Abstract
When a communication system has to be designed, the first main questions that must be answered are: (1) what is the channel through which the transmitted signal will flow? (2) how this channel can be mathematically modeled? In this chapter we address the main characteristics of some communication channels and their mathematical models. When dealing with models, we put emphasis on the fundamentals on some general classes of physical channels, not on the details of specific reference models typically available in recommendations and standards. With these fundamentals, the reader will be able to understand specific models and their simulation aspects, so that these concepts can be used in the research, design and performance assessment of a communication system. A vast number of references are inserted throughout the text to help the readers find additional information or even for a deeper or more complete treatment on some specific channel.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Akbar, I. A. Markov Modeling of Third Generation Wireless Channels. M.Sc. Dissertation. Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. Blacksburg, Virginia, March 2003.
Almers, P. et al. Survey of Channel and Radio Propagation Models for Wireless MIMO Systems. EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking. 19070, 2007.
Anastasiadou, D. and Antonakopolous, Multipath Characterization of Indoor Power Line Networks, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, vol. 20, No. 1, pp. 90–99, January 2005.
Andersen, J. B., Rappaport, T. S. and Yoshida, S. Propagation Measurements and Models for Wireless Communications Channels, IEEE Communications Magazine. vol. 33, pp. 42–49, January 1995.
Asadi, M. M., Duffy, A. P., Hodge, K. G. and Willis, A. J. Twisted Pair Cable Design Analysis and Simulation. IWCS-49, Atlantic City, NJ, USA, pp. 111–120, November 13–16, 2000.
Bello, P. A. Characterization of Randomly Time-Variant Linear Channels. IEEE Transactions on Communications Systems, vol. CS-11, pp. 360–393, December 1963.
Bello, P. A. Aeronautical Channel Characterization. IEEE Transactions on Communications, vol. COM-21, pp. 548–563, May 1973.
Benedetto, S. and Biglieri, E. Principles of Digital Transmission with Wireless Applications. New York, USA: Kluwer Academic and Plenum Publishers, 1999.
Benyoucef, D. A New Statistical Model of the Noise Power Density Spectrum for Powerline Communications. In ISPLC’03, Kyoto, Japan, pp. 136–141, March 26–28, 2003.
Born, M. and Wolf, E. Principles of Optics – Electromagnetic Theory of Propagation, Interference and Diffraction of Light. 7th Ed. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1999.
Bullington, K. Radio Propagation Fundamentals. The Bell System Technical Journal, vol. XXXVI, No. 3, pp. 593–626, May 1957.
Cassioli, D.,Win, M. Z. and Molisch, A. F. The Ultra-Wide Bandwidth Indoor Channel: From Statistical Model to Simulations. IEEE Journal Selected Areas in Communications, vol. 20, pp. 1247–1257, August 2002.
Collin, R. E. Foundations for Microwave Engineering. 2nd Ed. New York, USA: IEEE Press, Jon Wiley and Sons, Inc., 2001.
Correia, L. M. (Ed.). Wireless Flexible Personalised Communications COST 259. European Co-operation in Mobile Radio Research. New York, USA: John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 2001.
Cost 231 – Final Report. Digital Mobile Radio Towards Future Generation Systems. Brussels, Belgium, 1997.
Cost 235 – Final Report. Radiowave Propagation Effects on Next-Generation Fixed-Services Terrestrial Telecommunications Systems. Brussels, Belgium, 1996.
Couch, L.W. Digital and Analog Communication Systems, 7th Ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ, USA: Prentice Hall, Inc., 2007.
Crane, R. K. Propagation Handbook for Wireless Communication System Design. Boca Raton, FL, USA: CRC Press LLC, 2003.
Dostert, K. Power Line Communications. Communication Engineering and Emerging Technologies. New York, USA: Prentice Hall, Inc., 2001.
Duff, D. G. Computer-Aided Design of Digital Lightwave Systems, IEEE Journal Selected Areas in Communications, SAC-2 (1), pp. 171–185, 1984.
Durgin, G. D., Space-Time Wireless Channels, Upper Saddle River, NJ, USA: Prentice Hall, Inc., 2003.
Ebert, J. P. and Willig, A. A Gilbert-Elliott Bit Error Model and the Efficient Use in Packet Level Simulation. TKN Technical Report TKN-99-002, TU Berlin, March 1999.
Elliott, E. O. Estimates of error rates for codes on burst-noise channels. Bell-System, Technology Journal, vol. 42, pp. 1977–1997, September 1963.
Ertel, R. B. et al. Overview of Spatial Channel Models for Antenna Array Communication Systems. IEEE Personal Communications, vol. 5, pp. 10–22, February 1998.
Esmailian, T., Kschischang, F. R. and Gulak, P. G. In-Building Power Lines as High-Speed Communication Channels: Channel Characterization and a Test Channel Ensemble. International Journal of Communication Systems pp. 381–400, May 2003.
Fritchman, B. D. A Binary Channel Characterization Using Partitioned Markov-Chains, IEEE Trans. Inform. Theory, vol. 13, pp. 221–227, April 1967.
Gilbert, E. N. Capacity of a Burst-Noise Channel. Bell Systems, Technology Journal, vol. 39, pp. 1253–1266, September 1960.
Goldsmith, A. Wireless Communications. New York, USA: Cambridge University Press, 2005.
Rapp, M. and Dostert, K. Power Line Channel Characteristics and Their Effect on Communication System Design. IEEE Communications Magazine, Vol. 42, pp. 78–86, April 2004.
Graf, R. F. Modern Dictionary of Electronics, 7th Ed, USA: Newnes & Butterworth-Heineman, 1999.
Hashemi, H. The Indoor Radio Propagation Channel. Proceedings of the IEEE, Vol. 81, No. 7, pp. 943–968, July 1993.
Hashemi, H. Impulse Response Modeling of Indoor Radio Propagation Channels. IEEE Journal Selected Areas in Communications, vol. 11, pp. 967–978, September 1993.
Haykin, S. Communication Systems, 3rd Ed. New York, USA: John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 1994.
Hoffmeyer, J. A. Measurement, Modeling, and Simulation of Digital LOS Microwave Channels with Applications to Outage Prediction. IEEE Trans. Communications, vol. COM-39, pp. 1295–1305, September 1991.
Hranilovic, S. Wireless Optical Communication Systems. Boston, USA: Springer Science and Business Media, Inc., 2005.
Hrasnica, H., Haidine, A. and Lehnert, R. Broadband Powerline Communications Network Design. Chichester, England: John Wiley & Sons Ltd., 2004.
IEEE VT-S Propagation Committee. Wireless Planning Tools for Mobility and Indoor Systems. Available in: http://members.shaw.ca/propagation/ (last access on May 2009).
Ilcev, S. D. Global Mobile Satellite Communications for Maritime, Land and Aeronautical Applications. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Springer, 2005.
Iskander, M. F. and YUN, Z. Propagation Prediction Models for Wireless Communication Systems. IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, vol. 50, No. 3, pp. 662–673, March 2002.
ITU-R Rec. PN. 310-9. Definitions of Terms Relating to Propagation in Non-Ionized Media. ITU Radiocommunication Assembly: Geneva, 1994.
ITU-R Rec. P. 1411-3. Propagation Data and Prediction Methods for the Planning of Short-range Out-door Radiocommunication Systems and Radio Local Area Networks in the Frequency Range 300 MHz to 100 GHz. ITU Radiocommunication Assembly: Geneva, 2005.
Jakes, W. C. (Ed.) Microwave Mobile Communications. New York, USA: IEEE Press, 1994.
Janssen, G. J. M., Stigter, P. A. and Prasad, R. Wideband Indoor Channel Measurements and BER Analysis of Frequency Selective Multipath Channels at 2.4, 4.75, and 11.5 GHz. IEEE Transactions on Communications, vol. COM-44, pp. 1272–1288, October 1996.
Jeruchim, M. C., Balaban, P. and Shanmugan, K. S. Simulation of Communication Systems – Modeling, Methodology, and Techniques. 2nd Ed. New York, USA: Kluwer Academic & Plenum Publishers, 2000.
Killinger, D. Optical Wireless Laser Communications: Free-Space Optics. In: Wiley Encyclopedia of Telecommunications (J. G. Proakis, Ed.), vol. 4. Hoboken, New Jersey, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., pp. 1849–1867, 2003.
Kitao, K. and Ichitsubo, S. Path Loss Prediction Formula in Urban Area for the Fourth-Generation Mobile Communication Systems. IEICE Transactions on Communications, vol. E91–B, No. 6, pp. 1999–2009, June 2008.
Landstorfer, F., Woelfle, G. and Hoppe, R. Propagation Models for Indoor Communications. In: Wiley Encyclopedia of Telecommunications (J. G. Proakis, Ed.), vol. 4. Hoboken, New Jersey, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., pp. 2012–2021, 2003.
Laplante, P. A. (Ed.). Electrical Engineering Dictionary. Boca Raton, USA: CRC Press LLC, 2000.
Lathi, B. P. An Introduction to Random Signals and Communication Theory. USA: International Textbook Company, 1968.
Lathi, B. P. Modern Digital and Analog Communication Systems. 3rd Ed. New York, USA: Oxford University Press, 1998.
Lee, W. C. Y. Mobile Communications Engineering – Theory and Applications, 2nd Ed. New York, USA: McGraw-Hill, Inc., 1998.
Leon–Garcia, A. Probability, Statistics, and Random Processes for Electrical Engineering. 3rd Ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ, USA: Prentice Hall, 2008.
Li, L., Vurany, M. C. and Akyildiz, I. F. Characteristics of Underground Channel for Wireless Underground Sensor Networks. The Sixth Annual Mediterranean Ad-Hoc Networking Workshop. Corfu, Greece, June 12–15, 2007.
Liu. E. et al, Broadband Characterization of Indoor Power Line Channel. In: ISPLC’04. Zaragoza, Spain. pp. 22–26, April 2004.
Matijn, E. (Ed.) State of the Art Channel Models. Report BTS01063 – Deliverable D2.1. Broadband Radio@Hand. TU Eindihoven. 2002.
Muhammad, S. S., Kohldorfer, P., and Leitgeb, E. Channel Modeling for Terrestrial Free Space Optical Links. In: Proceedings of 7th International Conference on Transparent Optical Networks, pp. 407–410, July 2005.
Narasimhan, R. and Cox, D. C. A Generalized Doppler Power Spectrum for Wireless Environments. IEEE Communications Letters, vol. 3, pp. 164–165, June 1999.
Neskovic, A., Neskovic, N. and Paunovic, G. Modern Approaches in Modeling of Mobile Radio Systems Propagation Environment. IEEE Communications Surveys, vol. 3, pp. 2–12, 2000.
Paulraj, A. and Papadias, C. Space-Time Processing for Wireless Communications. IEEE Signal Processing Magazine, pp. 49–83, November 1997.
Paulraj, A., Rohit N. and Dhananjay G., Introduction to Space-Time Wireless Communications, Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2003.
Pavlidou, N. Vinck, A. J. H. Yazdani, J. and Honary, B. Power Line Communications: State of the Art and Future Trends. IEEE Communications Magazine, vol. 41, pp. 34–40, April 2003.
Philipps, H. Modelling of Powerline Communications Channels. In ISPLC’99, Lancaster, UK, pp. 14–21, March 1999.
Poor, H. V. and Wornell, G. W. (Ed.). Wireless Communications – Signal Processing Perspectives. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey, USA: Prentice-Hall, 1998.
Proakis, J. G. and Salehi, M. Communication Systems Engineering. 2nd Ed. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey, USA: Prentice Hall, 2002.
Proakis, J. G. Digital Communications. 3rd Ed. USA: McGraw Hill, Inc., 1995.
Proakis, J. G. (Ed.). Wiley Encyclopedia of Telecommunications, vols. 1–5. Hoboken, New Jersey, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2003.
Pursley, M. B. Introduction to Digital Communications. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey, USA: Prentice-Hall, 2005.
Quazi, A. H. and Konrad, W. L. Underwater acoustic communications. IEEE Communications Magazine, vol. 20, pp. 24 – 30, March 1982.
Rappaport, T. S. Wireless Communications, 2nd Ed. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey, USA: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 2002.
Rossi, J. P. and Y. Gabillet, Y. A Mixed Ray Launching/Tracing Method for Full 3-D UHF Propagation Modeling and Comparison with Wide-Band Measurements. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propogation, vol. 50, No. 4, pp. 517–523, April 2002.
Rouseff D. et al. Underwater Acoustic Communication by Passive-Phase Conjugation: Theory and Experimental Results. IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering, vol. 26, No. 4, pp. 821–831, 2001.
Rubio, L. M. et al. Channel Modeling and Characterization at 17 GHz for Indoor Broadband WLAN. IEEE Journal Selected Areas in Communications, vol. 20, No. 3, pp. 593–601, April 2002.
Rummler, W. D. More on the Multipath Fading Channel Model. IEEE Transactions on Communications, vol. COM-29, pp. 346–352, March 1981.
Rummler, W. D. A Simplified Method for the Laboratory Determination of Multipath Outage of Digital Radios in the Presence of Thermal Noise. IEEE Transactions on Communications, vol. COM-30, pp. 487–494, March 1982.
Rummler, W. D., R. P. Coutts, R. P. and M. Liniger, M. Multipath Fading Channel Models for Microwave Digital Radio. IEEE Communications Magazine, vol. 24, pp. 30–42, November 1986.
Saleh, A. A. M. and Valenzuela, R. A Statistical Model for Indoor Multipath Propagation, IEEE Journal Selected Areas in Communications, Vol. SAC-5, No. 2, pp. 128–137, February 1987.
Sarkar, T. K. et al., A Survey of Various Propagation Models for Mobile Communication, IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine, Volume 45, Issue 3, pp. 51–82, June 2003.
Serizawa, Y. and Takeshita, S. A Simplified Method for Prediction of Multipath Fading Outage of Digital Radio. IEEE Transactions on Communications, vol. COM-31, pp. 1017–1021, August 1983.
Shah, A. R., Hsu, R. C. J. and Tarighat, A. Coherent Optical MIMO (COMIMO). Journal of Lightwave Technology, vol. 23, No. 8, pp. 2410–2418, August 2005.
Siwiak, K. Radiowave Propagation and Antennas for Personal Communications. Norwood, MA, USA: Artech House, Inc. 1995.
Sklar, B. Digital Communications – Fundamentals and Applications. New Jersey, USA: Prentice Hall, Inc., 1988.
Smith, D. R. Terrestrial Microwave Communications. In: Wiley Encyclopedia of Telecommunications (J. G. Proakis, Ed.), vol. 5. Hoboken, New Jersey, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., pp. 2555–2572, 2003.
Spencer, Q. H., Jeffs, B. D., Jensen, M. A. and Swindlehurst, A. L. Modeling the Statistical Time and Angle of Arrival Characteristics of an Indoor Multipath Channel. IEEE Journal Selected Areas in Communications, vol. 18, pp. 347–360, March 2000.
Stuber, G. L. Principles of Mobile Communications. 2nd Ed. New York, USA: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2001.
Tarighat, A. et al. Fundamentals and Challenges of Optical Multiple-Input Multiple-Output Multimode Fiber Links. IEEE Communications Magazine. May 2007.
Tranter, W. H., Shanmugan, K. S., Rappaport, T. S. and Kosbar, K. L. Principles of Communication Systems Simulation with Wireless Applications. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey, USA: Prentice-Hall, 2004.
Valenzuela, R.A. Ray Tracing Prediction of Indoor Radio Propagation. In: Proceedings of PIMRC ’94, pp. 140–143, The Hague, The Netherlands, 1994.
Wang, H. S. and Moayeri, N. Finite-State Markov Channel – A Useful Model for Radio Communication Channels. IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, pp. 163–171, February 1995.
Weisstein, E. Wolfram MathWorld. Available at: http://mathworld.wolfram.com (last access on May 2009).
Whitteker, J. H. Physical Optics and Field-Strength Predictions for Wireless Systems. IEEE Journal Selected Areas in Communications, vol. 20, No. 3, pp. 515–522, April 2002.
Wikipedia – The Free Encyclopedia on line. Available at: http://en.wikipedia.org (last access on May 2009).
Yacoub, M. D. Foundations of Mobile Radio Engineering. New York, USA: CRC Press, 1993.
Zimmermann, M. and Dostert, K. An Analysis of the Broadband Noise Scenario in Powerline Networks. In ISPLC’00, Limerick, Ireland, April 5–7, pp. 131–138, 2000.
Zimmermann, M. and Dostert, K. Analysis and Modeling of Impulsive Noise in Broad-Band Powerline Communications. IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility, vol. 44, No. 1, pp. 249–258, February 2002.
Zimmermann, M. and Dostert, K. A Multipath Model for the Powerline Channel. IEEE Transactions on Communications, vol. 50, pp. 553–559, April 2002.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2010 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Guimarães, D.A. (2010). Communication Channels. In: Digital Transmission. Signals and Communication Technology. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-01359-1_3
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-01359-1_3
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-01358-4
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-01359-1
eBook Packages: EngineeringEngineering (R0)