Abstract
The hedging model introduced in this chapter is an extension of the expected utility approach in Chap. 2 The importing firm’s hedging problem here is almost identical to the one before. The only difference is that this model allows for basis risk. This is important with regard to the definition of backwardation applied. While in the previous chapter backwardation is defined as the difference between the expected spot price and the current futures price (i.e., \(\tilde{{e}}_{1} - {f}_{0}\)), here, backwardation is defined as the difference between the expected futures price and the current futures price (i.e., \(\tilde{{f}}_{1} - {f}_{0}\)). Note that these two definitions of backwardation are equal in the absence of basis risk (i.e., if \(\tilde{{e}}_{1} =\tilde{ {f}}_{1}\)). However, aside from basis risk, the model framework is quite different, since the analysis in this chapter is based on the mean-variance concept. Nevertheless, this approach can be regarded as an extension, since mean-variance models are generally not in conflict with expected utility models.1 On the contrary, mean-variance models have several attractive properties that may add additional insights.
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- 1.
- 2.
Note that the only difference to the model in the previous chapter is that basis risk is not absent. Hence, \(\tilde{{e}}_{1}\neq \tilde{{f}}_{1}\).
- 3.
For more information on the properties of expectations operators, variances, and covariances, see e.g., Pindyck and Rubinfeld (1998).
- 4.
See e.g., Kahl (1983).
- 5.
The condition for a maximum
$$\frac{{\delta }^{2}\Omega } {\delta {h}^{2}} = -2V (\tilde{{f}}_{1})\lambda < 0$$is fulfilled given risk aversion (i.e., λ > 0).
- 6.
- 7.
Again, these definitions of backwardation are equal if basis risk is absent (i.e., if \(\tilde{{e}}_{1} =\tilde{ {f}}_{1}\)).
- 8.
See e.g., Briys and Schlesinger (**1993), Briys et al. (**1993) and Duffie (1989).
- 9.
- 10.
The graphical representation of the hedgers’ surplus resembles the standard consumers’ surplus in economic theory.
- 11.
An alternative derivation of the hedgers’ surplus is presented in the appendix.
- 12.
- 13.
To make this point clearer, note that the optimal hedge ratio can be rewritten as
$$\frac{h} {x} = \frac{Cov(\tilde{{e}}_{1},\tilde{{f}}_{1})} {V (\tilde{{f}}_{1})} = \frac{Cov(\tilde{{e}}_{1},\tilde{{f}}_{1})} {std{(\tilde{{f}}_{1})}^{2}} = \rho \frac{std(\tilde{{e}}_{1})} {std(\tilde{{f}}_{1})}.$$If spot and futures prices are perfectly correlated (i.e., ρ = 1) and share the same standard deviation (i.e., \(\frac{std(\tilde{{e}}_{1})} {std(\tilde{{f}}_{1})} = 1\)), the “equal and opposite” hedging strategy is optimal. See Haigh and Holt (2000) for more information.
- 14.
For additional information see Hauser and Neff (1993).
- 15.
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Röthig, A. (2009). Mean-Variance Versus Minimum-Variance Hedging. In: Microeconomic Risk Management and Macroeconomic Stability. Lecture Notes in Economics and Mathematical Systems, vol 625. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-01565-6_3
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