Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Male Hormonal Contraception

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Book cover Fertility Control

Part of the book series: Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology ((HEP,volume 198))

Abstract

The principle of hormonal male contraception based on suppression of gonadotropins and spermatogenesis has been established over the last three decades. All hormonal male contraceptives use testosterone, but only in East Asian men can testosterone alone suppress spermatogenesis to a level compatible with contraceptive protection. In Caucasians, additional agents are required of which progestins are favored. Current clinical trials concentrate on testosterone combined with norethisterone, desogestrel, etonogestrel, DMPA, or nestorone. The first randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial performed by the pharmaceutical industry demonstrated the effectiveness of a combination of testosterone undecanoate and etonogestrel in suppressing spermatogenesis in volunteers.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 259.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 329.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 329.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • All Party Parliamentary Group on Population, Development and Reproductive Health (2007) Return of the population growth factor: its impact upon the Millennium Development Goals. House of Commons, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Alvarez-Sanchez F, Faundes A, Brache V, Leon P (1977) Attainment and maintenance of azoospermia with combined monthly injections of depot medroxyprogesterone acetate and testosterone enanthate. Contraception 15:635–648

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Anawalt BD, Bebb RA, Bremner WJ, Matsumoto AM (1999) A lower dosage levonorgestrel and testosterone combination effectively suppresses spermatogenesis and circulating gonadotrophin levels with fewer metabolic effects than higher dosage combinations. J Androl 20:407–414

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Anawalt BD, Herbst KL, Matsumoto AM, Mulders TM, Coelingh-Bennink HJ, Bremner WJ (2000) Desogestrel plus testosterone effectively suppresses spermatogenesis but also causes modest weight gain and high-density lipoprotein suppression. Fertil Steril 74:707–714

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Anawalt BD, Amory JK, Herbst KL, Coviello AD, Page ST, Bremner WJ, Matsumoto AM (2005) Intramuscular testosterone enanthate plus very low dosage oral levonorgestrel suppresses spermatogenesis without causing weight gain in normal young men: a randomized clinical trial. J Androl 26:405–413

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Anderson RA, Baird DT (1997) Progress towards a male pill. IPPF Med Bull 31:3–4

    Google Scholar 

  • Anderson RA, Kinniburgh D, Baird DT (2002a) Suppression of spermatogenesis by etonogestrel implants with depot testosterone: potential for long-acting male contraception. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 87:3640–3649

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Anderson RA, Van Der Spuy ZM, Dada OA, Tregoning SK, Zinn PM, AdenijiOA FTA, Smith KB, Baird DT (2002b) Investigation of hormonal male contraception in African men: suppression of spermatogenesis by oral desogestrel with depot testosterone. Hum Reprod 17:2869–2877

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • April K, Köster R, Schreiner W (1993) Wie effektiv schützen Kondome vor einer HIV-Übertragung? Med Klin 88:304–311

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Barfield A, Melo J, Coutinho E, Alvarez-Sanchez F, Faundes A, Brache V, Leon P, Frick J, Bartsch G, Weiske WH, Brenner P, Mishell D Jr, Bernstein G, Ortiz A (1979) Pregnancies associated with sperm concentrations below 10 million/ml in clinical studies of a potential male contraceptive method, monthly depot medroxyprogesterone acetate and testosterone esters. Contraception 20:121–127

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Barfield JP, Nieschlag E, Cooper TG (2006) Fertility control in wildlife: humans as a model. Contraception 73:6–22

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bebb RA, Anawalt BD, Christensen RB, Paulsen CA, Bremner WJ, Matsumoto AM (1996) Combined administration of levonorgestrel and testosterone induces more rapid and effective suppression of spermatogenesis than testosterone alone: a promising male contraceptive approach. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 81:757–762

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Behre HM, Nashan D, Hubert W, Nieschlag E (1992) Depot gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist blunts the androgen-induced suppression of spermatogenesis in a clinical trial of male contraception. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 74:84–90

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Behre HM, Baus S, Kliesch S, Keck C, Simoni M, Nieschlag E (1995) Potential of testosterone buciclate for male contraception: endocrine differences between responders and nonresponders. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 80:2394–2403

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Behre HM, Kliesch S, Lemcke B, Nieschlag E (2001) Suppression of spermatogenesis to azoospermia by combined administration of GnRH antagonist and 19-nortestosterone cannot be maintained by 19-nortestosterone alone in normal men. Hum Reprod 16:2570–2577

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Behre HM, Wang C, Handelsman DJ, Nieschlag E (2004) Pharmacology of testosterone preparations. In: Nieschlag E, Behre HM (eds) Testosterone: action, deficiency, substitution, 3rd edn. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 405–444

    Google Scholar 

  • Birg H (2005) 100 Jahre Geburtenrückgang. Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung 26.2.2005

    Google Scholar 

  • Brady BM, Walton M, Hollow N, Kicman AT, Baird DT, Anderson RA (2004) Depot testosterone with etonogestrel implants result in induction of azoospermia in all men for long-term contraception. Hum Reprod 19:2658–2667

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brenner PF, Mishell DR Jr, Bernstein GS, Ortiz A et al (1977) Study of medroxyprogesterone acetate and testosterone enanthate as a male contraceptive. Contraception 15:679–691

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Büchter D, von Eckardstein S, von Eckardstein A, Kamischke A, Simoni M, Behre HM, Nieschlag E (1999) Clinical trial of transdermal testosterone and oral levonorgestrel for male contraception. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 84:1244–1249

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Darroch JE (2008) Male fertility control – where are the men? Contraception 78:S7–S17

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Engelmann U, Gralla O (2010) Vasectomy and refertilisation. In: Nieschlag E, Behre HM, Nieschlag S (eds) Andrology: male reproductive health and dysfunction, 3rd edn. Springer, Heidelberg, pp 565–576

    Google Scholar 

  • Ersheng G, Cuihong L, Youlun G, Lamei L, Changhai H (1999) Inhibiting effects of sino-implant plus testosterone undecanoate on spermatogenesis in Chinese men. Reprod Contracept 10:98–105

    Google Scholar 

  • Faundes A, Brache V, Leon P, Schmidt F, Alvarez-Sanchez F (1981) Sperm suppression with monthly injections of medroxyprogesterone acetate combined with testosterone enanthate at a high dose (500 mg). Int J Androl 4:235–245

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fogh M, Corker CS, McLean H (1980) Clinical trial with levonorgestrel and testosterone enanthate for male fertility control. Acta Endocrinol 95:251–257

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Frick J, Bartsch G, Weiske WH (1977) The effect of monthly depot medroxyprogesterone acetate and testosterone on human spermatogenesis. II. High initial dose. Contraception 15:669–677

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Frick J, Danner C, Kunit G, Joos H, Kohle R (1982) Spermatogenesis in men treated with injections of medroxyprogesterone acetate combined with testosterone enanthate. Int J Androl 5:246–252

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gaw Gonzalo IT, Swerdloff RS, Nelson AL, Clevenger B, Garcia R, Berman N, Wang C (2002) Levonorgestrel implants (Norplant II) for male contraception clinical trials: combination with transdermal and injectable testosterone. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 87:3562–3572

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Grimes DA, Lopez LM, Gallo MF, Halpern V, Nanda K, Schulz KF (2007) Steroid hormones for contraception in men (review). Cochrane Database Syst Rec 004316

    Google Scholar 

  • Gu Y-Q, Wang X-H, Xu D, Peng L, Cheng L-F, Huang M-K, Huang Z-J, Zhang G-Y (2003) A multicenter contraceptive efficacy study of injectable testosterone undecanoate in healthy Chinese men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 88:562–568

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gu YQ, Tong JS, Ma DZ, Wang XH, Yuan D, Tang WH, Bremner WJ (2004) Male hormonal contraception: effects of injections of testosterone undecanoate and depot medroxyprogesterone acetate at eight-week intervals in Chinese men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 89:2254–2262

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gu Y, Liang X, Wu W, Liu M, Song S, Cheng L, Bo L, Xiong C, Wang X, Liu X, Peng L, Yao K (2009) Multicenter contraceptive efficacy trial of injectable testosterone undecanoate in Chinese men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 94(6):1890–1892

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Guerin JF, Rollet J (1988) Inhibition of spermatogenesis in men using various combinations of oral progestagens and percutaneous or oral androgens. Int J Androl 11:187–199

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gui YL, He CH, Amory JK, Bremner WJ, Zheng EX, Yand J, Yand PJ, Gao ES (2004) Male hormonal contraception: suppression of spermatogenesis by injectable testosterone undecanoate alone or with levonorgestrel implants in Chinese men. J Androl 25:720–727

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hair WM, Kitteridge K, Wu FCW (1999) A new male contraceptive pill/patch combination – oral desogestrel and transdermal testosterone: suppression of gonadotropins and spermatogenesis in men. In: The Endocrine Society’s 81st Annual Meeting; 1999 June 12–15; San Diego, CA, USA; Poster P3–374

    Google Scholar 

  • Handelsman DJ, Conway AJ, Boylan LM (1992) Suppression of humanspermatogenesis by testosterone implants. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 75:1326–1332

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Handelsman DJ, Conway AJ, Howe CJ, Turner L, Mackey MA (1996) Establishing the minimum effective dose and additive effects of depot progestin in suppression of human spermatogenesis by a testosterone depot. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 81:4113–4121

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Heckel M (1939) Production of oligospermia in a man by the use of testosterone propionate. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 40:658–659

    Google Scholar 

  • Heinemann K, Saad F, Wiesemes M, White S, Heinemann L (2005) Attitudes toward male fertility control: results of a multinational survey on four continents. Hum Reprod 20:549–556

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kamischke A, Nieschlag E (2004) Progress towards hormonal male contraception. Trends Pharmacol Sci 25:49–57

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kamischke A, Plöger D, Venherm S, von Eckardstein S, von Eckardstein A, Nieschlag E (2000) Intramuscular testosterone undecanoate with or without oral levonorgestrel: a randomized placebo-controlled feasibility study for male contraception. Clin Endocrinol 53:43–52

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kamischke A, Venherm S, Plöger D, von Eckardstein S, Nieschlag E (2001) Intramuscular testosterone undecanoate and norethisterone enanthate in a clinical trial for male contraception. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 86:303–309

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kamischke A, Heuermann T, Krüger K, von Eckardstein S, Schellschmidt I, Rübig A, Nieschlag E (2002) An effective hormonal male contraceptive using testosterone undecanoate with oral or injectable norethisterone preparations. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 87:530–539

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kinniburgh D, Anderson RA, Baird DT (2001) Suppression of spermatogenesis with desogestrel and testosterone pellets is not enhanced by addition of finasteride. J Androl 22:88–95

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kinniburgh D, Zhu H, Cheng L, Kicman AT, Baird DT, Anderson RA (2002) Oral desogestrel with testosterone pellets induces consistent suppression of spermatogenesis to azoospermia in both Caucasian and Chinese men. Hum Reprod 17:1490–1501

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Knuth UA, Behre HM, Belkien L, Bents H, Nieschlag E (1985) Clinical trial of 19-nortestosterone-hexoxyphenylpropionate (Anadur) for male fertility regulation. Fertil Steril 44:814–821

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Knuth UA, Yeung CH, Nieschlag E (1989) Combination of 19-nortestosterone-hexyoxyphenylpropionate (Anadur) and depot-medroxyprogesterone-acetate (Clinovir) for male contraception. Fertil Steril 51:1011–1018

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kornmann B, Nieschlag E, Zitzmann M, Gromoll J, Simoni M, von Eckardstein S (2009) Body fat content and testosterone pharmacokinetics determine gonadotropin suppression after intramuscular injections of testosterone preparations in normal men. J Androl 30:602–613

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liu PY, Swerdloff RS, Christenson PD, Handelsman DJ, Wang C (2006) Hormonal male contraception summit group. Rate, extent, and modifiers of spermatogenic recovery after hormonal male contraception: an integrated analysis. Lancet 367:1412–1420

    Google Scholar 

  • Li JW, Gu YQ (2008) Predictors for partial suppression of spermatogenesis of hormonal male contraception. Asian J Androl 10:723–730

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liu PY, Swerdloff RS, Anawalt BD, AAnderson RA, Bremner WJ, Elliesen J, Gu YQ, Kersemaekers WM, McLachlan RI, Meriggiola MC, Nieschlag E, Sitruk-Ware R, Vogelsong K, Wang XH, Wu FC, Zitzmann M, Handelsman DJ, Wang C (2008) Determinants of the rate and extent of spermatogenic suppression during hormonal male contraception: an integrated analysis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 93:1774–1783

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Martin CW, Anderson RA, Cheng L, Ho PC, van der Spuy Z, Smith KB, Glasier AF, Everington D, Baird DT (2000) Potential impact of hormonal male contraception: cross-cultural implications for development of novel preparations. Hum Reprod 15:637–645

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McLachlan RI, McDonald J, Rushford D, Robertson DM, Garrett C, Baker HW (2000) Efficacy and acceptability of testosterone implants, alone or in combination with a 5alpha-reductase inhibitor, for male hormonal contraception. Contraception 62:73–78

    Google Scholar 

  • McLachlan RI, O’Donnell L, Stanton PG, Balourdos G, Frydenberg M, DeKretser DM, Robertson DM (2002) Effects of testosterone plus medroxyprogesterone acetate on semen quality, reproductive hormones and germ cell populations in normal young men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 87:546–556

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Melo JF, Coutinho EM (1977) Inhibition of spermatogenesis in men with monthly injections of medroxyprogesterone acetate and testosterone enanthate. Contraception 15:627–634

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Meriggiola MC, Bremner WJ, Paulsen CA, Valdiserri A, Incorvala L, Motta R, Pavani A, Capelli M, Flamigni C (1996) A combined regimen of cyproterone acetate and testosterone enanthate as a potentially highly effective male contraceptive. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 81:3018–3023

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Meriggiola MC, Bremner WJ, Costantino A, Pavani A, Capelli M, Flamigni C (1997) An oral regimen of cyproterone acetate and testosterone undecanoate for spermatogenic suppression in men. Fertil Steril 68:844–850

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Meriggiola MC, Bremner WJ, Costantino A, Di Cintio G, Flamigni C (1998) Low dose of cyproterone acetate and testosterone enanthate for contraception in men. Hum Reprod 13:1225–1229

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Meriggiola MC, Costantino A, Bremner WJ, Morselli-Labate AM (2002) Higher testosterone dose impairs sperm suppression induced by a combined androgen-progestin regimen. J Androl 23:684–690

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Meriggiola MC, Costantino A, Cerpolini S, Bremner WJ, Huebler D, Morselli-Labate AM, Kirsch B, Bertaccini A, Pelusi C, Pelusi G (2003) Testosterone undecanoate maintains spermatogenic suppression induced by cyproterone acetate plus testosterone undecanoate in normal men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 88:5818–5826

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Meriggiola MC, Costantino SF, D’Emidio L, Morselli Labate AM, Bertaccini A, Bremner WJ, Rudolph I, Ernst M, Kirsch B, Martorana G, Pelusi G (2005) Norethisterone enanthate plus testosterone undecanoate for male contraception: effects of various injection intervals on spermatogenesis, reproductive hormones, testis, and prostate. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 90:2005–2014

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Meriggiola MC, Cerpolini S, Bremner WJ, Mbizvo MT, Vogelsong KM, Martorana G, Pelosi G (2006) Acceptability of an injectable male contraceptive regimen of norethisterone enanthate and testosterone undecanoate for men. Hum Reprod 21:2033–2040

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mommers E, Kersemaeker WM, Elliesen J, Kepers M, Apter D, Behre HM, Beynon J, Bouloux PM, Costantino A, Gerbershagen HP, Gronlund L, Heger-Mahn D, Huhtaniemi I, Koldewihn EL, Lange C, Lindenberg S, Meriggiola MC, Meuleman E, Mulder PFA, Nieschlag E, Perheentupa A, Solomon A, Väisälä L, FC W, Zitzmann M (2008) Male hormonal contraception: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 93:2572–2580

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nieschlag E (2006) Testosterone treatment comes of age: new options for hypogonadal men. Clin Endocrinol 65:275–281

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nieschlag E (2009) Male hormonal contraception: love’s labour’s lost? J Clin Endocrinol Metab 94:1890–1892

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nieschlag E, 10th Summit Meeting Group (2007) 10th Summit Meeting on consensus: recommendations for regulatory approval for hormonal male contraception. October 22–23, 2006. Contraception 75:166–167

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nieschlag E, Behre HM (2010) Approaches to hormonal male contraception. In: Nieschlag E, Behre HM, Nieschlag S (eds) Andrology: male reproductive health and dysfunction, 3rd edn. Springer, Heidelberg, pp 577–587

    Google Scholar 

  • Nieschlag E, Hoogen H, Bölk M, Schuster H, Wickings EJ (1978) Clinical trial with testosterone undecanoate for male fertility control. Contraception 18:607–614

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nieschlag E, Kamischke A, Behre HM (2004) Hormonal male contraception: the essential role of testosterone. In: Nieschlag E, Behre HM (eds) Testosterone: action, deficiency, substitution, 3rd edn. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 685–714

    Google Scholar 

  • Nieschlag E, Behre HM, Wieacker P, Meschede D, Kamischke A, Kliesch S (2009) Disorders at the testicular level (chap. 13). In: Nieschlag E, Behre HM, Nieschlag S (eds) Andrology: male reproductive health and dysfunction, 3rd edn. Springer, Heidelberg

    Google Scholar 

  • Page ST, Amory JK, Anawalt BD, Irwig MS, Brockenbrough AT, Matsumoto AM, Bremner WJ (2006) Testosterone gel combined with depomedroxyprogesterone acetate is an effective male hormonal contraceptive regimen and is not enhanced by the addition of a GnRH antagonist. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 91:4374–4380

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Page ST, Amory JK, Bremner WJ (2008) Advances in male contraception. Endocr Rev 29:465–493

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pangkahila W (1991) Reversible azoospermia induced by an androgen-progestin combination regimen in Indonesian men. Int J Androl 14:248–256

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pöllänen P, Nikkanen V, Huhtaniemi I (2001) Combination of subcutaneous levonorgestrel implants and transdermal dihydrotestosterone gel for male hormonal contraception. Int J Androl 24:369–380

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Qoubaitary A, Meriggiola C, Ng CM, Lumbreras L, Cerpolini S, Pelusi G, Christensen PD, Hull L, Swerdloff RS, Wang C (2006) Pharmacokinetics of testosterone undecanoate injected alone or in combination with norethisterone enanthate in healthy men. J Androl 27:853–867

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Strauss JF, Chaudhuri G (2007) The accelerated pace of pharma abandonment of research and development in family planning and fertility: will reproductive health technology be frozen in time? Fertil Steril 87:717–718

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Swerdloff RS, Bagatell CJ, Wang C, Anawalt BD, Berman N, Steiner B, Bremner WJ (1998) Suppression of spermatogenesis in man induced by Nal-Glu gonadotropin releasing hormone antagonist and testosterone enanthate (TE) is maintained by TE alone. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 83:3527–3533

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Turner L, Conway AJ, Jimenez M, Liu PY, Forbes E, McLachlan RI, Handelsman DJ (2003) Contraceptive efficacy of a depot progestin and androgen combination in men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 88:4659–4667

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • von Eckardstein S, Schmidt A, Kamischke A, Simoni M, Gromoll J, Nieschlag E (2002) CAG repeat length in the androgen receptor gene and gonadotrophin suppression influence the effectiveness of hormonal male contraception. Clin Endocrinol 57:647–655

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • von Eckardstein S, Noe G, Brache V, Nieschlag E, Croxatto H, Alvarez F, Moo-Young A, Sivin I, Kumar N, Small M, Sundaram K, International Committee for Contraception Research, The Population Council (2003) A clinical trial of 7 alpha-methyl-19-nortestosterone implants for possible use as a long-acting contraceptive formen. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 88:5232–5239

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Waites GMH (2003) Development of methods of male contraception: impact of the World Health Organization task force. Fertil Steril 80:1–15

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Walton MJ, Kumar N, Baird DT, Ludlow H, Anderson RA (2007) 7α-methyl-19-nortestosterone (MENT) vs testosterone in combination with etonogestrel implants for spermatogenic suppression in healthy men. J Androl 28:679–688

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wang C, Wang XH, Nelson AL (2006) Levonorgestrel implants enhanced the suppression of spermatogenesis by testosterone implants: comparison between Chinese and non-Chinese men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 91:460–470

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wang C, Cui YG, Wang XH, Jia Y, Hikim AS, Lue YH, Tong JS, Qian LX, Sha JH, Zhou ZM, Hull L, Leung A, Swerdloff RS (2007) Transient scrotal hyperthermia and levonorgestrel enhance testosterone-induced spermatogenesis suppression in men through increased germ cell apoptosis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 92:3292–3304

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • WHO (2005) Controlled trials register NET-EN plus TU as a male contraceptive (WHO-HRP ID A25165). http://www.who.int/reproductive-health/rhl/a25165.html. Accessed 29 Nov 2005

  • World Health Organization Task Force on Methods for the Regulation of Male Fertility (1990) Contraceptive efficacy of testosterone-induced azoospermia in normal men. Lancet 336:955–959

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • World Health Organization Task Force on Methods for the Regulation of Male Fertility (1993) Comparison of two androgens plus depot-medroxyprogesterone acetate for suppression to azoospermia in Indonesian men. Fertil Steril 60:1062–1068

    Google Scholar 

  • World Health Organization Task Force on Methods for the Regulation of Male Fertility (1996) Contraceptive efficacy of testosterone-induced azoospermia and oligozoospermia in normal men. Fertil Steril 65:821–829

    Google Scholar 

  • Wu FC, Aitken RJ (1989) Suppression of sperm function by depot medroxyprogesterone acetate and testosterone enanthate in steroid male contraception. Fertil Steril 51:691–698

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wu FCW, Balasubramanian R, Mulders TMT, Coelingh-Bennink HJT (1999) Oral progestogen combined with testosterone as a potential male contraceptive: additive effects between desogestrel and testosterone enanthate in suppression of spermatogenesis, pituitary-testicular axis, and lipid metabolism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 84:112–122

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang GY, Gu YQ, Wang XH, Cui YG, Bremner WJ (1999) A clinical trial of injectable testosterone undecanoate as a potential male contraceptive in normal Chinese men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 84:3642–3647

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang L, Shal IH, Liu Y, Vogelsong KM, Zhang L (2006) The acceptability of an injectable, once-a-month male contraceptive in China. Contraception 73:548–553

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Centre of Reproductive Medicine and Andrology of the University, WHO Collaboration Centre for Research in Male Reproduction, Domagkstr. 11, 48149, Münster, Germany

    E. Nieschlag

Authors
  1. E. Nieschlag
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to E. Nieschlag .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. , Women's Health Care Research, Bayer Schering Pharma AG, Berlin, 13342, Berlin, Germany

    Ursula-F. Habenicht

  2. ARC Centre of Excellence in, Biotechnology & Development, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, 2308, New South Wales, Australia

    R. John Aitken

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2010 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Nieschlag, E. (2010). Male Hormonal Contraception. In: Habenicht, UF., Aitken, R. (eds) Fertility Control. Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology, vol 198. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-02062-9_11

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation