Summary
Tissue engineering (TE) is the application of principles and methods of engineering and life sciences towards the fundamental understanding of structure–function relationships in normal and pathological mammalian tissues and the development of biological substitutes to restore, maintain or improve tissue function.
One key component to TE is using three-dimensional porous scaffolds to guide cells during the regeneration process. These scaffolds are intended to provide cells with an environment that promotes cell attachment, proliferation, and differentiation. After sufficient tissue regeneration using in vitro culturing methods, the scaffold/tissue structure is implanted into the patient, where the scaffold will degrade away, thereby leaving only regenerated tissue; on a different approach, non-cellularised scaffolds are inserted into the patient to elicit in vivo cell recruitment, growth and tissue regeneration. Tissue-engineered scaffolds need to meet both the biological goals of tissue formation and the stresses and loading conditions present in the human body. For this reason, any design approach must ensure that the mechanical properties of the resulting scaffold structure are compatible and optimally match the requirements from the environment, that, respectively, are the cell adhesion transmembrane protein, the cytoskeleton structure, the cell population. The need to design scaffold structures, the need for precision control during their fabrication and for determining the metrological indices and the need to characterise their structural behaviour at different scales have lead to numerous experimental and computational challenges. In particular, there is a need for modelling and test tissue at multiple scales to gain insight into issues such as drug delivery, drug interaction, gene expression and cellular–environment interactions. The analysis of the tissue constructs at different scales includes a macro-scale model where the macro-scale tissue construct is characterised, a multi-cellular model where a sufficiently large multi-cellular representative element volume is selected to represent a microstructure of the tissue construct and a single cell model wherein the microstructures of the cell like the nucleus and the cytoplasm have been incorporated. A multi-scale approach is already being applied to bridge nano- and micro-scales as well as micro- and macro-scales within various research areas in TE.
In this chapter, a review of the experimental and modelling techniques used for the evaluation, at different scales, of the mechanical and morphological properties of bioartificial scaffolds and matrices, such as compression testing, nanoindentation, AFM technique, Dynamical Mechanical Analysis (DMA), micro-CT, microMR, Asymptotic Homogenisation Theory, Finite Element Analysis (FEA), Rule-of-Mixtures, is proposed.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
P. Akhyari, H. Kamiya, A. Haverich, M. Karck, A. Lichtenberg, Eur. J. Cardiothorac. Surg. 34, 229–241 (2008)
D.W. Hutmacher, Biomaterials 21, 2529–2543 (2000)
T. Nishida, K. Yasumoto, T. Otori, J. Desaki, Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 29(12), 1887–1890 (1988)
T. Takezawa, Biomaterials 24, 2267–2275 (2003)
D.W. Hutmacher, A. Kirsch, K.L. Ackermann, M.B. Huerzeler, in Biological matrices and tissue reconstruction, ed. by G.B. Stark, R. Horch, E. Tangos. (Springer, Heidelberg, Germany, 1998), pp. 197–206
D.W. Hutmacher, J. Biomater. Sci. Polymer Ed. 12, 107–124 (2001)
C. Gomez, A Unit Cell Based Multi-scale Modeling and Design Approach for Tissue Engineered Scaffolds, Ph.D Thesis, Drexel University 2007
A.B. Saim, Y. Cao, Y. Weng, C.N. Chang, M.A. Vacanti, C.A. Vacanti, R.D. Eavey, Laryngoscope 110, 1694–1697 (2000)
A. Atala, S.B. Bauer, S. Soker, J.J. Yoo, A.B. Retik, Lancet 367, 1215–1216 (2006)
F.J. O’Brien, B.A. Harley, M.A. Waller, I.V. Yannas, L.J. Gibson, P.J. Prendergast, Technol Health Care 15(1), 3–17 (2007)
M. Knothe-Tate, U. Knothe, J.Biomech. 33, 247–254 (2000)
P.A. Netti, D.A. Berk, M.A. Swartz, A.J. Grodzinsky, R.K. Jain, Can. Res. 60, 2497–2503 (2000)
C.A. Znati, M. Rosenstein, T.D. McKee, E. Brown, D. Turner, W.D. Bloomer, S. Watkins, R.K. Jain, Y. Boucher, Clin. Can. Res. 9, 5508–5513 (2003)
J.M. Mansour, V.C. Mow, J. Bone Joint Surg. 58A(4), 509–516 (1976)
I. Owan, D.B. Burr, C.H. Turner, J. Qiu, Y. Tu, J.E. Onyia, Am. J. Physiol. 273(3), C810–C815 (1997)
M.V. Hillsley, J.A. Frangos, Biotech. Bioeng. 43, 573–581 (1994)
P.J. Prendergast, R. Huiskes, K. Søballe, J. Biomech. 30(6), 539–548 (1997)
C.M. Agrawal, J.S. McKinney, D. Lanctot, K.A. Athanasiou, Biomat 21, 2443–2452 (2000)
L.I. Shihong, J.R.D. Wijn, L.I. Jiaping, P. Layrolle, K. De Groot, Tiss. Eng. 9(3), 535–548 (2003)
J.R. Levick, Quar. J. Exper. Physiol. 72, 409–438 (1987)
M.J. Dalby, Med. Eng. Phys. 279(9), 730–742 (2007)
A. Katsumi, A.W. Orr, E. Tzima, M.A. Schwartz, J Biol Chem 279(13), 12001–12004 (2004)
S. Huang, D.E. Ingber, Nat Cell Biol 1(5), E131–8 (1999)
P.A. Anderson, A. Manring, J.R. Sommer, E.A. Johnson, J Mol Cell Cardiol 8(2), 123–43 (1976)
G. Macchiarelli, O. Ohtani, Heart 86(4), 416 (2001)
W. Sun, P. Lal, Comput. Methods Programs Biomed. 67, 85–103 (2002)
N.J. Mankovich, D.R. Robertson, A.M. Cheeseman, J. Digit Imaging 3(2), 69–80 (1990)
J.P. Hornak, The Basics of MRI, (1996) availbale at: http://www.cis.rit.edu /htbooks/mri/
H. Libouban et al., J. Histotechnol. 24, 81–86 (2001)
N.E. Lane, W. Yao, J.H. Kinney, G. Modin, M. Balooch, T.J. Wronski, J. Bone Miner Res 18(12), 2105–2115 (2003)
M.A. Marko, D. Leith, D. Parsons, J. Electron Microsc. Tech. 9(4), 395–411 (1988)
M. Viceconti, C. Zannoni, L. Pierotti, Comput. Methods Program Biomed. 56(3), 211–220 (1998)
M. Viceconti, M. Casali, B. Massari, L. Cristofolini, S. Bassini, A. Toni, J. Biomech. 29(9), 1241 (1996)
M. Viceconti, C. Zannoni, D. Testi, A. Capello, Comput. Methods Program Biomed. 59, 159–166 (1999)
F. Ko, C.T. Laurencin, M.A. Attawia, Fiber architecture for tissue engineering, MRS Meeting, Boston, December 1–5, 1997
F. Ko, C.T. Laurencin, M.D. Borden, M.A. Attawia, The role of fiber architecture in tissue engineering, Proceeding of Composites: Design for Performance, Lake Louise, Canada, October 12–17 (1997), p. 195
F. Ko, C.T. Laurencin, M.D. Borden, D. Reneker, The Dynamics of Cell–Fiber Interaction, Society of Biomaterials, (1998)
C.T. Laurencin, F. Ko, M.A. Attawia, M.D. Borden, Cells Mater. 8 175–181 (1998)
C.T. Laurencin, F. Ko, M.D. Borden, J.A. Cooper, W.J. Li, M.A. Attawia, Fiber-based tissue engineered scaffolds for musculoskletal applications: in vitro cellular response, MRS Symposium Proceedings, Pittsburgh, (1999)
A. Linder, H.P. Wolf, I.M. Watzke, Transfer of the habitual occlusion to 3-D reconstructed skull (stereolithography) with face bow and its application, Proceedings of the Fifth International Congress on Preprosthetic Surgery, Hofburg-Vienna, Austria, April 15–18, 1993
N. Mankovich, D. Curtis, T. Kugawa, J. Prosthet. Dent. 55, 606–609 (1985)
N. Mankovich, A. Cheeseman, N. Stoker, J. Digit. Imaging 3, 200–203 (1990)
N. Mankovich, A. Yue, Solid Models for CT/MR image display: accuracy and utility in surgical planning, in: Medical Imaging V: Image Capture, Formatting and Display, SPIE, San Jose, CA, (1991). pp. 2–8
L. Klimek, H.M. Klein, R. Mo, in Computer Integrated Surgery, ed. by R.H. Taylor, (1996), pp. 663–671
P. Quadrani, A. Pasini, M. Mattioli-Belmonte, C. Zannoni, A. Tampieri, E. Landi, F. Giantomassi, D. Natali, F. Casali, G. Biagini, A. Tomei-Minardi, Med. Biol. Eng. Comput. 43, 196–199 (2005)
C.K. Chua, K.F. Leong, C.S. Lim, Rapid Prototyping: Principles and Applications in Manufacturing, (World Scientific, Singapore)
M.H. Too, K.F. Leong, C.K. Chua, C.M. Cheah, S.L. Ho, Feasibility of tissue engineering scaffolds fabrication using fused deposition modelling, Proceedings of the Seventh Australian and New Zealand Conference on Intelligent Information Systems (ANZIIS), (2001), pp. 433–8
M.H. Too, K.F. Leong, C.K. Chua, Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol. 19, 217–23 (2002)
D.T. Pham, R.S. Gault, Int. J. Mach. Tools Manuf. 38, 1257 (1998)
K.U. Koch, B. Biesinger, C. Arnholz, V. Jansson, Creating of bio-compatible, high stress resistant and resorbable implants using multiphase jet solidification technology, Rapid News Publication, 209–214 (1992)
C.X.F. Lam, X.M. Mo, S.H. Teoh, D.W. Hutmacher, Mater. Sci. Eng. C 20, 49–56 (2002)
L. Lu, A.G. Mikos, MRS Bull. 11, 28–32 (1996)
R.C. Thomson, M.J. Yaszemski, A.G. Mikos, in Principles of tissue engineering, ed. by R.P. Lanza, R. Langer, W.L. Chick, (Landes R.G. Co., Austin, TX, USA, 1997), pp. 263–272
M.S. Widmer, A.G. Mikos, in Frontiers in tissue engineering ed. by C.W. Patrick, A.G. Mikos, V. McIntirel (Elsevier Science, New York, USA, 1998), pp. 107–120
K.F. Leong, C.M. Cheah, C.K. Chua, Tissue Eng. 8(6), 1113 (2002)
R. Petzold, F. Zeilhofer, W.A. Kalender, Comput. Med. Imaging Graphics. 23, 277–284 (1999)
P. Potamianos, A.A. Amis, A.J. Forester, M. McGurk, M. Bircher, Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. 212, 383–393 (1998)
S. Yang, K.H.F. Leong, Z. Du, C.K. Chua, Tissue Eng. 7, 679–689 (2002)
I. Zein, D.W. Hutmacher, K.C. Tan, S.H. Teoh, Biomaterials 23, 1169–1185 (2002)
S.J. Hollister, R.A. Levy, T.M. Chu, J.W. Halloran, S.E. Feinberg, Int. J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg. 29, 67–71 (2000)
M.W. Naing, C.K. Chua, K.F. Leong, Y. Wang, Rapid Prototyping J. 11(4), 249–259 (2005)
C.M. Cheah, C.K. Chua, K.F. Leong, C.H. Cheong, M.W. Naing, Tissue Eng. 10, 595–609 (2004)
J.M. Taboas, R.D. Maddox, P.H. Krebsbach, S.J. Hollister, Biomaterials 24, 181–94 (2003)
K.F. Leong, C.M. Cheah, C.K. Chua, Biomaterials 24, 2363–2378 (2003)
A.G. Mikos, J.S. Temenoff, Electron. J. Biotechnol. 3(2), 114–119 (2000)
S.N. Bhatia, C.S. Chen, Biomed. Microdevices 2(2), 131–44 (1999)
B.S. Chang, C.K. Lee, K.S. Hong, H.J. Youn, H.S. Ryu, S.S. Chung, K.W. Park, Biomaterials 21, 1291–1298 (2000)
P. Habibovic, H. Yuan, C.M. van der Valk, Biomaterials 26, 3565–3575 (2005)
M. Okamoto, Y. Dohi, H. Ohgushi, H. Shimaoka, M. Ikeuchi, A. Matsushima, K. Yonemasu, H. Hoso, J Materials Science Mater. Med. 17, 327–336 (2006)
H. Yuan, K. Kurashina, J.D. de Bruijn, Y. Li, K. de Groot, X. Zhang, Biomaterials 20, 1799–1806 (1999)
R.C. Tsay, J. Vo, A. Burke, S.B. Eisig, H.H. Lu, R. Landesberg, J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg. 63, 521–528 (2005)
M. Klein, H. Goetz, S. Pazen, B.l. AlNawas, W. Wagner, H. Duschner, Clin. Oral Implants Res. 20(1), 67–74 (2009)
T. Hildebrand, P. Ruegsegger, Comput. Methods Biomech. Biomed. Eng. 1, 15–23 (1997)
J. Rich, H. Korhonen, R. Hakala, J. Korventausta, L. Elomaa, J. Seppälä, Macromol Biosci. (2009)
A.C. Jones, C.H. Arns, A.P. Sheppard, D.W. Hutmacher, B.K. Milthorpe, A.M. Knackstedt, Biomaterials 28, 2491–2504 (2007)
O. Gauthier, R. Müller, D. von Stechow, B. Lamy, P. Weiss, J.M. Bouler, E. Aguado, G. Daculsi, Biomaterials 26(27), 5444–53 (2005)
S.T. Ho, D.W. Hutmacher, Biomaterials 27(8), 1362–76 (2006)
A. Goyal, Y. Wang, H. Su, L.W. Dobrucki, M. Brennan, P. Fong, A. Dardik, G. Tellides, A. Sinusas, J.S. Pober, W.M. Saltzman, C.K. Breuer, J. Pediatr. Surg. 41, 787–791 (2006)
L.E. Niklason, J. Gao, W.M. Abbott, K.K. Hirschi, S. Houser, R. Marini, R. Langer, Science 284, 489–493 (1999)
G. Matsumura, N. Hibino, Y. Ikada, H. Kurosawa, T. Shin’oka, Biomaterials 24, 2303–2308 (2003)
B.J.R.F. Bolland, J.M. Kanczler, D.G. Dunlop, R.O. Oreffo, Bone 43, 195–202 (2008)
E.M. Brey, T.W. King, C. Johnston, L.V. McIntire, G.P. Reece, C.W. Patrick, Microvasc Res 63, 279–94 (2002)
B.J.R.F. Bolland, S. Tilley, A.M. New, D.G. Dunlop, R.O. Oreffo, Expert Rev Med Devices 4, 393–404 (2007)
H. Peng, A. Usas, A. Olshanski, A.M. Ho, B. Gearhart, G.M. Cooper, J. Huard, J. Bone Miner Res 20, 2017–27 (2005)
J.M. Kanczler, J. Barry, P. Ginty, S.M. Howdle, K.M. Shakesheff, R.O. Oreffo, Biochem Biophys Res Commun 352, 135–41 (2007)
A.C. Langheinrich, E.L. Ritman, Invest Radiol 41, 645–50 (2006)
V. Djonov, A.C. Andres, A. Ziemiecki, Microsc Res Tech 52, 182–9 (2001)
E. Toyota, K. Fujimoto, Y. Ogasawara, T. Kajita, F. Shigeto, T. Matsumoto, M. Goto, F. Kajiya, Circulation 105(5), 621–6 (2002)
D.C. Moore, C.W. Leblanc, R. Muller, J.J. Crisco, M.G. Ehrlich, J. Orthop Res 21(3), 489–96 (2003)
G.L. Kindlmann, D.M. Weinstein, G.M. Jones, C.R. Johnson, M.R. Capecchi, C. Keller, Mol Imaging 4, 417–24 (2005)
S. Heinzer, T. Krucker, M. Stampanoni, R. Abela, E.P. Meyer, A. Schuler, P. Schneider, R. Muller, Neuroimage 32(2), 626–36 (2006)
C.L. Duvall, W.R. Taylor, D. Weiss, R.E. Guldberg, Am. J. Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 287, H302–10 (2004)
N.M. Malyar, L.O. Lerman, M. Gossl, P.E. Beighley, E. Ritman, Circulation 110, 1946–52 (2004)
M. Cioffi, F. Boschetti, M.T. Raimondi, G. Dubini, Biotechnol Bioeng. 93(3), 500–10 (2006)
I. Martin, B. Obradovic, S. Treppo, A.J. Grodzinsky, R. Langer, L.E. Freed, G. Vunjak-Novakovic, Biorheology 37, 141–147 (2000)
I. Martin, D. Wendt, M. Heberer, Rev Trends Biotechnol 22(2), 80–86 (2004)
B.D. Porter, A.S. Lin, A. Peister, D. Hutmacher, R.E. Guldberg, Biomaterials 28(15), 2525–33 (2007)
G.N. Bancroft, V.I. Sikavitsas, J. van den Dolder, T.L. Sheffield, C.G. Ambrose, J.A. Jansen, A.G. Mikos, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 99(20), 12600–12605 (2002)
S.H. Cartmell, B.D. Porter, A.J. Garcia, R.E. Guldberg, Tissue Eng. 9(6), 1197–203 (2003)
V.I. Sikavitsas, G.N. Bancroft, H.L. Holtorf, J.A. Jansen, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 100(25), 14683–14688 (2003)
J. Klein-Nulend, M.H. Helfrich, J.G. Sterck, H. MacPherson, M. Joldersma, S.H. Ralston, C.M. Semeins, E.H. Burger, Biochem Biophys Res Commun 250(1), 108–14 (1998)
T.N. McAllister, T. Du, J.A. Frangos, Biochem Biophys Res Commun 270(2), 643–8 (2000)
F. Boschetti, M.T. Raimondi, F. Migliavacca, G. Dubini, J Biomech 39(3), 418–25 (2006)
B. Porter, R. Zauel, H. Stockman, R. Guldberg, J. Biomech 38(3), 543–9 (2005)
C. Provin, K. Takano, Y. Sakai, T. Fujii, R. Shirakashi, J. Biomech 41(7), 1436–49 (2008)
V. Mironov, T. Boland, T. Trusk, G. Forgacs, R.R. Markwald, Trends Biotechnol. 21(4), 157–161 (2003)
C.J. Bettinger, E.J. Weinberg, K.M. Kulig, J.P. Vacanti, Y. Wang, J.T. Borenstein, R. Langer, Adv. Mater. 18, 165–169 (2006)
T.H. Yang, H. Miyoshi, N. Ohshima, J Biomed. Mater. Res. 55, 379–386 (2001)
J. Malda, T.B.F. Woodfield, F. van der Vloodt, F.K. Kooy, D.E. Martens, J. Tramper, C.A. van Blitterswijk, J. Riesle, Biomaterials 25, 5773–5780 (2004)
V. Karageorgiou, D. Kaplan, Biomaterials 26, 5474–5491 (2005)
T. Nakamura, K. Yoshimoto, Y. Nakayama, Y. Tomita, A. Ichihara, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 80, 7229–7233 (1983)
A. Ichihara, Dig. Dis. Sci. 36(4), 489–493 (1991)
M. Dvir-Ginzberg, I. Gamlieli-Bonshtein, R. Agbaria, S. Cohen, Tissue Eng. 9(4), 757–766 (2003)
E. Eschbach, S.S. Chatterjee, M. Nöldner, E. Gottwald, H. Dertinger, K.F. Weibezahn, G. Knedlitschek, J Cell. Biochem. 95, 243–255 (2005)
T. Hongo, M. Kajikawa, S. Ishida, S. Ozawa, Y. Ohno, J. Sawada, A. Umezawa, Y. Ishikawa, T. Kobayashi, H. Honda, J Biosci. Bioeng. 99(3), 237–244 (2005)
J.P. Chen, T.C. Lin, Biochem. Eng. J. 30(2), 192–198 (2006)
M.E. Hoque, H.Q. Mao, S. Ramakrishna, J Biomater. Sci. Polym. Ed. 18(1), 45–58 (2007)
F. Consolo, G.B. Fiore, S. Truscello, M. Caronna, U. Morbiducci, F.M. Montevecchi, A. Redaelli, Tissue Eng. Part A. (2008)
J. Park, F. Berthiaume, M. Toner, M.L. Yarmush, A.W. Tilles, Biotechnol. Bioeng. 90(5), 632–644 (2005)
E. Leclerc, B. David, L. Griscom, B. LePioufle, T. Fujii, P. Layrolle, C. Legallais, Biomaterials 27(4), 586–595 (2006)
C.Y.J. Ma, R. Kumar, X.Y. Xu, A. Mantalaris, Biochem. Eng. J. 35, 1 (2007)
F. Galbusera, M. Cioffi, M.T. Raimodi, R. Pietrabissa, Comput. Methods Biomech. Biomed. Engin. 10, 279 (2007)
M.T. Raimondi, M. Moretti, M. Cioffi, C. Giordano, F. Boschetti, Biorheology 43, 215 (2006)
H. Singh, S.H. Teoh, H.T. Low, D.W. Hutmacher, J. Biotechnol. 119, 181 (2005)
K.A. Williams, S. Saini, T.M. Wick, Biotechnol. Prog. 18, 951–963 (2002)
B.G. Sengers, C.C. van Donkelaar, C.W. Oomens, F.P. Baaijens, Biotechnol. Prog. 21, 1252 (2005)
G. Mareels, P.P. Poyck, S. Eloot, R.A. Chamuleau, P.R. Verdonck, Ann Biomed. Eng. 34, 1729 (2006)
Y. Zeng, T.S. Lee, P. Yu, P. Roy, H.T. Low, J. Biomech. Eng. 128, 185 (2006)
Versteeg et al., An Introduction to Computational Fluid Dynamics: The Finite Volume Method Approach, (Prentice Hall, 1995)
C. Cuvelier, A. Segal, A.A. van Steenhoven, Finite Element Methods and Navier-Stokes Equations, (Kluwer, 1986)
J.H. Ferziger, M. Peric, Computational Methods for Fluid Dynamics, (Springer, 1996)
C. Hirsch, Numerical Computation of Internal and External Flows. Vol. I and II, (Wiley, Chichester, 1990)
P. Wesseling, Principles of Computational Fluid Dynamics, (Springer, 2001)
J. Donea, A. Huerta, Finite Element Methods for Flow Problems, (Wiley, 2003)
U. Morbiducci, R. Ponzini, G. Rizzo, M. Cadioli, A. Esposito, F. De Cobelli, A. Del Maschio, F.M. Montevecchi, A. Redaelli, Ann. Biomed. Eng. 37(3), 516–531 (2009)
M. Cantini, G.B. Fiore, A. Redaelli, M. Soncini, Tissue Eng. Part A (2008)
Z. Li, L. Li, Trends Biochem. Sci. 31, 589 (2006)
T. Yin, L. Li, J. Clin. Invest. 116, 1195 (2006)
C. Smith, Cancer Control 10, 9 (2003)
I. Bellantuono, Int. J. Biochem. Cell. Biol. 36, 607 (2004)
J. Domen, A. Wagers, I.L. Weissman,in Regenerative Medicine 2006 ed. by NIH, (National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, 2006) pp. 13–34
G.J. Cabrita, B.S. Ferreira, C.L. da Silva, R. Goncalves, G. Almeida-Porada, J.M. Cabral, Trends Biotechnol. 21, 233 (2003)
N. Jelinek, S. Schmidt, U. Hilbert, S. Thoma, M. Biselli, C. Wandrey, Eng. Life Sci. 2, 5 (2002)
M.G. Levee, G. Lee, S. Paek, B.O. Palsson, Biotechnol. Bioeng. 43, 734 (1994)
C.L. McDowell, E.T. Papoutsakis, Biotechnol. Bioeng. 60, 239 (1998)
P. Meissner, B. Schröder, C. Herfurth, M. Biselli, Cytotechnology 30, 227 (1999)
N. Panoskaltsis, A. Mantalaris, J.H. Wu, J. Biosci. Bioeng. 100, 28 (2005)
M. Horner, W.M. Miller, J.M. Ottino, E.T. Papoutsakis, Biotechnol. Prog. 14, 689 (1998)
P. Sucosky, Flow characterization and modeling of cartilage development in a spinner-flask bioreactor, Ph.D. Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2005
M. Cioffi, J. Küffer, S. Ströbel, G. Dubini, I. Martin, D. Wendt, J. Biomech. 41(14), 2918–2925 (2008)
A.M. Freyria, Y. Yang, H. Chajra, C.F. Rousseau, M.C. Ronziere, D. Herbage, A.J. El Haj, Tissue Eng. 11, 674–684 (2005)
D. Wendt, S. Stroebel, M. Jakob, G.T. John, I. Martin, Biorheology 43(3–4), 481–488 (2006)
T. Davisson, R.L. Sah, A. Ratcliffe, Tissue Eng. 8, 807–816 (2002)
P. Sucosky, D.F. Osorio, J.B. Brown, G.P. Neitzel, Biotechnol. Bioeng. 85(1), 34–46 (2004)
B. Obradovic, J.H. Meldon, L.E. Freed, G. Vunjak-Novakovic, AIChE J 46, 1860–1871 (200)
M.T. Raimondi, F. Boschetti, L. Falcone, G.B. Fiore, A. Remuzzi, E. Marinoni, M. Marazzi, R. Pietrabissa, Biomech. Modeling Mechanobiol. 1, 69–82 (2002)
M.T. Raimondi, F. Boschetti, L. Falcone, F. Migliavacca, A. Remuzzi, G. Dubini, Biorheology 41, 401–410 (2004)
P.J. Prendergast, Clin. Biomech. 12(6), 343–366 (2007)
E. Votta, E. Caiani, F. Veronesi, M. Soncini, F.M. Montevecchi, A. Redaelli, Philos. Trans. R. Soc. A 366, 3411–3434 (2008)
J.K. Hastings, M.A. Juds, J.R. Brauer, in Accuracy and Economy of Finite Element Magnetic Analysis, 33rd Annual National Relay Conference, April 1985
R. Huiskes, E.Y.S. Chao, J. Biomech. 16, 385–409 (1983)
W.A.M. Brekelmans, H.W. Poort, T.J. Slooff, Acta Orthop. Stand. 43, 301–317 (1972)
J. Mackerle, Erzg. Comput. 9, 403–435 (1992)
J. Mackerle, Finite Elem. Anul. Design. 16, 163–174 (1994)
H. Grandin, Fundamentals of the Finite Element Method, (Macmillan, New York, 1986)
S.C. Cowin, J. Biomech. Eng. 115, 528–533 (1993)
A.J.C. Lee, in The Art of Total Hip Arthroplasty, ed. by W.T. Stillwell, (Grune and Stratton, Orlando, 1987), pp. 33–39
J. Guedes, N. Kikuchi, Comput. Methods Appl. Mech. Eng. 83, 143–198 (1990)
D.P. Byrne, D. Lacroix, J.A. Planell, D.J. Kelly, P.J. Prendergast, Biomaterials 28, 5544–5554 (2007)
F.J. O’Brien, B.A. Harley, I.V. Yannas, L. Gibson, Biomaterials 25(6), 1077–86 (2004)
M. Liebschner, M. Wettergreen, in Topics in tissue engineering, ed. by P. Ferretti, N. Ashammakhi, (2003)
S. Langstaff, M. Sayer, T.J.N. Smith, S.M. Pugh, Biomaterials 22(2), 135–150 (2001)
C.J. Damien, J.R. Parsons, J. Appl. Biomater. 2(3), 187–208 (1991)
S. Yamada, D. Heymann, J.M. Bouler, G. Daculsi, Biomaterials 18(15), 1037–41 (1997)
J. Sanz-Herrera, J. Garcia-Aznar, M. Doblaré, Biomech. Model Mechanobiol. (2007)
L. Pothuaud, J.C. Fricain, S. Pallu, R. Bareille, M. Renard, M.C. Durrieu, M. Dard, M. Vernizeau, J. Amédée, Biomaterials 26(33), 6788–6797 (2005)
T. Adachi, Y. Osako, M. Tanaka, M. Hojo, S.J. Hollister, Biomaterials 27(21), 3964.3972 (2006)
F. Pauwels, Grundrieb einer Biomechanik der Fracturheiling. 34e Kongress der Deutschen Orthopadischen, (Ferdinand Engke, Gesellschaft Stuttgart, 1941), 464–508
D.R. Carter, P.R. Blenman, G.S. Beaupre’, J. Orthopaed. Res. 6(5), 736–748 (1988)
L.E. Claes, C.A. Heigele, C. Neidlinger-Wilke, D. Kaspar, W. Seidl, K.J. Margevicius, P. Augat, Clin. Orthopaed. Related Res. (Suppl. 355), 132–147 (1998)
R. Huiskes, W.D.V. Driel, P.J. Prendergast, J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med. 8(12), 785–788 (1997)
L. Geris, A. Andreykiv, H. Van Oosterwyck, J.V. Sloten, F. van Keulen, J. Duyck, I. Naert, J. Biomech. 37(5), 763–769 (2004)
M.A. Perez, P.J. Prendergast, J. Biomech. 40(10), 2244–2253 (2007)
D. Lacroix, P.J. Prendergast, G. Li, D. Marsh, Med. Biol. Eng. Comput. 40(1), 14–21 (2002)
D.J. Kelly, P.J. Prendergast, Tissue Eng 12(9), 2509–2519 (2006)
C.E. Wilson, J.D. de Bruijn, C.A. van Blitterswijk, A.J. Verbout, W.J.A. Dhert, J. Biomed. Mater. Res. Part A 68A(1), 123–32 (2004)
R.Y. Hori, J.L. Lewis, J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 16, 911–927 (1982)
L.E. Claes, C.A. Heigele, J. Biomech. 32, 255–266 (1999)
C.G. Armstrong, V.C. Mow, J. Bone Joint Surg. Am. 64, 88–94 (1982)
J.A. Ochoa, B.M. Hillberry, Permeability of bovine cancellous bone, Transactions of the 38th ORS Meeting, 1992
S. Tepic, T. Macirowski, R.W. Mann, Biophysics 80, 3331–3333 (1983)
H.C. Anderson, J Cell. Biol. 35(1), 81–101 (1967)
J.B. Richardson, J. Kenwright, J.L. Cunningham, Clin. Biomech. 7(2), 75–79 (1992)
A. Boccaccio, P.J. Prendergast, C. Pappalettere, D.J. Kelly, Med. Biol. Eng. Comput. 46(3), 283–98 (2008)
J.A. Sanz-Herrera, J.M. Garcìa-Aznar, M. Doblaré, Acta. Biomater. 5(1), 219–29 (2009)
S.J. Hollister, R.D. Maddox, J.M. Taboas, Biomaterials 23, 4095–4103 (2002)
S.J. Hollister, Nat. Mater. 4, 518–524 (2005)
J.A. Sanz-Herrera, J.M. Garcia-Aznar, M. Doblaré, Comput. Methods Appl. Mech. Eng. 197, 3092–3107 (2008)
P.M. Suquet,. In: Sanchez-Palencia E, Zaoui A, editors. Lecture Notes in Physics, vol. 272. Berlin: Springer-Verlag; 1983:193–278
K. Terada, T. Ito, N. Kikuchi, Comput. Methods Appl. Mech. Engrg. 153, 223–257 (1998)
G.S. Beaupré, T.E. Orr, D.R. Carter, J. Orthopaed. Res. 8, 651–661 (1990)
R.E. Guldberg, S.J. Hollister, G.T. Charras, J. Biomech. Eng. 27, 433–444 (1998)
H. Ohgushi, A.I. Caplan, J. Biomed. Mater. Res. B 48B, 913–27 (1999)
C.Y. Lin, N. Kikuchi, S.J. Hollister, J. Biomech. 37, 623–36 (2004)
J. Yao, S.R. Turteltaub, P. Ducheyne, Biomaterials 27(3), 377–387 (2006)
M.A. Hussein, S. Esterl, R. Portner, K. Wiegandt, T. Becker, J. Biomech. 41(16), 3455–3461 (2008)
X. Zhang, C. Xie, A.S.P. Lin, H. Ito, H. Awad, J.R. Lieberman, P.T. Rubery, E.M. Schwarz, R.J. O’Keefe, R.E. Guldberg, J. Bone. Miner. Res. 20(12), 2124–2137 (2005)
A. Gopferich, Macromolecules 30, 2598–2604 (1997)
V.L. Tsang, S.N. Bhatia, Adv. Drug. Deliv. Rev. 56(11), 1635–47 (2004)
J.T. Borenstein, E.J. Weinberg, B.K. Orrick, C. Sundback, M.R. Kaazempur-Mofrad, P. Vacanti, Tissue Eng. 13(8), 1837–1844 (2007)
M. Radisic, H. Park, H. Shing, T. Consi, F.J. Schoen, R. Langer, L.E. Freed, G. Vunjak-Novakovic, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 101(52), 18129–18134 (2004)
G.M. Cooper, Cell, (Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, 2000)
D. Boal, Mechanics of the cell, (Cambridge University Press, 2002)
R.D. Vale, Cell 112(4), 467–480 (2003)
A. Maniotis, C. Chen, D.E. Ingber, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94, 849–854 (1997)
C.G. Galbraith, K.M. Yamada, M.P. Sheetz, J. Cell. Biol. 159(4), 695–705 (2002)
H.F. Lodish, D. Baltimore, A. Berk, S.L. Zipursky, P. Matsudaira, J. Darnell, Molecular Cell Biology, (Scientific American Books, W. H. Freeman and Company, New York, 1995)
R.J. Pelham Jr, Y. Wang, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94, 13661–13665 (1997)
N. Wang, D.E. Ingber, Biophys. J. 66, 2181–2189 (1994)
N. Wang, D. Stamenovic, Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol. 279, C188–C194 (2000)
B. Fabry, G.N. Maksym, J.P. Butler, M. Glogauer, D. Navajas, J.F. Fredberg, Phys. Rev. Lett. 87, 148102 (2001)
D.E. Discher, D.H. Boal, S.K. Boey, Biophys. J. 75, 1584–1597 (1998)
S.C. Liu, L.H. Derick, J. Palek, J. Cell Biol. 104, 522–528 (1987)
B. Alberts, D. Bray, J. Lewis, M. Raff, J. Watson, Molecular biology of the cell, (Garland, New York, 1994)
D.E. Ingber, J. Cell. Sci. 116, 1157–1173 (2003)
H. Baudriller, B. Maurin, P. Cañadas, P. Montcourrier, A. Parmeggiani, N. Bettache, C. R. Mec. 334, 662–668 (2006)
D. Stamenovic, D.E. Ingber, Biomech. Model. Mechanobiol. 1, 95–108 (2002)
B.G. Sengers, M. Taylorb, C.P. Pleasec, R. Oreffo, Biomaterials 28, 1926–1940 (2007)
G. Lemon, J.R. King, H.M. Byrne, O.E. Jensen, J. Math. Biol. 52(5), 571–594 (2006)
J.M. Zaleskas, B. Kinner, T.M. Freyman, I.V. Yannas, L.J. Gibson, M. Spector, Biomaterials 25(7–8), 1299–1308 (2004)
J.T. Schantz, A. Brandwood, D.W. Hutmacher, H.L. Khor, K. Bittner, J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med. 16(9), 807–819 (2005)
B. Leukers, H. Gulkan, S.H. Irsen, S. Milz, C. Tille, M. Schieker, H. Seitz, J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med. 16(12), 1121–1124 (2005)
K. Tuzlakoglu, N. Bolgen, A.J. Salgado, M.E. Gomes, E. Piskin, R.L. Reis, J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med. 16(12), 1099–1104 (2005)
K. Nair, Multi-Scale computational modeling and characterization of bioprinted tissue scaffolds, PhD Thesis, Drexel University, US, 2008
R.G. Breuls, C.V. Bouten, C.W. Oomens, D.L. Bader, F.P. Baaijens, J. Biomech. Eng. 125(6), 902–909 (2003)
N. Caille, O. Thoumine, Y. Tardy, J.J. Meister, J. Biomech. 35(2), 177–187 (2002)
M.A. Haider, R.C. Schugart, L.A. Setton, F. Guilak, Biomech. Model Mechanobiol. 5(2–3), 160–171 (2006)
M. Kellomaki, H. Niiranen, K. Puumanen, N. Ashammakhi, T. Waris, P. Tormala, Biomaterials 21, 2495–2505 (2000)
D. Walsh, T. Furuzono, J. Tanaka, Biomaterials 22, 1205–12 (2001)
P.V. Jackson, J.A. Hunt, P.J. Doherty, A. Cannon, P. Gilson, J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med. 15(4), 507–511 (2004)
P.A. Webb, Micromertics Instrum. Corp. (2001)
C.X.F. Lam, S.H. Teoh, D.W. Hutmacher, In vitro degradation studies of customized PCL scaffolds fabricated via FDM, International Conference on Biological and Medical Engineering, (2002)
A.W. Paul, Micromeritics Instrum. Corp. 1–16 (2001)
S. Brunauer, Physical Adsorption, (Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ, 1945)
P. Atkins, Physical Chemistry, (Freeman, New York, 1978)
G.A. Somorjai, Principles of Surface Chemistry, (Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1972)
S. Brunauer, P.H. Emmett, E. Teller, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 60(2), 309–319 (1938)
I. Langmuir, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 40(9), 1361–1403 (1918)
I. Langmuir, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 54(7), 2798–2832 (1932)
I. Langmuir, Nobel lecture, (1932)
S.R. Peyton, J. Cell. Physiol. 204, 198–209 (2005)
F. Grinnell, C.H. Ho, Y.C. Lin, G. Skuta, J. Biol. Chem. 274, 918–23 (1999)
F. Grinnell, C.H. Ho, E. Tamariz, D.J. Lee, G. Skuta, Mol. Biol. Cell. 14, 384–395 (2003)
A. Engler, L. Bacakova, C. Newman, A. Hategan, M. Griffin, D. Discher, Biophys. J. 86, 617–628 (2004)
T. Yeung, P.C. Georges, L.A. Flanagan, B. Marg, M. Ortiz, M. Funaki, N. Zahir, W. Ming, V. Weaver, P.A. Janmey, Cell. Motil. Cytoskeleton. 60, 24–34 (2005)
H. Jiang, F. Grinnell, Mol. Biol. Cell. 16, 5070–5076 (2005)
J. Pelham, J. Robert, Y.L. Wang, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 9, 13661–13665 (1997)
T.M. Freyman, I.V. Yannas, R. Yokoo, L.J. Gibson, Biomaterials 22, 2883–2891 (2001)
D. Schulz-Torres, T.M. Freyman, I.V. Yannas, M. Spector, Biomaterials 21, 1607–1619 (2000)
M.H. Zaman, L.M. Trapani, A. Siemeski, R.D. Kamm, A. Wells, D.A. Lauffenburger, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 103, 10889–108894 (2006)
I.V. Yannas, Tissue and organ regeneration in adults, (Springer, NewYork, 2001)
G.C. Babis, P.N. Soucacos, Int. J. Care Injured 36S, S38–S44 (2005)
B.A. Harley, J.H. Leung, E.C.C.M. Silva, L. Gibson, Acta. Biomaterialia 3, 463–474 (2007)
D. Sarid, Scanning Force Microscopy, Oxford Series in Optical and Imaging Sciences, (Oxford University Press, New York, 1991)
A.C. Fisher-Cripps, Nanoindentation, (Springer, Berlin, 2002)
M.F. Doener, W.D.J. Nix, Mater. Res 1, 601 (1986)
W.C. Oliver, G.M. Pharr, J. Mater. Res. 7, 1564–83 (1992)
S. Strasser, A. Zink, M. Janko, W.M. Heckl, S. Thalhammer, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 354, 27–32 (2007)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2010 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Consolo, F. et al. (2010). Multilevel Experimental and Modelling Techniques for Bioartificial Scaffolds and Matrices. In: Bhushan, B. (eds) Scanning Probe Microscopy in Nanoscience and Nanotechnology. NanoScience and Technology. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-03535-7_13
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-03535-7_13
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-03534-0
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-03535-7
eBook Packages: Chemistry and Materials ScienceChemistry and Material Science (R0)