Abstract
The new era of nanotechnology presents many challenges and opportunities. One area of considerable challenge is nanofabrication, in particular the development of fabrication technologies that can evolve into viable manufacturing processes. Considerable efforts are being expended to refine classical top-down approaches, such as photolithography, to produce silicon-based electronics with nanometer-scale features. So-called bottom-up or self-assembly processes are also being researched and developed as new ways of producing heterogeneous nanostructures, nanomaterials and nanodevices. It is also hoped that there are novel ways to combine the best aspects of both top-down and bottom-up processes to create a totally unique paradigm change for the integration of heterogeneous molecules and nanocomponents into higher order structures. Over the past decade, sophisticated microelectrode array devices produced by the top-down process (photolithography) have been developed and commercialized for DNA diagnostic genotyping applications. These devices have the ability to produce electric field geometries on their surfaces that allow DNA molecules to be transported to or from any site on the surface of the array. Such devices are also able to assist in the self-assembly (via hybridization) of DNA molecules at specific locations on the array surface. Now a new generation of these microarray devices are available that contain integrated CMOS components within their underlying silicon structure. The integrated CMOS allows more precise control over the voltages and currents sourced to the individual microelectrode sites. While such microelectronic array devices have been used primarily for DNA diagnostic applications, they do have the intrinsic ability to transport almost any type of charged molecule or other entity to or from any site on the surface of the array. These include other molecules with self-assembling properties such as peptides and proteins, as well as nanoparticles, cells and even micron-scale semiconductor components. Microelectronic arrays thus have the potential to be used in a highly parallel electric field pick and place fabrication process allowing a variety of molecules and nanostructures to be organized into higher order two- and three-dimensional structures. This truly represents a synergy of combining the best aspects of top-down and bottom-up technologies into a novel nanomanufacturing process.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Abbreviations
- AC:
-
alternating-current
- AC:
-
amorphous carbon
- CMOS:
-
complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor
- DEP:
-
dielectrophoresis
- DNA:
-
deoxyribonucleic acid
- RNA:
-
ribonucleic acid
- SNP:
-
single nucleotide polymorphisms
References
National Research Council: Small Wonders, Endless Frontiers: Review of the Nanotional Nanotechnology Initiative (National Research Council, Washington 2002)
M.P. Hughes (Ed.): Nanoelectromechanics in Engineering and Biology (CRC, Boca Raton 2003)
W.A. Goddard, D. Brenner, S. Lyshevski, G. Lafrate (Eds.): Handbook of Nanoscience, Engineering and Technology (CRC, Boca Raton 2003)
V. Balzani, M. Venturi, A. Credi (Eds.): Molecular Devices and Mechanics – Journey into the Nanoworld (Wiley-VCH, Weinheim 2003)
R. Bashir: Biologically mediated assembly of artificial nanostructures and microstructures. In: Handbook of Nanoscience, Engineering and Technology, ed. by W.A. Goddard, D. Brenner, S. Lyshevski, G. Lafrate (CRC, Boca Raton 2003) pp. 15–1–15–31, Chap. 15
M.J. Heller, R.H. Tullis: Self-organizing molecular photonic structures based on functionalized synthetic DNA polymers, Nanotechnology 2, 165–171 (1991)
D.M. Hartmann, D. Schwartz, G. Tu, M. Hellerand, S.C. Esener: Selective DNA attachment of particles to substrates, J. Mater. Res. 17, 473–478 (2002)
M.J. Heller: An active microelectronics device for multiplex DNA analysis, IEEE Eng. Med. Biol. 15, 100–103 (1996)
R.G. Sosnowski, E. Tu, W.F. Butler, J.P. OʼConnell, M.J. Heller: Rapid determination of single base mismatch in DNA hybrids by direct electric field control, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94, 1119–1123 (1997)
C.F. Edman, D.E. Raymond, D.J. Wu, E. Tu, R.G. Sosnowski, W.F. Butler, M. Nerenberg, M.J. Heller: Electric field directed nucleic acid hybridization on microchips, Nucl. Acids Res. 25, 4907–4914 (1997)
M.J. Heller: An integrated microelectronic hybridization system for genomic research and diagnostic applications. In: Micro Total Analysis Systems, ed. by D.J. Harrison, A. van den Berg (Kluwer Academic, Dordrecht 1998) pp. 221–224
M.J. Heller, E. Tu, A. Holmsen, R.G. Sosnowski, J.P. OʼConnell: Active microelectronic arrays for DNA hybridization analysis. In: DNA Microarrays: A Practical Approach, ed. by M. Schena (Univ. Press, Oxford 1999) pp. 167–185
M.J. Heller, A.H. Forster, E. Tu: Active microelectronic chip devices which utilize controlled electrophoretic fields for multiplex DNA hybridization and genomic applications, Electrophoresis 21, 157–164 (2000)
C. Gurtner, E. Tu, N. Jamshidi, R. Haigis, T. Onofrey, C.F. Edman, R. Sosnowski, B. Wallace, M.J. Heller: Microelectronic array devices and techniques for electric field enhanced DNA hybridization in low-conductance buffers, Electrophoresis 23, 1543–1550 (2002)
M.J. Heller: DNA microarray technology: devices, systems and applications, Ann. Rev. Biomed. Eng. 4, 129–153 (2002)
M.J. Heller, E. Tu, R. Martinsons, R.R. Anderson, C. Gurtner, A. Forster, R. Sosnowski: Active microelectronic array systems for DNA hybridization, genotyping, pharmacogenomics and nanofabrication applications. In: Integrated Microfabricated Devices, ed. by M.J. Heller, A. Guttman (Marcel Dekker, New York 2002) pp. 223–270, Chap. 10
S.K. Kassengne, H. Reese, D. Hodko, J.M. Yang, K. Sarkar, P. Swanson, D.E. Raymond, M.J. Heller, M.J. Madou: Numerical modeling of transport and accumulation of DNA on electronically active biochips, Sens. Actuators B 94, 81–98 (2003)
S.C. Esener, D. Hartmann, M.J. Heller, J.M. Cable: DNA assisted micro-assembly: A heterogeneous integration technology for optoelectronics, Proc. SPIE 70, 113–140 (1998)
C. Gurtner, C.F. Edman, R.E. Formosa, M.J. Heller: Photoelectrophoretic transport and hybridization of DNA on unpatterned silicon substrates, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 122(36), 8589–8594 (2000)
Y. Huang, K.L. Ewalt, M. Tirado, R. Haigis, A. Forster, D. Ackley, M.J. Heller, J.P. OʼConnell, M. Krihak: Electric manipulation of bioparticles and macromolecules on microfabricated electrodes, Anal. Chem. 73, 1549–1559 (2001)
C.F. Edman, C. Gurtner, R.E. Formosa, J.J. Coleman, M.J. Heller: Electric-field-directed pick-and-place assembly, HDI 3(10), 30–35 (2000)
C.F. Edman, R.B. Swint, C. Gurthner, R.E. Formosa, S.D. Roh, K.E. Lee, P.D. Swanson, D.E. Ackley, J.J. Colman, M.J. Heller: Electric field directed assembly of an InGaAs LED onto silicon circuitry, IEEE Photon. Tech. Lett. 12(9), 1198–1200 (2000)
C.F. Edman, M.J. Heller, R. Formosa, C. Gurtner: Methods and apparatus for the electronic homogeneous assembly and fabrication of devices, US Patent 6569382 (2003)
M.J. Heller, J.M. Cable, S.C. Esener: Methods for the electronic assembly and fabrication of devices, US Patent 6652808 (2003)
C.F. Edman, M.J. Heller, C. Gurtner, R. Formosa: Systems and devices for the photoelectrophoretic transport and hybridization of oligonucleotides, US Patent 6706473 (2004)
A. Taton, C. Mirkin, R. Letsinger: Scanometric DNA array detection with nanoparticle probes, Science 289, 1757–1760 (2000)
M. Chee, R. Yang, E. Hubbell, A. Berno, X. Huang, D. Stern, J. Winkler, D. Lockhart, M. Morris, S. Fodor: Accessing genetic information with high-density DNA arrays, Science 274, 610–614 (1996)
A. Pease, D. Solas, E. Sullivan, M. Cronin, C. Holmes, S. Fodor: Light-generated oligonucleotide arrays for rapid DNA sequence analysis, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 99, 5022–5026 (1994)
R.J. Lipshutz, D. Morris, M. Chee, E. Hubbell, M.J. Kozal, N. Shah, N. Shen, R. Yang, S.P. Fodor: Using oligonucleotide probe arrays to access genetic diversity, Biotechniques 19(3), 442–447 (1995)
P. Swanson, R. Gelbart, E. Atlas, L. Yang, T. Grogan, W.F. Butler, D.E. Ackley, E. Sheldon: A fully multiplexed CMOS biochip for DNA analysis, Sens. Actuators B 64, 22–30 (2000)
P.N. Gilles, D.J. Wu, C.B. Foster, P.J. Dillion, S.J. Channock: Single nucleotide polymorphic discrimination by an electronic dot blot assay on semiconductor microchips, Nat. Biotechnol. 17(4), 365–370 (1999)
N. Narasimhan, D. OʼKane: Validation of SNP genotyping for human serum paraoxonase gene, Clin. Chem. 34(7), 589–592 (2001)
R. Sosnowski, M.J. Heller, E. Tu, A. Forster, R. Radtkey: Active microelectronic array system for DNA hybridization, genotyping and pharmacogenomic applications, Psychiatr. Genet. 12, 181–192 (2002)
Y.R. Sohni, J.R. Cerhan, D.J. OʼKane: Microarray and microfluidic methodology for genotyping cytokine gene polymorphisms, Hum. Immunol. 64, 990–997 (2003)
E.S. Pollak, L. Feng, H. Ahadian, P. Fortina: Microarray-based genetic analysis for studying susceptibility to arterial and venous thrombotic disorders, Ital. Heart J. 2, 569–572 (2001)
W.A. Thistlethwaite, L.M. Moses, K.C. Hoffbuhr, J.M. Devaney, E.P. Hoffman: Rapid genotyping of common MeCP2 mutations with an electronic DNA microchip using serial differential hybridization, J. Mol. Diagn. 5(2), 121–126 (2003)
V.R. Mas, R.A. Fisher, D.G. Maluf, D.S. Wilkinson, T.G. Carleton, A. Ferreira-Gonzalez: Hepatic artery thrombosis after liver transplantation and genetic factors: Prothrombin G20210A polymorphism, Transplantation 76(1), 247–249 (2003)
R. Santacroce, A. Ratti, F. Caroli, B. Foglieni, A. Ferraris, L. Cremonesi, M. Margaglione, M. Seri, R. Ravazzolo, G. Restagno, B. Dallapiccola, E. Rappaport, E.S. Pollak, S. Surrey, M. Ferrari, P. Fortina: Analysis of clinically relevant single-nucleotide polymorphisms by use of microelectric array technology, Clin. Chem. 48(12), 2124–2130 (2002)
A. Åsberg, K. Thorstensen, K. Hveem, K. Bjerve: Hereditary hemochromatosis: The clinical significance of the S64C mutation, Genet. Test. 6(1), 59–62 (2002)
J.G. Evans, C. Lee-Tataseo: Determination of the factor V Leiden single-nucleotide polymorphism in a commercial clinical laboratory by use of NanoChip microelectric array technology, Clin. Chem. 48(9), 1406–1411 (2002)
T. Walker, J. Nadeau, P. Spears, J. Schram, C. Nycz, D. Shank: Multiplex strand displacement amplification (SDA) and detection of DNA sequences from Mycobacterium tuberculosis and other mycobacteria, Nucl. Acids Res. 22(13), 2670–2677 (1994)
J. Cheng, E.L. Sheldon, L. Wu, A. Uribe, L.O. Gerrue, J. Carrino, M.J. Heller, J.P. OʼConnell: Electric field controlled preparation and hybridization analysis of DNA/RNA from E. coli on microfabricated bioelectronic chips, Nat. Biotechnol. 16, 541–546 (1998)
J. Cheng, E.L. Sheldon, L. Wu, M.J. Heller, J. OʼConnell: Isolation of cultured cervical carcinoma cells mixed with peripheral blood cells on a bioelectronic chip, Anal. Chem. 70, 2321–2326 (1998)
Y. Huang, J. Sunghae, M. Duhon, M.J. Heller, B. Wallace, X. Xu: Dielectrophoretic separation and gene expression profiling on microelectronic chip arrays, Anal. Chem. 74, 3362–3371 (2002)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding authors
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2010 Springer-Verlag
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Heller, M.J., Sullivan, B., Dehlinger, D., Swanson, P., Hodko, D. (2010). Next-Generation DNA Hybridization and Self-Assembly Nanofabrication Devices. In: Bhushan, B. (eds) Springer Handbook of Nanotechnology. Springer Handbooks. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-02525-9_13
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-02525-9_13
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-02524-2
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-02525-9
eBook Packages: EngineeringEngineering (R0)