This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Notes
- 1.
“Benthos” is the collective term for organisms living close to and in the seafloor.
- 2.
1 K is one degree step on the Celsius scale.
- 3.
This has been calculated for a seafloor thermal resistivity of 1.0 K⋅m/W. To adopt the result to a real situation just multiply with the actual thermal resistivity.
- 4.
Strictly spoken, the symbol B stands for the magnetic induction with the SI unit Tesla, while the magnetic field is denoted H with B=μ0 H. However, in power engineering context B is called magnetic field.
- 5.
The Biot-Savart formula assumes that the current flow is confined into a filament with zero diameter. For some distance from the cable conductor (>10 × conductor diameter) the Biot-Savart law can be used without any practical restrictions.
- 6.
The “Tesla” is a unit of the magnetic induction. Another unit is “Gauss”. 1 T = 10,000 G = 1,000,000 μT.
- 7.
Some GPS use incorporated magnetic compasses to detect global directions when the vessel is not moving and the NSWE direction cannot be determined from incremental positioning.
References
Mirebeau P et al. (2007). Use of an ecoconception software to design a hv cable connection, Proceeding of the 7th International Conferences on Insulated Power Cables, Jicable, Paris, France, 2007, 237 ff.
Drugge B et al. (1996). Life Cycle Assessment on High-Voltage Power Cables, Cigré session paper 21-206, Cigré Session 1996, Paris, France.
Report by the Swedish Power Research Institute Elforsk AB, http://www.elforsk.se/elforsk/miljovardering_elanvand.pdf
Nill M et al. (2001). Grundlagen zur Beurteilung der Nachhaltigkeit von Energiesystemen in Baden-Württemberg. Report submitted at a seminar at Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe, Germany. 28.2.–1.3.2001 http://bwplus.fzk.de/berichte/ZBer/2001/ZBerbwa99001.pdf
Andrulewicz E et al. (2003). The Environmental Effects of the Installation and Functioning of the Submarine SwePol Link HVDC Transmission Line: A Case Study of the Polish Marine Area of the Baltic Sea, Journal of Sea Research, No. 49, pp. 337–345.
Permission Issued by BSH for the Installation and Operation of a Submarine HVDC Link to Connect the OWP project “Nördlicher Grund”, http://www.bsh.de/de/Meeresnutzung/Wirtschaft/Windparks/Netzanbindung%20Noerdlicher%20Grund.pdf
Committee on Potential Impacts of Ambient Noise in the Ocean on Marine Mammals: Ocean Noise and Marine Mammals, Ocean Studies Board, National Research Council Of The National Academies, ISBN-10: 0-309-08536-5, The National Academies Press, Washington, DC.
Wartzok D and Ketten D R (1999). Marine Mammal Sensory Systems.In Biology of Marine Mammals, J E Reynolds III and S Rommel (eds.). Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC, pp. 117–175.
Federal Maritime and Hydrographic Agency (BSH): Standard. Design of Offshore Wind Turbines, BSH Doc no 7005, Hamburg/Rostock 2007.
ICNIRP (1998). Guidelines for Limiting Exposure to Time-Varying Electric, Magnetic, and Electromagnetic Fields (up to 300 GHz), Health Physics, Vol. 74, No. 4, pp. 494–522.
Akke M et al. (1995). Nonlinear Interaction of dc Cables and Magnetically Controlled Ship-Steering Autopilots, IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology, Vol. 3, No. 4, December 1995.
Worzyk T (1996). Keine Gefahr bei Lecks in Gleichstrom-Seekabeln, Elektrizitätswirtschaft, Vol. 26/96.
Elgh L et al. (1982). Repair of 400 kV ac Submarine Cable, Paper 21-05, Cigré Session 1982.
Pirelli Cable Review, June 1971.
Johnson S J et al. (2004). Toxicity Testing of Linear Alkylbenzene Cable Oil Using Toxicity Testing of Linear Alkylbenzene Cable Oil Using Caenorhabditis Elegans Caenorhabditis Elegans In Soil, Submission A13-30 Society for Experimental Biology Meeting 29 March–2 April 2004, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, Scotland.
Johnson S J et al. (2001). Potential for Anaerobic Biodegradation of Linear Alkylbenzene Cable Oils: Literature Review and Preliminary Investigation, Land Contamination & Reclamation, Vol. 9, No. 3, p. 279ff.
Le Poidevin G et al. (2007). Advances in the Decommissioning of End-Of-Life Oil Filled Cables, Paper 0357, 19th International Conference on Electricity Distribution, May 2007, Vienna, Austria.
Suen H (2007). Removal of 76 km 138 kV Gas-Filled Submarine Cables with 50 Years Service, Presentation at IEEE PES Insulated Conductor Committee Meeting, Scottsdale, Arizona, USA.
Tokuda S et al. (2003). Thermoplasticizing Technology for the Recycling of Crosslinked Polyethylene, Furukawa Review, No. 23, pp. 88–93.
Hagström B et al. (2006). Disposal of Cables at the End of Life, IEEE Electrical Insulation Magazine, Vol. 22, No. 2, pp. 21–30. March/April 2006.
Drabble R (2006). Submarine Cable Decommissioning: Assessing the Environmental Risks. Article published on TCMnet.com: http://www.tmcnet.com/news/2006/03/03/1427163.htm
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2009 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Worzyk, T. (2009). Environmental Issues. In: Submarine Power Cables. Power Systems. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-01270-9_10
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-01270-9_10
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-01269-3
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-01270-9
eBook Packages: EngineeringEngineering (R0)