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Horizontaler Gentransfer: Sex in Böden?

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Mikrobiologie von Böden

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Zusammenfassung

In der Sexualität von Eukaryoten erfolgt die Neukombination von Genen durch Gametenkopulation (Gametogamie mit Plasmogamie und Karyogamie) und anschließende Meiose (Reduktionsteilung). Gen-Übertragung bei geschlechtlicher Fortpflanzung wird als vertikaler Gentransfer bezeichnet. In Prokaryoten (Bacteria und Archaea) findet die Rekombination von genetischem Material jedoch ohne diese Sexualität statt. Dennoch kann genetisches Material durch mehrere Übertragungsund Rekombinationsmechanismen ausgetauscht werden (Parasexualität). Eine Übertragung von Genen außerhalb der geschlechtlichen Fortpflanzung über Artgrenzen hinweg wird bei Prokaryoten horizontaler oder lateraler Gentransfer genannt (HGT bzw. LGT). Auf parasexuellem Wege können Erbanlagen von Prokaryoten durch Mechanismen wie Transformation, Konjugation und Transduktion sowohl auf artverwandte als auch auf genetisch weit entfernte Prokaryoten übertragen werden. Auch Echte Pilze und Hefen können auf asexuellem Wege genetisches Material rekombinieren und auf artverwandte Organismen übertragen, wenngleich dem HGT bei anamorphen filamentösen Pilzen (ohne bekannte geschlechtliche Vermehrungsformen) bisher eine geringe Bedeutung beigemessen wird. Hingegen scheint die genetische Variabilität bei diesen Pilzen durch transponierbare Elemente sowie durch Heterokaryonbildung als Folge von Anastomosen (vegetative Fusion zweier Hyphenspitzen) weit verbreitet zu sein (Kap. 8). Echte Pilze (in Form von Protoplasten) lassen sich allerdings durch künstliche Transformation leicht genetisch verändern (Fincham 1989).

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  1. Institut für Angewandte Mikrobiologie, Justus Liebig-Universität, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26–32, 35392, Gießen, Deutschland

    Professor em. Dr. sc. agr. habil. Johannes C. G. Ottow

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Ottow, J. (2011). Horizontaler Gentransfer: Sex in Böden?. In: Mikrobiologie von Böden. Springer-Lehrbuch. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-00824-5_5

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