Abstract
Deep tissue injury (DTI) is a serious lesion typically involving necrosis of skeletal muscle and fat tissues under intact skin. Currently, considerable research efforts are invested in understanding the mechanisms underlying the onset and progression of DTI. Recent studies indicated the involvement of deformation-related events at the cellular scale. Nevertheless, the specific processes at the cell level which ultimately lead to DTI are still unknown. We hypothesize that sustained deformations of soft tissues may lead to individual cell death, as a result of alteration in intracellular concentrations of cell metabolites that occur due to local plasma membrane stretches. A two-dimensional model of an adhered single generalized cell, three-dimensional models of adhered single myoblast and fibroblast, and a construct of cells embedded in ECM were developed. Finite-Element analyses of the compressed models were performed in order to study localized plasma membrane stretches. Models were compressed by a rigid plate, up to maximal global deformations of 65%, 35%, and 45%, respectively. Large deformation strain analysis was performed, and maximal local principal strains in the plasma membrane of the cells were obtained as function of the global deformation applied to the model. All models indicated that platen compression causes large tensional strains in segments of the plasma membrane. Three-Dimensional models of real cell geometry exhibited a maximal tensional strain of approximately 20%, at global cell deformation of 35%. These results support our above hypothesis, and may provide a new path in DTI research.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Agam, L., Gefen, A.: Pressure ulcers and deep tissue injury: a bioengineering perspective. J. Wound Care 16, 336–342 (2007)
Baaijens, F.P., Trickey, W.R., Laursen, T.A., Guilak, F.: Large deformation finite element analysis of micropipette aspiration to determine the mechanical properties of the chondrocyte. Ann. Biomed. Eng. 33, 494–501 (2005)
Becker, W.M., Kleinsmith, L.J., Hardin, J., Becker, W.M.: The world of the cell, pp. 164–171. Benjamin/Cummings Pub. Co., San Francisco (2003)
Black, J., Baharestani, M., Cuddigan, J., Dorner, B., Edsberg, L., Langemo, D., Posthauer, M.E., Ratliff, C., Taler, G.: National Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel’s updated pressure ulcer staging system. Dermatol. Nurs. 19, 343–350 (2007)
Bouten, C.V., Knight, M.M., Lee, D.A., Bade, D.L.: Compressive deformation and damage of muscle cell subpopulations in a model system. Ann. Biomed. Eng. 29, 153–163 (2001)
Bouten, C.V., Oomens, C.W., Baaijens, F.P., Bader, D.L.: The etiology of pressure ulcers: skin deep or muscle bound? Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil. 84, 616–619 (2003)
Breuls, R.G., Sengers, B.G., Oomens, C.W., Bouten, C.V., Baaijens, F.P.: Predicting local cell deformations in engineered tissue constructs: a multilevel finite element approach. J. Biomech. Eng. 124, 198–207 (2002)
Breuls, R.G., Bouten, C.V., Oomens, C.W., Bader, D.L., Baaijens, F.P.: Compression induced cell damage in engineered muscle tissue: an in vitro model to study pressure ulcer aetiology. Ann. Biomed. Eng. 31, 1357–1364 (2003)
Ceelen, K.K., Oomens, C.W., Stekelenburg, A., Bader, D.L., Baaijens, F.P.: Changes in intracellular calcium during compression of C2C12 myotubes. Exp. Mech. 49, 25–33 (2007)
Ceelen, K.K., Oomens, C.W., Baaijens, F.P.: Microstructural analysis of deformation-induced hypoxic damage in skeletal muscle. Biomech. Model Mechanobiol. 7, 277–284 (2008)
Chen, A., Moy, V.T.: Cross-linking of cell surface receptors enhances cooperativity of molecular adhesion. Biophys. J. 78, 2814–2820 (2000)
Gawlitta, D., Li, W., Oomens, C.W., Baaijens, F.P., Bader, D.L., Bouten, C.V.: The relative contributions of compression and hypoxia to development of muscle tissue damage: an in vitro study. Ann. Biomed. Eng. 35, 273–284 (2007a)
Gawlitta, D., Oomens, C.W., Bader, D.L., Baaijens, F.P., Bouten, C.V.: Temporal differences in the influence of ischemic factors and deformation on the metabolism of engineered skeletal muscle. J. Appl. Physiol. 103, 464–473 (2007b)
Gefen, A.: Risk factors for a pressure-related deep tissue injury: a theoretical model. Med. Biol. Eng. Comput. 45, 563–573 (2007)
Gefen, A., Cornelissen, L.H., Gawlitta, D., Bader, D.L., Oomens, C.W.: The free diffusion of macromolecules in tissue-engineered skeletal muscle subjected to large compression strains. J. Biomech. 41, 845–853 (2008)
Hochmuth, R.M., Mohandas, N., Blackshear Jr., P.L.: Measurement of the elastic modulus for red cell membrane using a fluid mechanical technique. Biophys. J. 13, 747–762 (1973)
Jain, M.K., Chernomorsky, A., Silver, F.H., Berg, R.A.: Material properties of living soft tissue composites. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 22, 311–326 (1988)
Jean, R.P., Chen, C.S., Spector, A.A.: Finite-element analysis of the adhesion-cytoskeleton-nucleus mechanotransduction pathway during endothelial cell rounding: axisymmetric model. J. Biomech. Eng. 127, 594–600 (2005)
Miller, G.E., Seale, J.: Lymphatic clearance during compressive loading. Lymphology 14, 161–166 (1981)
Peeters, E.A., Oomens, C.W., Bouten, C.V., Bader, D.L., Baaijens, F.P.: Mechanical and failure properties of single attached cells under compression. J. Biomech. 38, 1685–1693 (2005)
Peirce, S.M., Skalak, T.C., Rodeheaver, G.T.: Ischemia-reperfusion injury in chronic pressure ulcer formation: a skin model in the rat. Wound Repair Regen. 8, 68–76 (2000)
Reddy, N.P., Cochran, G.V.: Interstitial fluid flow as a factor in decubitus ulcer formation. J. Biomech. 14, 879–881 (1981)
Sjostrom, L., Bjorntorp, P., Vrana, J.: Microscopic fat cell size measurements on frozen-cut adipose tissue in comparison with automatic determinations of osmium-fixed fat cells. J. Lipid Res. 12, 521–530 (1971)
Slomka, N., Or-Tzadikario, S., Sassun, D., Gefen, A.: Membrane-Stretch-Induced cell death in deep tissue injury: Computer model studies. Cellular and Molecular Bioengineering 2, 118–132 (2009)
Stekelenburg, A., Strijkers, G.J., Parusel, H., Bader, D.L., Nicolay, K., Oomens, C.W.: Role of ischemia and deformation in the onset of compression-induced deep tissue injury: MRI-based studies in a rat model. J. Appl. Physiol. 102, 2002–2011 (2007)
Stekelenburg, A., Gawlitta, D., Bader, D.L., Oomens, C.W.: Deep tissue injury: how deep is our understanding? Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil. 89, 1410–1413 (2008)
Tsuji, S., Ichioka, S., Sekiya, N., Nakatsuka, T.: Analysis of ischemia-reperfusion injury in a microcirculatory model of pressure ulcers. Wound Repair Regen. 13, 209–215 (2005)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2009 Springer Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Slomka, N., Or-Tzadikario, S., Gefen, A. (2009). Cellular Deformations under Compression in Cells Involved in Deep Tissue Injury. In: Gefen, A. (eds) Bioengineering Research of Chronic Wounds. Studies in Mechanobiology, Tissue Engineering and Biomaterials, vol 1. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-00534-3_10
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-00534-3_10
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-00533-6
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-00534-3
eBook Packages: EngineeringEngineering (R0)