Introduction
Turbulent flow is a complicated physical phenomenon, and a daunting subject for students of engineering. Turbulent flow is disordered, with random and unsteady velocity fluctuations. This description by itself suggests that exact predictions cannot be determined, and that analysis of turbulent flows will not be easy. However intimidating turbulence may be, its importance is clear: turbulent flows are found in many industrial and natural processes, and affect quantities of great practical importance to engineers, like the local velocity distribution, drag force, and heat transfer. Moreover, a better understanding of this flow allows engineers to make design decisions that could either reduce the effects of turbulence or enhance them, in order to improve the performance of their devices.
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Jiji, L.M. (2009). CONVECTION IN EXTERNAL TURBULENT FLOW. In: Heat Convection. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-02971-4_8
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