In this chapter we next extend the approach of Chap. 4 to the case of three spatial dimensions. First we study the coupling of a Higgs doublet to chiral fermions, and then we generalize the background boson fields to form an SU L (2) gauge theory. We will again use a systematic expansion in ħ and 1/N in which the dominant contribution arises from the fermion loop. Our goal is thus to compute the one-fermion loop contribution to the vacuum polarization energy.
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Graham, N., Quandt, M., Weigel, H. (2009). Hedgehog Configurations in d = 3+1. In: Spectral Methods in Quantum Field Theory. Lecture Notes in Physics, vol 777. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-00139-0_6
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