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Zearalenone and its Derivatives: Known Toxins in New Aspects

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Mycotoxins in Food, Feed and Bioweapons

Abstract

Mycotoxins are not a new problem in foods and feeds, and some suggest that they were first observed after the Flood reported in the Bible. However, a correlation of disease symptoms in humans and/or animals with the occurrence of pathogenic fungi and their metabolites was reported for the first time at the beginning of the twentieth century. For example, Svend Larsen (1928), a Danish veterinary inspector in a slaughterhouse, found that the macroscopic changes and abnormalities in the kidneys of slaughtered pigs, which were the effect of mouldy feed, probably containing toxic metabolites. After about 40 years, ochratoxin A related to mycotoxic porcine nephropathy was found in feeds. The metabolite was extracted, purified and the chemical structure of the compound was determined. The role of ochratoxin A in the etiology of the disease was proved and confirmed in biological experiments. For many years studies on mycotoxins were not successful because the metabolites are present in the matrix (usually at ppb or ppm levels) at much lower concentrations than other biologically active compounds recorded in samples. A necessary condition of mycotoxin biosynthesis is the presence of toxigenic fungi in the environment. Very important factors facilitating mycotoxin formation include substrate, temperature and humidity. Under ambient temperature and high air humidity, rapid growth and development of the fungus on the host tissue may easily be observed. A fungus having a new source of energy (organic matter) develops rapidly, using and transforming host tissue into energy, simultaneously forming mycotoxins. One of the theories explaining why biosynthesis of these toxic compounds by fungi is observed is that an increasing concentration of by-products of primary metabolism (delivering energy) such as acetates, malonates and propionates — according to Le Chatelier's principle — stops reactions of primary metabolism. Since energy is necessary for the life of the fungus (for continuation of metabolism), secondary metabolism with the biosynthesis of mycotoxins is initiated, originating from the above-mentioned anionic residues as the reaction substrate. That is why so many toxic metabolites may be formed by fungi, with some repeating similarities in their chemical structures, as in the case of trichothecenes group A and B, aflatoxin s, ochratoxin s, and fumonisin s.

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  1. Department of Chemistry, University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 75, 60-625, Poznan, Poland

    Piotr Golinski

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  1. Piotr Golinski
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  2. Agnieszka Waskiewicz
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Correspondence to Piotr Golinski .

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  1. Dept. Biotechnology, SGB Amravati University, Amravati, 444602, India

    Mahendra Rai

  2. Amity Institute of Microbial Sciences, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida, 201303, India

    Ajit Varma

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Golinski, P., Waskiewicz, A., Gromadzka, K. (2009). Zearalenone and its Derivatives: Known Toxins in New Aspects. In: Rai, M., Varma, A. (eds) Mycotoxins in Food, Feed and Bioweapons. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-00725-5_8

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