A Young Generation Under Pressure? pp 109-128 | Cite as
On the Way to Life-Domains Balance: Success Factors and Obstacles
- 2 Citations
- 670 Downloads
Abstract
A certain phenomenon appeared in political as well as scientific discussions in the last decade – the so-called “rush hour of life” (Bittman and Wajcman 2000). It is defined as “a certain stage of life, from the mid-twenties until the late thirties of age, when persons of both sexes who just have completed their education enter the labor market as well as start a family and thereby have to deal with both job/career demands and family/private demands at the same time” (Lothaller 2008, p. 4, translated by the author). In other words, two big life domains, namely occupation and family, are launched and become important at the same time for these persons rather than one after the other. This is because the starting age for both domains rises (e.g., due to higher and thereby longer education, people living longer at their parents’ home, insecurity at the labor market at the beginning of occupation), yet the age to complete said domain does not, since missed chances do not come back (cf. Bailyn 1977; Blossfeld 2008; Chauvel 2008; Klammer 2008; and Perrig-Chiello 2008). As a corollary to this, many seem to face overwhelming demands from apparently conflicting life domains.
Keywords
Family Conflict Life Domain Marital Satisfaction Family Domain Leisure Time ActivityReferences
- Allen S (2003) Working parents with young children: cross-national comparisons of policies and programmes in three countries. Int J Social Welf 12:261–273CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Aryee S, Tan HH, Debrah YA (2004) Perceived organizational support among employed parents: The role of family-supportive work environment. Baptist University, School of Business, HongkongGoogle Scholar
- Auer M (2002) The relationship between paid work and parenthood – a comparison of structures, concepts and developments in the UK and Austria. Commun Work Fam 5(2):203–218CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Bailyn L (1977) Accommodation of work to family: An analysis of couples with two careers (Working paper 905–77). MIT, Sloan School of Management, BostonGoogle Scholar
- Bailyn L, Drago R, Kochan TA (2001) Integrating work and family life. A holistic approach (A report of the Sloan Work–family Policy Network). MIT, Sloan School of Management, BostonGoogle Scholar
- Baldock J, Hadlow J (2004) Managing the family: Productivity, scheduling and the male veto. Social Policy Admin 38(6):706–720CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Barkholdt C (2005) Ein Leben lang…Älter werdende Belegschaften und biographieorientierte Aspekte der Arbeitszeitgestaltung. Retrieved May 14, 2000, from http://www.boeckler.de/pdf/v_2005_09_05_barkholdt_text.doc
- Bayraktar M, Salman M (2003) The impact of family life on work efficiency: A study of employed women from different occupational statuses in a metropolitan area in Turkey. Int J Consumer Stud 27(1):80–86CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Bedeian AG, Burke BG, Moffett RG (1988) Outcomes of work–family conflict among married male and female professionals. J Manage 14(3):475–491CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Bittman M, Wajcman J (2000) The rush hour: the character of leisure time and gender equity. Soc Forces 79(1):165–190CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Blossfeld H-P (2008) Globalisierung, wachsende Unsicherheit und der Wandel der Arbeitsmarktsituation von Berufsanfängern in modernden Gesellschaften. Journal für Generationengerechtigkeit 8(3):21–27Google Scholar
- Boyar SL, Maertz CP Jr, Pearson AW, Keough S (2003) Work–family conflict: A model of linkages between work and family domain variables and turnover intentions. J Manage Issues 15(2):175–190Google Scholar
- Brough P, Kelling A (2002) Women, work & well-being: The influence of work–family and family–work conflict. NZ J Psychol 31(1):29–38Google Scholar
- Bruck CS, Allen TD (2003) The relationship between big five personality traits, negative affectivity, type A behavior, and work–family conflict. J Vocat Behav 63:457–472CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Bunk J, Reese A, Dugan A, Barnes-Farrell J (2004) Understanding work-to-family conflict among self-employed workers: Work arrangements and preferences. Summary of paper accepted for presentation at the annual conference of the American Psychological Association, Honolulu/USA, July 2004Google Scholar
- Burke RJ (2002) Work stress and women’s health: Occupational status effects. J Bus Ethics 37:91–102CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Butler AB, Gryzwacz JG, Bass BL, Linney KD (2005) Extending the demands-control model: A daily diary study of job characteristics, work–family conflict and work–family facilitation. J Occup Organ Psychol 78(2):155–169CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Byron K (2005) A meta-analytic review of work–family conflict and its antecedents. J Vocat Behav 67:169–198CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Carlson DS (1999) Personality and role variables as predictors of three forms of work–family conflict. J Vocat Behav 55:236–253CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Chauvel L (2008) Veränderungen im Wohlfahrtsstaat: ungleiche Lebensstandards und -chancen der verschiedenen Kohorten. Journal für Generationengerechtigkeit 8(3):27–33Google Scholar
- Chilman CS (1968) Families in development at mid-stage of the family life cycle. The Family Coordinator 172:297–310CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Cizek B, Richter R (2004) Families in EU-15. Policies, challenges, and opportunities (ÖIF Materialien Heft 23). Österreichisches Institut für Familienforschung [Austrian Institute for Family Studies], ViennaGoogle Scholar
- De Jong A, Broekman R (2003) National and regional trends in the labor force in the European Union 1985–2050 (Working papers and studies, Theme 3). Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, LuxembourgGoogle Scholar
- Duchene J, Gabadinho A, Willems M, Wanner P (2004) Study of low fertility in the regions of the European Union: places, periods and causes (Working papers and studies, Theme 3). Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, LuxembourgGoogle Scholar
- Eby LT, Casper WJ, Lockwood A, Bordeaux C, Brinley A (2005) Work and family research in IO/OB: Content analysis and review of the literature (1980–2002). J Vocat Behav 66:124–197Google Scholar
- Eurostat (2004) How Europeans spend their time. Everyday life of women and men (Pocket books, Theme 3). Office for Official Publications of the European, LuxembourgGoogle Scholar
- FamWork (2005) Final report by the consortium of the project “Family Life and Professional work: Conflict and Synergy”. Retrieved August 8, 2008, from www.eu-project-famwork.org
- Fine-Davis M (2002) Fathers and mothers: Dilemmas of the work-life balance. A comparative study of 4 European countries. Retrieved November 14, 2008, from http://www.justice.ie/en/JELR/Fathers&Mothers.pdf/Files/Fathers&Mothers.pdf
- Forum Demographischer Wandel des Bundespräsidenten (2006) Familien stärken – Zukunft gewinnen. Im Blick: die “Generation ‘90”. Retrieved November 14, 2008, from http://www.forum-demographie.de/fileadmin/user_upload/Docs/Arbeitspapier_fin.pdf
- Frone MR (2003) Work–family balance. In: Quick JC, Tetrick LE (eds) Handbook of occupational health psychology. American Psychological Association, Washington, DCGoogle Scholar
- Frone MR, Russell M, Cooper ML (1992) Antecedents and outcomes of work–family conflict: Testing a model of the work–family interface. J Appl Psychol 77:65–78CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Frone MR, Yardley JK, Markel KS (1997) Developing and testing an integrative model of the work–family interface. J Vocat Behav 50:145–167CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Frye NK, Breaugh JA (2004) Family-friendly policies, supervisor support, work–family conflict, family–work conflict, and satisfaction: A test of a conceptual model. J Bus Psychol 19(2):197–220CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Greenhaus JH, Beutell NJ (1985) Sources of conflict between work and family roles. Acad Manage Rev 10:76–88CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Grosswald B (2003) Shift-work and negative work-to-family spillover. J Sociol Soc Welf 30(4):31–58Google Scholar
- Grzywacz JG, Butler AB (2005) The impact of job characteristics on work-to-family facilitation: Testing a theory and distinguishing a construct. J Occup Health Psychol 10(2):97–109CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Grzywacz JG, Marks NF (1999) Reconceptualizing the work–family interface: An ecological perspective on the correlates of positive and negative spillover between work and family (CDE Working Paper No. 99-03). University of Wisconsin – Madison, Center for Demography and Economy, MadisonGoogle Scholar
- Grzywacz JG, Marks NF (2000) Reconceptualizing the work-family interface: An ecological perspective on the correlates of positive and negative spillover between work and family. J Occup Health Psychol 5:111–126CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Grzywacz JG, Almeida DM, McDonald DA (2002) Work–family spillover and daily reports of work and family stress in the adult labor force. Fam Relat 51:28–36CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Guerts SAE, Kompier MAJ, Roxburgh S, Houtman ILD (2003) Does work–home interference mediate the relationship between workload and well-being? J Vocat Behav 63:532–559CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Hammer LB, Allen E, Grigsby TD (1997) Work–family conflict in dual-earner couples: Within-individual and crossover effects of work and family. J Vocat Behav 50:185–203CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Hammer LB, Bauer TB, Grandey AA (2003) Work–family conflict and work-related withdrawal behaviors. J Bus Psychol 17(3):419–436CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Heider F (1946) Attitudes and cognitive organization. J Psychol 21:107–112CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Heider F (1958) The psychology of interpersonal relation. Wiley, New YorkCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Hertz R, Marshall NL (2001) Introduction. In: Hertz R, Marshall NL (eds) Working families: the transformation of the American Home. University of California Press, Berkeley, pp 1–20Google Scholar
- Hill EJ (2005) Work–family facilitation and conflict, working fathers and mothers, work–family stressors and support. J Fam Issues 26(6):793–819CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Hill EJ, Hawkins AJ, Ferris M, Weitzman M (2001) Finding an extra day a week: The positive influence of perceived job flexibility on work and family life balance. Fam Relat 50(1):49–58CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Hill EJ, Hawkins AJ, Märtinson V, Ferris M (2003) Studying “working fathers”: Comparing fathers’ and mothers’ work–family conflict, fit, and adaptive strategies in a global high-tech company. Fathering: J Theor Res Pract Men Fathers 1(3):239–261CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Hill EJ, Märtinson V, Ferris M, Baker RZ (2004a) Beyond the mommy track: The influence of new-concept part-time work for professional women on work and family. J Fam Econ Issues 25(1):121–136CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Hill EJ, Yang C, Hawkins AJ, Ferris M (2004b) A cross-cultural test of the work–family interface in 48 countries. J Marriage Fam 66(5):1300–1316CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Himsel AJ, Goldberg WA (2003) Social comparisons and satisfaction with the division of housework. J Fam Issues 24(7):843–866CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Huang Y-H, Hammer LB, Neal MB, Perrin NA (2004) The relationship between work-to-family conflict and family-to-work conflict: A longitudinal study. J Fam Econ Issues 25(1):79–100CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Jones F, Fletcher B (1993) An empirical study of occupational stress transmission in working couples. Hum Relat 46:881–902CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Kinnunen U, Mauno S (1998) Antecedents and outcomes of work–family conflict among employed women and men in Finland. Hum Relat 51(2):157–177Google Scholar
- Kinnunen U, Vermulst A, Gerris J, Mäkikangas A (2003) Work–family conflict and its relations to well-being: the role of personality as a moderating factor. Pers Individ Dif 35:1669–1683CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Klammer U (2008) Unsicherheiten und Belastungen in frühen Lebensphasen als Herausforderung für die Gestaltung einer lebenslauforientierten, nachhaltigen Sozialpolitik. Journal für Generationengerechtigkeit 8(3):8–13Google Scholar
- Korabik K, Lero DS, Ayman R (2003) A multi-level approach to cross cultural work–family research. A micro and macro perspective. Int J Cross Cult Manage 3(3):289–303CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Lee CM, Duxbury L (1998) Employed parents’ support from partners, employers, and friends. J Soc Psychol 138(3):303–322CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Lothaller H (2008) Die “rush hour des Lebens und” die Bedeutung der Familienarbeit und ihrer Aufteilung. Journal für Generationengerechtigkeit 8(3):4–8Google Scholar
- Luk DM, Shaffer MA (2002) Work and family domain stressors, structure and support: Direct and indirect influences on work–family conflict (BRC Papers on Cross-Cultural Management). Baptist University, School of Business, HongkongGoogle Scholar
- Luk DM, Shaffer MA (2005) Work and family domain stressors, structure and support: Direct and indirect influences on work–family conflict. J Occup Organ Psychol 78:489–508CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Market (2005) Angst vor Jobverlust steht Kinderwunsch im Wege (news Februar 05/04). Linz: market – Marktforschung. Retrieved November 2, 2008, from http://www.market.at/upload/documentbox/News_0504.pdf
- Milkie MA, Peltola P (1999) Playing all the roles: Gender and the work–family balancing act. J Marriage Fam 61(2):476–490CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Perrig-Chiello P (2008) Der lange Weg in die Selbstständigkeit. Journal für Generationengerechtigkeit 8(3):18–21Google Scholar
- Poelmans S (2001) Individual and organizational issues in work–family conflict (Research paper No. 444). University of Navarra, Research Division IESE, BarcelonaGoogle Scholar
- Rantanen J (2008) Work–family interface and psychological well-being. A personality and longitudinal perspective (Jyväskylä Studies in Education, Psychology and Social Research). University of Jyväskylä, JyväskylaGoogle Scholar
- Rapoport R, Rapoport RN (1976) Dual-career families reexamined. London: Martin-RobertsGoogle Scholar
- Roehling PV, Moen P (2003) Dual-earner couples. Retrieved November 2, 2008, from http://wfnetwork.bc.edu/encyclopedia_entry.php?id=229&area=All
- Russell G, Bowman L (2000) Work and family: Current thinking, research and practice. Commonwealth Government, Department of Family and Community Services, CanberraGoogle Scholar
- Schipfer RK (2003) Familien in Zahlen. Informationen zu Familien in Österreich und der EU auf einen Blick. Vienna: Österreichisches Institut für Familienforschung [Austrian Institute for Family Studies]Google Scholar
- Schipfer RK (2005) Familien in Zahlen. Statistische Informationen zu Familien in Österreich und der EU. Vienna: Österreichisches Institut für Familienforschung [Austrian Institute for Family Studies]Google Scholar
- Shaw SM (1988) Gender differences in the definition and perception of household labor. Fam Relat 37:333–337CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Statistik Austria (2008) Bildung in Zahlen 2006/2007: Schlüsselindikatoren und Analysen. Vienna: Statistik Austria [Statistics Austria]Google Scholar
- Troll LE (1975) Early and middle adulthood. Monterey: Brooks/ColeGoogle Scholar
- Voydanoff P (1988) Work role characteristics, family structure demands, and work/family conflict. J Marriage Fam 50(3):749–761CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Voydanoff P (2004) The effects of work demands and resources on work-to-family conflict and facilitation. J Marriage Fam 66(2):398–412CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Waite LJ, Nielsen M (2001) The rise of the dual-earner family, 1963–1997. In: Hertz R, Marshall NL (eds) Working families: the transformation of the American Home. University of California Press, Berkeley, pp 23–41Google Scholar
- Wayne JH, Musisca N, Fleeson W (2004) Considering the role of personality in the work–family experience: Relationships of the big five to work–family conflict and facilitation. J Vocat Behav 64:108–130CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Westman M (2001) Stress and strain crossover. Hum Relat 54(6):717–751CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Westman M (2005) Cross-cultural differences in crossover research. In: Poelmans S (ed) Work and family: an international research perspective. Lawrence Erlbaum, New Jersey, pp 241–260Google Scholar
- Westman M, Etzion D (2005) The crossover of work–family conflict from one spouse to the other. J Appl Soc Psychol 35(9):1936–1957CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Westman M, Etzion D, Danon E (2001) Job insecurity and the crossover of burnout in married couples. J Organ Behav 22:467–481CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Wierda-Boer H, Gerris J, Vermulst A (2008) Adaptive strategies, gender ideology, and work–family balance among Dutch dual earners. J Marriage Fam 70(4):1004–1014CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Wiese BS (2004) Konflikte zwischen Beruf und Familie im Alltagserleben erwerbstätiger Paare. Zeitschrift für Sozialpsychologie 35(1):45–48CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Winslow S (2005) Work–family conflict, gender, and parenthood, 1977–1997. J Fam Issues 26(6):727–755CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Wilensky HL (1961) Life cycle, work situation, and participation in formal associations. In R.W. Kleemeier (Ed.) Aging and leisure. New York: OxfordGoogle Scholar