Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Heterotrimeric G Protein Regulation of Stomatal Movements

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Integrated G Proteins Signaling in Plants

Part of the book series: Signaling and Communication in Plants ((SIGCOMM))

  • 890 Accesses

Abstract

Fine-tuned regulation of stomatal aperture size is key to the survival of land plants. This chapter discusses the roles of heterotrimeric G proteins in the regulation of stomatal movements and ion channel activities of guard cells. Evidence implicating heterotrimeric G protein function in light-induced stomatal opening, ABA-induced stomatal closure, and pathogen-induced stomatal movements is described from early pharmacological experiments to phenotypic studies of Arabidopsis heterotrimeric G protein mutants.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Adjobo-Hermans MJ, Goedhart J, Gadella TW (2006) Plant G protein heterotrimers require dual lipidation motifs of Gα and Gγ and do not dissociate upon activation. J Cell Sci 119:5087–5097

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ali R, Ma W, Lemtiri-Chlieh F, Tsaltas D, Leng Q, von Bodman S, Berkowitz GA (2007) Death don't have no mercy and neither does calcium: Arabidopsis CYCLIC NUCLEOTIDE GATED CHANNEL2 and innate immunity. Plant Cell 19:1081–1095

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Allen GJ, Chu SP, Harrington CL, Schumacher K, Hoffmann T et al (2001) A defined range of guard cell calcium oscillation parameters encodes stomatal movements. Nature 411: 1053–1057

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Anderson DJ, Botella JR (2007) Expression analysis and subcellular localization of the Arabidopsis thaliana G-protein beta-subunit AGB1. Plant Cell Rep 26:1469–1480

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Armstrong F, Blatt MR (1995) Evidence for K+ channel control in Vicia guard cells coupled by G-proteins to a 7TMS receptor mimetic. Plant J 8:187–198

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Assmann SM (1993) Signal transduction in guard cells. Annu Rev Cell Biol 9:345–375

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Blatt MR (1992) K+ channels of stomatal guard cells. Characteristics of the inward rectifier and its control by pH. J Gen Physiol 99:615–644

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chen JG, Willard FS, Huang J, Liang J, Chasse SA, Jones AM, Siderovski DP (2003) A seven-transmembrane RGS protein that modulates plant cell proliferation. Science 301:1728–1731

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chen JG, Gao Y, Jones AM (2006a) Differential roles of Arabidopsis heterotrimeric G-protein subunits in modulating cell division in roots. Plant Physiol 141:887–897

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chen Y, Ji F, Xie H, Liang J (2006b) Overexpression of the regulator of G-protein signalling protein enhances ABA-mediated inhibition of root elongation and drought tolerance in Arabidopsis. J Exp Bot 57:2101–2110

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chen YL, Huang R, Xiao YM, Lu P, Chen J, Wang XC (2004) Extracellular calmodulin-induced stomatal closure is mediated by heterotrimeric G protein and H2O2. Plant Physiol 136: 4096–103

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Coursol S, Fan LM, Le Stunff H, Spiegel S, Gilroy S, Assmann SM (2003) Sphingolipid signalling in Arabidopsis guard cells involves heterotrimeric G proteins. Nature 423:651–654

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Coursol S, Le Stunff H, Lynch DV, Gilroy S, Assmann SM, Spiegel S (2005) Arabidopsis sphingosine kinase and the effects of phytosphingosine-1-phosphate on stomatal aperture. Plant Physiol 137:724–737

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cousson A, Vavasseur A (1998a) Putative involvement of cytosolic Ca2+ and GTP-binding proteins in cyclic-GMP-mediated induction of stomatal opening by auxin in Commelina communis L. Planta 206:308–314

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cousson A, Vavasseur A (1998b) Two potential Ca2+-dependent transduction pathways in stomatal closing in response to abscisic acid. Plant Physiol Biochem 36:257–262

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Davies WJ, Zhang JH (1991) Root signals and the regulation of growth and development of plants in drying soil. Annu Rev Plant Physiol Plant Mol Biol 42:55–76

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fairley-Grenot K, Assmann SM (1991) Evidence for G-protein regulation of inward K+ channel current in guard cells of fava bean. Plant Cell 3:1037–1044

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fan LM, Zhang W, Chen JG, Taylor JP, Jones AM, Assmann SM (2008) Abscisic acid regulation of guard-cell K+ and anion channels in Gβ- and RGS-deficient Arabidopsis lines. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 105:8476–8481

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fan LM, Zhao Z, Assmann SM (2004) Guard cells: a dynamic signaling model. Curr Opin Plant Biol 7:537–546

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Forestier C, Bouteau F, Leonhardt N, Vavasseur A (1998) Pharmacological properties of slow anion currents in intact guard cells of Arabidopsis. Application of the discontinuous single-electrode voltage-clamp to different species. Pflugers Arch 436:920–927

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gao Y, Zeng Q, Guo J, Cheng J, Ellis BE, Chen JG (2007) Genetic characterization reveals no role for the reported ABA receptor, GCR2, in ABA control of seed germination and early seedling development in Arabidopsis. Plant J 52:1001–1013

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gilman AG (1987) G Proteins: Transducers of receptor-generated signals. Annu Rev Biochem 56:615–649

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gilroy S, Read ND, Trewavas AJ (1990) Elevation of cytoplasmic calcium by caged calcium or caged inositol trisphosphate initiates stomatal closure. Nature 346:769–771

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gookin TE, Kim J, Assmann SM (2008) Whole proteome identification of plant candidate G-protein coupled receptors in Arabidopsis, rice, and poplar: computational prediction and in-vivo protein coupling. Genome Biol 9:R120

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Guo J, Zeng Q, Emami M, Ellis BE, Chen J-G (2008) The GCR2 gene family is not required for ABA control of seed germination and early seedling development in Arabidopsis. PLoS ONE 3:e2982

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hedrich R, Busch H, Raschke K (1990) Ca2+ and nucleotide dependent regulation of voltage dependent anion channels in the plasma membrane of guard cells. EMBO J 9:3889–3892

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hetherington AM (1990) Abscisic acid-induced elevation of guard cell cytosolic Ca2+ precedes stomatal closure. Nature 343:186–188

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hille B (2001) Ion channels of excitable membranes. Sinauer Associates, Inc, Sunderland, MA, pp 441–470

    Google Scholar 

  • Huang H, Weiss CA, Ma H (1994) Regulated expression of the Arabidopsis G protein α subunit gene GPA1. Int J Plant Sci 155:3–14

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Humphrey TV, Botella JR (2001) Re-evaluation of the cytokinin receptor role of the Arabidopsis gene GCR1. J Plant Physiol 158:645–653

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Illingworth CJR, Parkes KE, Snell CR, Mullineaux PM, Reynolds CA (2008) Criteria for confirming sequence periodicity identified by Fourier transform analysis: application to GCR2, a candidate plant GPCR? Biophys Chem 133:28–35

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jacob T, Ritchie S, Assmann SM, Gilroy S (1999) Abscisic acid signal transduction in guard cells is mediated by phospholipase D activity. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 96:12192–12197

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Josefsson L-G, Rask L (1997) Cloning of a putative G-protein-coupled receptor from Arabidopsis thaliana. Eur J Biochem 249:415–420

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kelly WB, Esser JE, Schroeder JI (1995) Effects of cytosolic calcium and limited, possible dual, effects of G protein modulators on guard cell inward potassium channels. Plant J 8:479–489

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kinoshita T, Nishimura M, Shimazaki K (1995) Cytosolic concentration of Ca2+ regulates the plasma membrane H+-ATPase in guard cells of fava bean. Plant Cell 7:1333–1342

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kornreich BG (2007) The patch clamp technique: principles and technical considerations. J Vet Cardiol 9:25–37

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lee M, Choi Y, Burla B, Kim Y-Y, Jeon B, Maeshima M, Yoo J-Y, Martinoia E, Lee Y (2008) The ABC transporter AtABCB14 is a malate importer and modulates stomatal response to CO2. Nat Cell Biol 10:1217–1223

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lee HJ, Tucker EB, Crain RC, Lee Y (1993) Stomatal opening is induced in epidermal peels of Commelina communis L. by GTP analogs or pertussis toxin. Plant Physiol 102:95–100

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lemtiri-Chlieh F, MacRobbie EAC (1994) Role of calcium in the modulation of Vicia guard cell potassium channels by abscisic acid: a patch-clamp study. J Membr Biol 137:99–107

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Levchenko V, Konrad KR, Dietrich P, Roelfsema MRG, Hedrich R (2005) Cytosolic abscisic acid activates guard cell anion channels without preceding Ca2+ signals. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 102:4203–4208

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Liu X, Yue Y, Li B, Nie Y, Li W, Wu W-H, Ma L (2007) A G protein-coupled receptor is a plasma membrane receptor for the plant hormone abscisic acid. Science 315:1712–1716

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ma H, Yanofsky MF, Meyerowitz EM (1990) Molecular cloning and characterization of GPA1, a G protein alpha subunit gene from Arabidopsis thaliana. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 87:3821–3825

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • MacRobbie EAC (1983) Effects of light/dark on cation fluxes in guard cells of Commelina communis L. J Exp Bot 34:1695–1710

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • MacRobbie EAC (1998) Signal transduction and ion channels in guard cells. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 353:1475–1488

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Marten H, Konrad KR, Dietrich P, Roelfsema MRG, Hedrich R (2007) Ca2+-dependent and -independent abscisic acid activation of plasma membrane anion channels in guard cells of Nicotiana tabacum. Plant Physiol 143:28–37

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mason MG, Botella JR (2000) Completing the heterotrimer: isolation and characterization of an Arabidopsis thaliana G protein γ-subunit cDNA. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 97:14784–1478

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mason MG, Botella JR (2001) Isolation of a novel G-protein γ-subunit from Arabidopsis thaliana and its interaction with Gβ. Biochim Biophys Acta 1520:147–153

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McAinsh MR, Brownlee C, Hetherington AM (1990) Abscisic acid-induced elevation of guard cell cytosolic Ca2+ precedes stomatal closure. Nature 343:186–188

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McAinsh MR, Brownlee C, Hetherington AM (1992) Visualizing changes in cytosolic-free Ca2+ during the response of stomatal guard cells to abscisic acid. Plant Cell 7:1113–1122

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Melotto M, Underwood W, He SY (2008) Role of stomata in plant innate immunity and foliar bacterial diseases. Annu Rev Phytopathol 46:101–122

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Melotto M, Underwood W, Koczan J, Nomura K, He SY (2006) Plant stomata function in innate immunity against bacterial invasion. Cell 126:969–980

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Miles GP, Samuel MA, Jones AM, Ellis BE (2004) Mastoparan rapidly activates plant MAP kinase signaling independent of heterotrimeric G proteins. Plant Physiol 134:1332–1336

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mishra G, Zhang W, Deng F, Zhao J, Wang X (2006) A bifurcating pathway directs abscisic acid effects on stomatal closure and opening in Arabidopsis. Science 312:264–266

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Moriyama E, Strope P, Opiyo S, Chen Z, Jones A (2006) Mining the Arabidopsis thaliana genome for highly-divergent seven transmembrane receptors. Genome Biol 7:R96

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Neher E, Sakmann B, Steinbach JH (1978) The extracellular patch clamp: A method for resolving currents through individual open channels in biological membranes. Pflugers Arch 375: 219–228

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ng CK, Carr K, McAnish MR, Powell B, Hetherington AM (2001) Drought-induced guard cell signal transduction involves sphingosine-1-phosphate. Nature 410:596–599

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Obrdlik P, Neuhaus G, Merkle T (2000) Plant heterotrimeric G protein beta subunit is associated with membranes via protein interactions involving coiled-coil formation. FEBS Lett 476: 208–212

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pandey S, Assmann SM (2004) The Arabidopsis putative G protein-coupled receptor GCR1 interacts with the G protein a subunit GPA1 and regulates abscisic acid signaling. Plant Cell 16:1616–1632

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pandey S, Chen JG, Jones AM, Assmann SM (2006) G-protein complex mutants are hypersensitive to abscisic acid regulation of germination and postgermination development. Plant Physiol 141:243–256

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pandey S, Nelson DC, Assmann SM (2009) Two novel GPCR-type G proteins are abscisic acid receptors in Arabidopsis. Cell 136:136–148

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pandey S, Zhang W, Assmann SM (2007) Roles of ion channels and transporters in guard cell signal transduction. FEBS Lett 581:2325–2336

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pei ZM, Kuchitsu K, Ward JM, Schwarz M, Schroeder JI (1997) Differential abscisic acid regulation of guard cell slow anion channels in Arabidopsis wild-type and abi1 and abi2 mutants. Plant Cell 9:409–423

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pei ZM, Murata Y, Benning G, Thomine S, Klusener B, Allen GJ, Grill E, Schroeder JI (2000) Calcium channels activated by hydrogen peroxide mediate abscisic acid signalling in guard cells. Nature 406:731–734

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • PeÅ¡kan T, Oelmüller R (2000) Heterotrimeric G-protein β-subunit is localized in the plasma membrane and nuclei of tobacco leaves. Plant MolBiol 42:915–922

    Google Scholar 

  • Riven I, Iwanir S, Reuveny E (2006) GIRK channel activation involves a local rearrangement of a preformed G protein channel complex. Neuron 51:561–573

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Roelfsema MR, Steinmeyer R, Staal M, Hedrich R (2001) Single guard cell recordings in intact plants: light-induced hyperpolarization of the plasma membrane. Plant J 26:1–13

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schroeder JI, Allen GJ, Hugouvieux V, Kwak JM, Waner D (2001) Guard cell signal transduction. Annu Rev Plant Physiol Plant Mol Biol 52:627–658

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schroeder JI, Hagiwara S (1989) Cytosolic calcium regulates ion channels in the plasma membrane of Vicia faba guard cells. Nature 338:427–430

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schroeder JI, Hagiwara S (1990) Repetitive increases in cytosolic Ca2+ of guard cells by abscisic acid activation of nonselective Ca2+ permeable channels. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 87: 9305–9309

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schroeder JI, Raschke K, Neher E (1987) Voltage dependence of K channels in guard-cell protoplasts. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 84:4108–4112

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shimazaki K-i, Doi M, Assmann SM, Kinoshita T (2007) Light regulation of stomatal movement. Annu Rev Plant Biol 58:219–247

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Staxen I, Pical C, Montgomery LT, Gray JE, Hetherington AM, McAinsh MR (1999) Abscisic acid induces oscillations in guard-cell cytosolic free calcium that involve phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 96:1779–1784

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Talbott L, Zeiger E (1998) The role of sucrose in guard cell osmoregulation. J Exp Bot 49:329–337

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Trusov Y, Rookes JE, Tilbrook K, Chakravorty D, Mason MG, Anderson D, Chen J-G, Jones AM, Botella JR (2007) Heterotrimeric G protein γ subunits provide functional selectivity in Gβγ dimer signaling in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell 19:1235–1250

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Trusov Y, Zhang W, Assmann SM, Botella JR (2008) Gγ1 + Gγ2 not equal to Gβ: heterotrimeric G protein Gg-deficient mutants do not recapitulate all phenotypes of Gb-deficient mutants. Plant Physiol 147:636–649

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Underwood W, Melotto M, He SY (2007) Role of plant stomata in bacterial invasion. Cell Microbiol 9:1621–1629

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wang XQ, Ullah H, Jones AM, Assmann SM (2001) G protein regulation of ion channels and abscisic acid signaling in Arabidopsis guard cells. Science 292:2070–2072

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wang SY, Narendra S, Fedoroff N (2007) Heterotrimeric G protein signaling in the Arabidopsis unfolded protein response. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 104:3817–3822

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wang SY, Assmann SM, Fedoroff NV (2008) Characterization of the Arabidopsis heterotrimeric G protein. J Biol Chem 283:13913–13922

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Weiss CA, Garnaat CW, Mukai K, Hu Y, Ma H (1994) Isolation of cDNAs encoding guanine nucleotide-binding protein beta-subunit homologues from maize (ZGB1) and Arabidopsis (AGB1). Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 91:9554–9558

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Weiss CA, Huang H, Ma H (1993) Immunolocalization of the G protein α subunit encoded by the GPA1 gene in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell 5:1513–1528

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Weiss CA, White E, Huang H, Ma H (1997) The G protein α subunit (GPa1) is associated with the ER and the plasma membrane in meristematic cells of Arabidopsis and cauliflower. FEBS Lett 407:361–367

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wilkinson S, Davies WJ (2002) ABA-based chemical signalling: the co-ordination of responses to stress in plants. Plant Cell Environm 25:195–210

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Willmer CM, Sexton R (1979) Stomata and plasmodesmata. Protoplasma 100:113–124

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Worrall D, Liang YK, Alvarez S, Holroyd GH, Spiegel S, Panagopulos M, Gray JE, Hetherington AM (2008) Involvement of sphingosine kinase in plant cell signalling. Plant J 56:64–72

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wu WH, Assmann SM (1994) A membrane-delimited pathway of G-protein regulation of the guard-cell inward K+ channel. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 91:6310–6314

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yang Y, Costa A, Leonhardt N, Siegel RS, Schroeder JI (2008) Isolation of a strong guard cell promoter and its potential as a research tool. Plant Methods 4:6

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zeng Q, Wang X, Running MP (2007) Dual lipid modification of Arabidopsis Gγ-subunits is required for efficient plasma membrane targeting. Plant Physiol 143:1119–1131

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang L, Hu G, Cheng Y, Huang J (2008a) Heterotrimeric G protein α and β subunits antagonistically modulate stomatal density in Arabidopsis thaliana. Dev Biol 324:68–75

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang W, He SY, Assmann SM (2008b) The plant innate immunity response in stomatal guard cells invokes G-protein-dependent ion channel regulation. Plant J 56:984–996

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang W, Nilson SE, Assmann SM (2008c) Isolation and whole-cell patch clamping of Arabidopsis guard cell protoplasts. CSH Protocol 2008: pdb.prot5014.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhang W, Qin C, Zhao J, Wang X (2004) Phospholipase Dα1-derived phosphatidic acid interacts with ABI1 phosphatase 2C and regulates abscisic acid signaling. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 101:9508–9513

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zhao J, Wang X (2004) Arabidopsis phospholipase Dα1 interacts with the heterotrimeric G-protein α-subunit through a motif analogous to the DRY motif in G-protein-coupled receptors. J Biol Chem 279:1794–1800

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zhao Z, Zhang W, Stanley BA, Assmann SM (2008) Functional proteomics of Arabidopsis thaliana guard cells uncovers new stomatal signaling pathways. Plant Cell 20:3210–3226

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

Research on G protein regulation of stomatal function in the authors’ laboratory is supported by grants from the U.S. National Science Foundation and U.S. Department of Agriculture to Sarah M. Assmann. The authors also thank Sarah M. Assmann for her helpful comments and suggestions on this manuscript.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Biology Department, Penn State University, University Park, PA, 16802-5301, USA

    Sarah E. Nilson & Wei Zhang

Authors
  1. Sarah E. Nilson
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Wei Zhang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Sarah E. Nilson .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Dept. Plant Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel

    Shaul Yalovsky

  2. Inst. Zelluläre und Molekulare, Universität Bonn, Kirschallee 1, Bonn, 53115, Germany

    František Baluška

  3. Dept. Biology & Pharmacology, University of North Carolina, Coker Hall 317, Chapel Hill, 27599, U.S.A.

    Alan Jones

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2010 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Nilson, S.E., Zhang, W. (2010). Heterotrimeric G Protein Regulation of Stomatal Movements. In: Yalovsky, S., Baluška, F., Jones, A. (eds) Integrated G Proteins Signaling in Plants. Signaling and Communication in Plants. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-03524-1_10

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation