Abstract
Functional-structural plant models (FSPM) simulate plant development and growth, usually accompanied with visualization of the plant 3D architecture. GreenLab is a generic and mechanistic FSPM: various botanical architectures can be produced by its organogenesis model, the growth rate is computed from leaf area, and the biomass partitioning is governed by the sink strength of growing individual organs present in plant structure. A distinguished feature of GreenLab model is that, the plant organogenesis (in terms of the number of organs) and growth (in terms of organ biomass) are formulated using dynamic equations, aside simulation software. This facilitates analytical study of model behaviour, bug-proof of simulation software, and application of efficient optimization algorithm for parameter identification and optimal control problems.
Currently several levels of GreenLab model exist: ① the deterministic one (GL1): plants have a fixed rule for development without feedback from the plant growth; ② the stochastic level (GL2): pant development is probabilistic because of bud activities, which has influence on plant growth; ③ the feedback model (GL3): the plant development is dependent on the dynamic relationship between biomass demand and supply (and in turn the environment).
This paper presents the typical GreenLab theories and applications in past ten years: ① calibration of GL1 for getting sink and source functions of maize; ② features of GL2 and its application on wheat plant; ③ rebuilt of the rhythmic pattern of cucumber using GL3; ④ optimization of model parameters for yield improvement, such as wood quantity (for trees); ⑤ the possible introduction of genetic information in the model through detection of quantitative trait loci for the model parameters; ⑥ simulation of plant competition for light.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Chapman S, Cooper M, Podlich D, Hammer G (2003) Evaluating plant breeding strategies by simulating gene action and dryland environment effects. Agron J 95: 99–113.
Cournède PH, Kang MZ, Mathieu A, et al (2006) Structural factorization of plants to compute their functional and structural growth. Simul 82: 427–438.
Cournède PH, de Reffye P (2007) A generalized Poisson model to estimate inter-plant competition for light. In: Fourcaud T, Zhang XP (eds) proc PMA06 — Plant growth model, simul, vis and their appl. IEEE Computer Society, Los Alamitos, California: 11–15.
Cournède PH, Mathieu A, Barthélémy D, et al (2008) Computing competition for light in the GreenLab model of plant growth: a contribution to the study of the effects of density on resource acquisition and architectural development. Ann Bot 101: 1207–1219.
Dong QX, Louarn G, Wang YM et al (2008) Does the structure-function model GREENLAB deal with crop phenotypic plasticity induced by plant spacing? A case study on tomato. Ann Bot 101:1195–1206.
Guo Y, Ma YT, Zhan ZG, et al (2006) Parameter optimization and field validation of the functional-structural model GreenLab for maize. Ann Bot 97: 217–230.
Hammer G, Cooper M, Tardieu F, et al (2006) Models for navigating biological complexity in breeding improved crop plants. Trends Plant Sci 11: 587–593.
Guo H, Letort V, Hong LX, et al (2007) Adaptation of the GreenLab model for analyzing sink-source relationships in Chinese Pine saplings. In: Fourcaud T, Zhang XP (eds) proc PMA06 — Plant growth model, simul, vis and their appl. IEEE Computer Society, Los Alamitos, California: 236–243.
Kang MZ, Heuvelink E, de Reffye P (2006) Building virtual chrysanthemum based on sink-source relationships: preliminary results. Acta Hortic 718: 129–136.
Kang MZ, Cournède PH, de Reffye P, et al (2007) Analytic study of a stochastic plant growth model: application to the GreenLab model. Mat Comput Simul 78: 57–75.
Kang MZ, Evers JB, Vos J, et al (2008) The derivation of sink functions of wheat organs using the GreenLab model. Ann Bot 101: 1099–1108.
Letort V, Cournède PH, Lecoeur J, et al (2007) Effect of topological and phenological changes on biomass partitioning in Arabidopsis thaliana inflorescence: a preliminary model-based study. In: Fourcaud T, Zhang XP (eds) proc PMA06-Plant growth model, simul, vis and their appl. IEEE Computer Society, Los Alamitos, California: 65–69.
Letort V, Mahe P, Cournède PH, et al (2008) Quantitative genetics and functional-structural plant growth models: simulation of quantitative trait loci detection for model parameters and application to potential yield optimization. Ann Bot 101: 1243–1254.
Ma YT, Li BG, Zhan ZG, et al (2007) Parameter stability of the functional-structural plant model GREENLAB as affected by variation within populations, among seasons and among Growth Stages. Ann Bot 99: 61–73.
Ma YT, Wen M, Guo Y, et al (2008) Parameter optimization and field validation of the functional structural model GreenLab for maize at different population densities. Ann Bot 101: 1185–1194.
Marcelis LFM (1992) The dynamics of growth and dry matter distribution in cucumber. Ann Bot 69: 487–492.
Marcelis LFM, Heuvelink E, Baan Hofman-Eijer LR, et al (2004) Flower and fruit abortion in sweet pepper in relation to source and sink strength. J Exp Bot 55: 2261–2268.
Mathieu A, Cournède PH, Barthélémy D, et al (2007) Conditions for the generation of rhythms in a discrete dynamic system. Case of a functional structural plant growth model. In: Fourcaud T, Zhang XP (eds) proc PMA06-Plant growth model, simul, vis and their appl. IEEE Computer Society, Los Alamitos, California: 26–33.
Mathieu A, Cournède PH, Barthélémy D, et al (2008) Rhythms and alternating patterns in plants as emergent properties of a model of interactions between development and functioning. Ann Bot 101: 1233–1242.
de Reffye P, Edelin C, Francon J, et al (1988) Plant models faithful to botanical structure and development. Computer Graphics 22: 151–158.
de Reffye P, Goursat M, Quadrat J, et al (2003) The dynamic equations of the tree morphogenesis GreenLab model. Research Report, INRIA-Rocquencourt, no RR-4877.
Tardieu F (2003) Virtual plants: modeling as a tool for the genomics of tolerance to water deficit. Trends Plant Sci 8: 9–14.
de Vienne D (2003) Les marqueurs moléculaires en génétique et biotechnologies végétales. INRA Editions
Vos J, Marcelis LFM, de Visser PHB, et al (ed) (2007) Functional-structural plant modeling in crop production. Springer, Dordrecht
Wu L, Le Dimet FX, Hu BG, et al (2005) A water supply optimization problem for plant growth based on GreenLab model. ARIMA J: 194–207.
Yin X, Stam P, Kropff MJ, et al (2003) Crop modeling, QTL mapping, and their complementary role in plant breeding. Agron J 95: 90–98.
Zhao X, de Reffye P, Xiong FL, et al (2001) Dual-scale automaton model of virtual plant growth. Chin J Comput 24: 608–615.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2009 Tsinghua University Press, Beijing and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this paper
Cite this paper
Kang, MZ., Cournède, PH., Mathieu, A., Letort, V., Qi, R., Zhan, ZG. (2009). A Functional-Structural Plant Model—Theories and Its Applications in Agronomy. In: Cao, W., White, J.W., Wang, E. (eds) Crop Modeling and Decision Support. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-01132-0_16
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-01132-0_16
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-01131-3
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-01132-0
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)