Summary
The frequency-modulation (FM) mode was introduced in 1991 to increase the sensitivity of dynamic force microscopy in vacuum. However, it is also possible to use this technique in air and liquids which has several advantages compared with the conventional amplitude-modulation (AM) (“tapping”) mode. In this chapter, we review the fundamentals of the FM mode and analyze its basic theoretical background. Finally, we present experimental results obtained in air and liquids and compare them with the conventional AM technique.
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Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank X. Chen and L. Chi for the preparation of the DPPC sample. Furthermore, we acknowledge support from and many useful discussions with André Schirmeisen, Harald Fuchs (University of Münster), and Filipp Oesterhelt (University of Düsseldorf). This work was supported by the BMBF Junior Researchers Competition Nanotechnology (Grant No. 03N8704).
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Hölscher, H., Ebeling, D., Schmutz, JE., Schäefer, M.M., Anczykowski, B. (2010). Dynamic Force Microscopy and Spectroscopy Using the Frequency-Modulation Technique in Air and Liquids. In: Bhushan, B. (eds) Scanning Probe Microscopy in Nanoscience and Nanotechnology. NanoScience and Technology. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-03535-7_1
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