carcinoge-nicity: an updating of IARC monographs volumes 1 to 42. (IARC monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans, supplement no. 7). IARC, Lyon, France, pp 1–440
Toth E, Lazar I, Selmeczi D et al (1998) Lower cancer risk in medium high radon. Pathol Oncol Res 4:125–129
Villeneuve PJ, HI Morrison, R Lane (2007) Radon and lung cancer risk: an extension of the mortality follow-up of the Newfoundland fluorspar cohort. Health Phys 92:157–169
Doll R (1992) The lessons of life: keynote address to the nutrition and cancer conference. Cancer Res 52:2024s–2029s
Schull WJ, KM Weiss (1992) Radiation carcinogenesis in humans. Adv Radiat Biol 16:215–258
Gilbert ES, NA Koshurnikova, ME Sokolnikov et al (2004) Lung cancer in Mayak workers. Radiat Res 162:505–516
Kreisheimer M, NA Koshurnikova, E Nekolla et al (2000) Lung cancer mortality among male nuclear workers of the Mayak facilities in the former Soviet Union. Radiat Res 154:3–11
Shilnikova NS, DL Preston, E Ron et al (2003) Cancer mortality risk among workers at the Mayak nuclear complex. Radiat Res 159:787–798
Yiin JH, MK Schubauer-Berigan, SR Silver et al (2005) Risk of lung cancer and leukemia from exposure to ionizing radiation and potential confounders among workers at the Portsmouth Naval Shipyard. Radiat Res 163:603–613
Cardis E, M Vrijheid, M Blettner et al (2005) Risk of cancer after low doses of ionizing radiation: retrospective cohort study in 15 countries. Brit Med J 331:77–80
Pierce DA, GB Sharp, K Mabuchi (2003) Joint effects of radiation and smoking on lung cancer risk among atomic bomb survivors. Radiat Res 159:511–520
Pierce DA, Y Shimizu, DL Preston et al (1996) Studies of the mortality of atomic bomb survivors. Report 12. 1. Cancer: 1950–1990. Radiat Res 146:1–27
Kopecky KJ, E Nakashima, T Yamamoto et al (1986) Lung cancer, radiation, and smoking among A-bomb survivors, Hiroshima and Nagasaki: TR-13–86. Radiation Effects Research Foundation, Hiroshima
Little MP (2002) Comparisons of lung tumour mortality risk in the Japanese A-bomb survivors and in the Colorado Plateau uranium miners: support for the ICRP lung model. Intern J Radiat Biol 78:145–163
Taylor LS (1980) Some non-scientific influences on radiation protection standards and practice. Health Phys 32:851–874
Cameron JR (2002) Correspondence: Radiation increased the longevity of British radiologists. Br J Radiol 75:637–639
Keirim-Markus IB (2004) Radiation exposure normalization taking account of specific effects at low doses and dose rates. Atomic Energy 93:836–844
Shleien B, AJ Ruttenber, M Sage (1991) Epidemiologic studies of cancer in populations near nuclear facilities. Health Phys 61:699–713
Atkinson WD, DV Law, KJ Bromley et al (2004) Mortality of employees of the United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority, 1946–97. Occup Environ Med 61:577–585
Ivanov V, L Iiyin, A Gorski et al (2004) Radiation and epidemiological analysis for solid cancer incidence among nuclear workers who participated in recovery operations following the accident at the Chernobyl NPP. J Radiat Res (Tokyo) 45:41–44
Hornung RW, TJ Meinhardt (1987) Quantitative risk assessment of lung cancer in U. S. uranium miners. Health Phys 52:417–430
Enflo A (2002) Lung cancer risks from residential radon among smokers and non-smokers. J Radiol Prot 22:A95–A99
Petersen GR, ES Gilbert, JA Buchanan et al (1989) A case-cohort study of lung cancer, ionizing radiation, and tobacco smoking among males at the Hanford site. Health Phys 58:3–11
Blettner M, H Zeeb, I Langner et al (2002) Mortality from cancer and other causes among airline cabin attendants in Germany, 1960–1997. Am J Epidemiol 156:556–565
Band PR, ND Le, R Fang et al (1996) Cohort study of Air Canada pilots: mortality, cancer incidence, and leukemia risk. Am J Epidemiol 143:137–143
Baverstock K, D Williams (2002) Chernobyl. an overlooked aspect? Letters Science 299:44
Chernobyl Forum (IAEA, WHO, UNDP, UNEP, UN-OCHA, UNSCEAR, World Bank) (2005) Chernobyl's Legacy: Health, Environmental and Socio-Economic Impacts. The work is in three volumes and 600 pages by more than 100 scientists
Hatch M, E Ron, A Bouville et al (2005) The Chernobyl disaster: cancer following the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant. Epidemiol Reviews 27:56–66
Rossi HH, M Zaider (1997) Radiogenic lung cancer: the effects of low doses of low linear energy transfer (LET) radiation. Radiat Environ Biophys 36:85–88
Thompson RC, JA Mahaffey (1986) Life-span radiation effects studies in animals: what can they tell us? Proceedings of the 22nd Hanford Life Science Symposium, Richland, WA
Stannard JN (1988) Radioactivity and health: a history. In: Baalman RW (ed). Pacific Northwest Laboratory, Richland, WA
Gregoire O, MR Cleland (2006) Novel approach to analyzing the carcinogenic effect of ionizing radiations. Int J Radiat Biol 82:13–19
Okamoto K (1987) Critical values of linear energy transfer, dose rates and doses for radiation hormesis. Health Phys 52:671–674
Wilkinson GS, Trieff N, Graham R et al (2000) Final Report. Study of Mortality Among Female Nuclear Weapons Workers. Grant Numbers: 1R01 OHO3274, R01/CCR214546, R01/ CCR61 2934-01, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Matanoski GM (1991) Health effects of low-level radiation in shipyard workers. Final Report. Report No. DOE DE-AC02-79EV10095. US Department of Energy, Washington, DC
Sont WN, JM Zielinski, AP Ashmore et al (2001) First analysis of cancer incidence and occupational radiation exposure based on the National Dose Registry of Canada. Am J Epidemiol 153:309–318
Zablotska LB, Ashmore JP, Howe GR (2004) Analysis of mortality among Canadian nuclear power industry workers after chronic low-dose exposure to ionizing radiation. Radiat Res 161:633–641
McGeoghegan D, K Binks (2001) The mortality and cancer morbidity experience of employees at the Chapelcross plant of British Nuclear Fuels, 1955–95. J Radiol Prot 21:221–250
Carpenter LM, V Beral, PG Smith (1998) Cancer mortality in relation to monitoring for radio-nuclide exposure in three UK nuclear industry workforces. Br J Cancer 78:1224–1232
Iwasaki T, M Murata, S Ohshima et al (2003) Second analysis of nuclear industry workers in Japan, 1986–1997. Radiat Res 159:228–238
Ahn Y, J Bae (2005) Chronic exposure of low-dose radiation and cancer risks among nuclear power plant workers in Korea. Proceedings of the Forty-Eighth Annual Meeting of the Japan Radiation Research Society/The First Asian Congress of Radiation Research, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Japan, Abstract S11–2, p 89
Jin YW, M Jeong, SH Sung et al (2002) Epidemiological investigation of deaths among radiation workers in nuclear power plants of Korea. J Korea Assoc Radiat Prot 27:233–237
Howe GR, LB Zablotska, JJ Fix et al (2004) Analysis of the mortality experience amongst U.S. nuclear power industry workers after chronic low-dose exposure to ionizing radiation. Radiat Res 162:517–526
Howe GR (1995) Lung cancer mortality between 1950 and 1987 after exposure to fractionated moderate-dose-rate ionizing radiation in the Canadian Fluoroscopy Cohort Study and a comparison with lung cancer mortality in the Atomic Bomb Survivors Study. Radiat Res 142:295–304
Davis FG, JD Boice, H Hrubec et al (1989) Lung cancer mortality in a radiation-exposed cohort of Massachusetts tuberculosis patients. Cancer Res 49:6130–6136
Luckey TD (2003) A Rosetta stone for ionizing radiation. ROS Magazine 8:22–30; lung cancer in Sweden. N Engl J Med 330:159–164
Berrington A, SC Darby, HA Weiss et al (2001) 100 years of observation on British radiologists: mortality from cancer and other causes 1987–1997. Br J Radiol 74:507–519
Doody MM, JS Mandel, JH Lubin et al (1998) Mortality among USA radiologic technologists 1926–1990. Cancer Causes Control 9:67–75
Yoshinaga S, T Aoyama, Y Yoshimoto et al (1999) Cancer mortality among radiological technologists in Japan: updated analysis of follow-up data from 1969 to 1993. J Epidemiol 9:61–72
Sanders CL (2006) Hormesis as a confounding factor in epidemiological studies of radiation carcinogenesis. Korean Assoc Radiat Prot 31:69–89
Baysson H, M Tirmarche, G Tymen et al (2004) Indoor radon and lung cancer in France. Epidemiology 15:709–716
Krewski D, JH Lubin, JM Zielinski et al (2005) Residential radon and risk of lung cancer. A combined analysis of 7 North American case-control studies. Epidemiology 16:137–145
Sanders CL (2008) Prevention of cigarette smoke induced lung cancer by low LET ionizing radiation. Nuclear Engineering and Technol 40:539–550
Crump KS (2006) The effect of random error in exposure measurement upon the shape of the exposure response. Dose-Response 3:456–464
Lubin JH, JD Boice, C Edling et al (1995) Lung cancer in radon-exposed miners and estimation of risk from indoor exposure. J Natl Cancer Inst 87:817–827
Lubin JH, L Tomasek, C Edling et al (1997) Estimating lung cancer mortality from residential radon using data for low exposures of miners. Radiat Res 147:126–134
Pavia M, A Bianco, C Pileggi, IF Angelillo (2003) Meta-analysis of residential exposure to radon gas and lung cancer. Bull World Health Organization 81:732–738
Yarmoshenko I V, IA Kirdin, MV Zhukovsky et al (2003) Meta analysis of epidemiological case control studies of lung cancer risk and indoor radon exposure. Med Radiol Radiat Prot 48:33–43 (in Russian)
Darby S, D Hill, A Auvinen et al (2005) Radon in homes and risk of lung cancer: collaborative analysis of individual data from 13 European case-control studies. Br Med J 330:223–228
Lubin JH, JD Boice (1997) Lung cancer risk from residential radon: meta-analysis of eight epidemiological studies. J Natl Cancer Inst 89:49–57
Lubin JH, ZY Wang, JD Boice et al (2004) Risk of lung cancer and residential radon in China: Pooled results of two studies. Int J Cancer 109:132–137
Neuberger JS, TF Gesell (2002). Residential radon exposure and lung cancer: risk in nonsmok-ers. Health Phys 83:1–18
Neuberger JS, RW Field (2003) Occupation and lung cancer in nonsmokers. Rev Environ Health 18:251–267
National Research Council (1999) Committee on Health Risks of Exposure to Radon, Health Effects of Exposure to Radon (BEIR VI), National Academy Press, Washington, DC
Thomas DC, KG McNeill, C Dougherty (1985) Estimates of lifetime lung-cancer risks resulting from Rn progeny exposures. Health Phys 49:825–846
Scott BR, SA Belinsky, S Leng et al (2009) Radiation-stimulated epigenetic reprogramming of adaptive-response genes in the lung-an evolutionary gift for mounting adaptive protection against lung cancer. Dose Response 7:104 –131
Luxin WEI, T Sugahara, Z Tao (1997) High level of natural radiation 1966: radiation dose and health effects. Elsevier, Amsterdam
Lubin JH (1994) Invited commentary: lung cancer and exposure to residential radon. Am J Epidemiol 140:323–332
NCRP (National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements) (1987) Exposure of the population in the United States and Canada from natural background radiation. NCRP Report No. 94, Bethesda, MD
Thompson RE, DF Nelson, JH Popkin et al (2008) Case-control study of lung cancer risk from residential radon exposure in Worcester County, Massachusetts. Health Phys 94:228–241
Mitsunobu F, K Yamaoka, K Hanamoto et al (2003) Elevation of antioxidant enzymes in the clinical effects of radon and thermal therapy for bronchial asthma. J Radiat Res 44:95–99
Yamaoka K, C Sugie, S Futatsugawa et al (2005) Basic study of biologic effects of Thoron hot spring on hypertension. Proceedings of the Forty-Eighth Annual Meeting of the Japan Radiation Research Society/ the First Asian Congress of Radiation Research, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Japan. Abstract P-A-108, p 139
Takahashi M, S Kojima (2006) Suppression of atopic dermatitis and tumor metastasis in mice by small amounts of radon. Radiat Res 165:337–342
Franke A, L Reiner, P Pratzel et al (2000) Longterm efficacy of radon spa therapy in rheumatoid arthritis — a randomized, sham-controlled study and follow-up. Rheumatology 39:894–902
Bogoljubov WM (1988) Clinical aspects of radon therapy in the USSR. Z Phys Med Balneol Med Klimatol 17:58–63
City of Fort Collins, CO (2005). Air Quality Department, http://www.ci.fort-collins.co.us/ airqulaity/radon-health
Hickey RJ, EJ Bowers, DE Spence et al (1981) Low level ionizing radiation and human mortality: multi-regional epidemiological studies. Health Phys 40:625–641
Frigerio NA, RS Stowe (1976) Carcinogenic and genetic hazards from background radiation, vol 2, IAEA, Vienna, pp 385–393
Nambi KSV, SD Soman (1987) Environmental radiation and cancer in India. Health Phys 52:653–657
Sun Q, ZS Akiba, Z Tao et al (2000) Excess risk of solid cancer mortality after prolonged exposure to naturally occurring high background radiation in Yangjiang, China. J Radiat Res 41(Suppl):43–52
Tao T, Y Zha, S Akiba et al (2000) Cancer mortality in the high background radiation areas of Yangjiang, China during the period between 1979 and 1995. J Radiat Res 41(Suppl): 31–41)
Auvenin A, Maekelaeinen I, Hakama M et al (1996) Indoor radon exposure and risk of lung cancer: a nested case-control study in Finland. J Natl Cancer Inst 88:966–972
Letourneau EG, Y Mao, RG McGregor et al (1983) Lung cancer mortality and indoor radon concentrations in 18 Canadian cities. In: Proceedings of the Sixteenth Midyear Topical Meeting of the Health Physics Society. National Technical Information Service, CONF-830101, UC-41, Albuquerque, NM, pp 470–438
Mortazavi SMJ, T Ikushima (2006) Open questions regarding implications of radioadaptive response in the estimation of the risks of low-level exposures in nuclear workers. Int J Low Radiat 2:88–96
Neuberger JS (1992) Residential radon exposure and lung cancer: an overview of ongoing studies. Health Phys 63:503–509
Wang Z, JH Lubin, L Wang et al (2002) Residential radon and lung cancer risk in a highexposure area of Gansu Province, China. Am J Epidemiol 155:554–564
Ghiassi-Nejad M, M Mortazavi (2005) Radiation adaptive response observed in residents in high level natural area of Ramsar. Proceedings of the Forty-Eighth Annual Meeting of the Japan Radiation Research Society/ the First Asian Congress of Radiation Research, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Japan. Abstract S4-2-2, p 81
Bowie C, SHU Bowie (1991) Radon and health. Lancet 337:409–413
Jagger J (1998) Natural background radiation and cancer death in Rocky Mountain states and Gulf Coast states. Health Phys 75:428–430
Wei L, T Sugahara (2000) An introductory overview of the epidemiological study on the population at the high background radiation areas in Yangjiang, China. J Radiat Res (Toyko) 41(Suppl):1–7
National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements (2001) Evaluation of the linear-nonthreshold model for ionizing radiation. NCRP Report 136, Bethesda, MD: National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements, p 6
Haynes RM (1988) The distribution of domestic radon concentrations and lung cancer mortality in England and Wales. Radiat Prot Dosim 25:93–96
Arndt D (1992) Die Strahlenexposition in den Bergbaugebieten Sachsens und Thüringens. In: Reiners CHR et al (ed) Strahlenschutz in Forschung und Praxis, vol 33, Stuttgart, 47–60
Kreienbrock L, M Kreuzer, M Gerken et al (2001) Case-control study on lung cancer and residential radon in western Germany. Am J Epidemiol 153:42–52
Sobue T, VS Lee, W Ye et al (2000) Residential radon exposure and lung cancer risk in Misasa, Japan: a case-control study. J Radiat Res 41:81–92
Cohen BL (1995) Test of the linear no-threshold theory of radiation carcinogenesis for inhaled radon decay products. Health Phys 68:157–174
Cohen B (1990) A test of the linear no-threshold theory of radiation carcinogenesis. Environ Res 53:193–220
Cohen BL (1987) Tests of the linear, no-threshold dose-response relationship for high-LET radiation. Health Phys 52:629–636
Cohen BL (1993) Test of the linear no-threshold theory of radiation carcinogenesis for inhaled radon decay products. Health Phys 56:154–174
Cohen BL (2000) Updates and extensions to tests of the linear no-threshold theory. Technology 7:657–672
Mao Y, J Hu, A-M Ugnat et al (2001) Socioeconomic status and lung cancer risk in Canada. Int J Epidemiol 30:809–817
Cohen BL (2001) Radon exposure and the risk of lung cancer. J Radiat Prot 21:64–66
Puskin JS (2003) Smoking as a confounder in ecologic correlations of cancer mortality rates with average county radon levels. Health Phys 84:526–532
Cohen BL (2004) Response to “residential radon exposures and lung cancer risk: Commentary on Cohen's county-based study”. Health Phys 87:656–658
Stidley CA, JM Samet (1993) A review of ecologic studies of lung cancer and indoor radon. Health Phys 65:234–251
Van Pelt WR (2003) Epidemiological associations among lung cancer, radon exposure and elevation above sea level-a reassessment of cohen's county level radon study. Health Phys 85:397–403
Huff RL, JH Lawrence et al (1951) Effects of changes in altitude on hematopoietic activity. Medicine 30:197–217
Heath CW, PD Bond, DG Hoel et al (2004) Residential radon exposure and lung cancer risk: commentary on Cohen's county-based study. Health Phys 87:647–655
Price P (2004) Assessing uncertainties in the relationship between inhaled particle concentrations, internal deposition, and health effects. In: Ruzer LS (ed) Aerosol handbook: measurement, dosimetry and health effects. CRC-Taylor & Francis, pp 157–188
Lachet B (2005) Indoor radon and lung cancer. Letters to the Editor. Epidemiol 17:121
Cavallo A, A Hutter, P Shebel (1999) Radon progeny unattached fraction in an atmosphere far from radioactive equilibrium. Health Phys 76:532–536
James AC, A Birchall A, GH Akabani (2002) Comparative dosimetry of BEIR VI revisited. Radiat Prot Dosim 108:3–26
Puskin JS, AC James (2006) Radon exposure assessment and dosimetry applied to epidemiology and risk estimation. Radiat Res 166:193–208
Bruske-Hohfeld I, AS Rosario, G Wolke et al (2006) Lung cancer risk among former uranium miners of the Wismut Company in Germany. Health Phys 90:208–216
Cothern CR (1999) Indoor air radon. Environ Geochem Health 21:83–90
Lin C Y, A Gelman, PN Price et al (1999) Analysis of local decisions using hierarchial modeling, applied to home radon radon measurement and remediation. Statistical Science 14:305–337
Blot WJ, Z-Y Xu, JD Boice et al (1990) Indoor radon and lung cancer in China. J Natl Cancer Inst 82:10–25
Kreuzer M, J Heinrich, G Wolke et al (2003) Residential radon and risk of lung cancer in Eastern Germany. Epidemiology 14:559–568
Letourneau EG, D Krewski, NW Choi et al (1994) Case-control study of residential radon and lung cancer in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada. Am J Epidemiol 140:310–322
Krewski D, SN Rai, JM Zielinski et al (1999) Characterization of uncertainty and variability in residential radon cancer risks. Ann N Y Acad Sci 895:245–272
Kauffman JM (2003) Radiation hormesis: demonstrated, deconstructed, denied, dismissed, and some implications for public policy. J Scientific Exploration 17:389–407
Barros-Dios JM, MS Barreiro, A Ruano-Ravina et al (2002) Exposure to residential radon and lung cancer in Spain: a population-based case-control study. Am J Epidemiol 156:548–555
Lagarde F, G Axelsson, L Damber et al (2001) Residential radon and lung cancer among never-smokers in Sweden. Epidemiology 12:396–404
Wichmann H-E, A Schaffrath Rosario, IM Heid et al (2005) Increased lung cancer risk due to residential radon in a pooled and extended analysis of studies in Germany. Health Phys 88:71–79
Alavanja MCR, JH Lubin, JA Mahaffey et al (1999) Residential radon exposure and risk of lung cancer in Missouri. Am J Public Health 89:1042–1048
Tracy BL, D Krewski, J Chen et al (2006) Assessment and management of residential radon health risks: a report from the Health Canada radon workshop. J Toxicol Environ Health Part A 69:735–758
Yarmoshenko I, I Kirdin, M Zhukovsky (2006) Uncertainty analysis of relative biological effectiveness of alpha-radiation for human lung exposure. J Toxicol Environ Health Part A 69:665–679
Saccomano G, C Yale, W Dixon et al (1986) An epidemiological analysis of the relationship between exposure to Rn progeny, smoking and bronchogenic carcinoma in the U-mining population of the Colorado plateau-1960–1980. Health Phys 50:605–618
Leuraud K, S Billon, D. Bergot et al (2007) Lung cancer risk associated to exposure to radon and smoking in a case-control study of French uranium miners. Health Phys 92:371–378
Duport P (2002) Is the radon risk overestimated? Neglected doses in the estimation of the risk of lung cancer in uranium underground miners. Radiat Prot Dosim 98:329–338
Saccomanno G, O Auerbach, M Kuschner et al (1996) A comparison between the localization of lung tumors in uranium miners and in non-miners from 1947 to 1991. Cancer 77:1278–1283
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) (2004) Air toxics risk assessment reference library. vol 1, Technical Resource Manual, Office of Air Quality Planning Standards, Emissions Standards Division.
International Agency for Research on Cancer (1997) IARC monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans, vol 68: Silica, some silicates, coal dust and paraaramin fibrils. IARC, Lyon
Gilliland FD, WC Hunt, VE Archer et al (2000) Radon progeny exposure and lung cancer risk among non-smoking uranium miners. Health Phys 79:365–372
Roscoe RJ, K Steenland, WE Halperin (1989) Lung cancer mortality among nonsmoking uranium miners exposed to radon daughters. J Am Med Assoc 262:629–633
Woodward A, D Roder, AJ McMichael et al (1991) Radon daughter exposures at the Radium Hill uranium mine and lung cancer rates among former workers, 1952–87. Cancer Causes Control 2:213–220
Tomasek L, A Rogel, M Tirmarche et al (2008) Lung cancer in French and Czech uranium miners: Radon-associated risk at low exposure rates and modifying effects of time since exposure and age at exposure. Radiat Res 169:125–137
Xiang-Zhen X, JH Lubin, L Jun-Yao et al (1993) A cohort study in southern China of tin miners exposed to radon and radon decay products. Health Phys 64:120–131
Darby SC, E Whitley, GR Howe et al (1995) Radon and cancers other than lung cancer in underground miners: a collaborative analysis of 11 studies. J Natl Cancer Inst 87:378–384
Rowlands RE, AF Stheney, HF Lucas (1983) Dose-response relationships for radium-induced bone sarcomas. Health Phys 44(S1):15–31
Andersson M, HH Strom (1992) Cancer incidence among Danish thorotrast patients. J Natl Cancer Inst 4:1318–1325
Van Kaick G, H Wesch, H Luhrs et al (1991) Neoplastic diseases induced by chronic alpha irradiation. Epidemiological, biophysical and clinical results by the German Thoratrast study. J Radiat Res 32:20–33
Tokarskaya ZB, GV Zhuntova, BR Scott et al (2006) Influence of alpha and gamma radiations and non-radiation risk factors on the incidence of malignant liver tumors among Mayak workers. Health Phys 91:296–310
Wiggs LD, CA Cox-DeVore, G Voelz (1991) Mortality among a cohort of workers monitored for 210Po exposure: 1944–1972. Health Phys 61:71–76
McGeoghegan D, K Binks (2000) The mortality and cancer morbidity experience of workers at the Springfields uranium production facility, 1946–95. J Radiol Prot 20:111–137
McGeoghegan D, K Binks (2000) The mortality and cancer morbidity experience of workers at the Capenhurst uranium enrichment facility 1946–95. J Radiol Prot 20:381–401
Brown SC, MF Schonbeck, D McClure et al (2004) Lung cancer and internal lung doses among plutonium workers at the Rocky Flats plant: a case-control study. Am J Epidemiol 160:163–172
Wilkinson GS, TGL ietjen, LD Wiggs et al (1987) Mortality among plutonium and other radiation workers at a plutonium weapons facility. Am J Epidemiol 125:231–250
Tietjen GL (1987) Plutonium and lung cancer. Health Phys 52:625–628
Voelz GL, CS Wilkinson, JF Acquavelle (1983) An update of epidemiologic studies of plutonium workers. Health Phys 44(Suppl 1):493–503
Voelz GL, JNP Lawrence, ER Johnson (1997) Fifty years of plutonium exposure to the Manhattan project plutonium workers: an update. Health Phys 73:611–619
Tokarskaya ZB, ND Okladnikova, ZD Belyaeva et al (1997) Multifactorial analysis of lung cancer dose-response relationships for workers at the Mayak nuclear enterprise. Health Phys 73:899–905
Tokarskaya ZB, BR Scott, GV Zhuntova et al (2002) Interaction of radiation and smoking in lung cancer induction among workers at the Mayak nuclear enterprise. Health Phys 83:833–846
Koshurnikova NA, MG Bolotnikova, LA Iyin et al (1998) Lung cancer risk due to exposure to incorporated plutonium. Radiat Res 149:366–371
Khokryakov V, S Romanov (1994) Lung cancer in radiochemical industry workers. The Science of the Total Environment 142:25–28
Belyaeva ZD, SV Osovets, BR Scott et al (2008) Modeling of respiratory system dysfunction among nuclear workers: a preliminary study. Dose-Response 6:319–332
Jacob V, P Jacob, R Meckbach et al (2005) Lung cancer in Mayak workers: interaction of smoking and plutonium exposure. Radiat Environ Biophys 44:119–129
Tokarskaya EB, ND Okladnikova, ZD Belyaeva et al (1995) The influence of radiation and nonradiation factors on the lung cancer incidence among the workers of the nuclear enterprise “Mayak.” Health Phys 69:356–366
Khokhriakov VF, SA Romanov (1996) Estimation of the temporal distribution and dose dependency of lung cancer among workers of nuclear fuel reprocessing plant. Health Phys 71:83–85
Sanders CL, GE Dagle, WC Cannon et al (1976) Inhalation carcinogenesis of high-fired 239PuO2 in rats. Radiat Res 68:340–360
Sanders CL, D Lundgren (1995) Pulmonary carcinogenesis in the F344 and Wistar rat following inhalation of 239PuO2. Rad Res 144:206–214
Mitchel REJ, Gragtmans NJ, Morrison DP (1999) Beta-radiation-induced resistance to MNNG initiation of papilloma but not carcinoma formation in mouse skin. Radiat Res 121:180–186
Sakai K, Y Hoshi, T Nomura et al (2003) Suppression of carcinogenic processes in mice by chronic low dose rat gamma-irradiation. Intern J Low Radiation 1:142–146
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Appendix
Appendix
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2010 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
(2010). Lung Cancer. In: Sanders, C.L. (eds) Radiation Hormesis and the Linear-No-Threshold Assumption. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-03720-7_9
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-03720-7_9
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-03719-1
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-03720-7
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)