Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Book cover

Nasopharyngeal Cancer pp 275–294Cite as

Long-Term Complications in the Treatment of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma

  • Chapter

  • 1851 Accesses

Part of the book series: Medical Radiology ((Med Radiol Radiat Oncol))

Radiation therapy is the mainstay therapeutic modality for nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). In the last two decades, advances in the diagnostic and treatment techniques in cancer management have significantly improved prognosis of NPC, including the long-term local and regional disease control as well as patients' overall survival. With definitive radiation therapy for early stage disease and combined chemoradiother-apy for locoregionally advanced disease, the overall survival of NPC patients exceed 80% at 5 years (Wee et al. 2005; Cheng et al. 2000).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   89.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   119.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

References

  • Anne PR, Machtay M, Rosenthal DI, et al (2007) A phase II trial of subcutaneous amifostine and radiation therapy in patients with head-and-neck cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 67(2):445–452

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bedi GC, Westra WH, Gabrielson E, Koch W, Sidransky D (1996) Multiple head and neck tumors: evidence for a common clonal origin. Cancer Res 56(11):2484–2487

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Boschetti M, De Lucchi M, Giusti M, et al (2006) Partial visual recovery from radiation-induced optic neuropathy after hyperbaric oxygen therapy in a patient with Cushing disease. Eur J Endocrinol 154(6):813–818

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bowen BC, Verma A, Brandon AH, Fiedler JA (1996) Radiation-induced brachial plexopathy: MR and clinical findings. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 17(10):1932–1936

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Buntzel J, Kuttner K, Frohlich D, Glatzel M (1998) Selective cytoprotection with amifostine in concurrent radiochemo-therapy for head and neck cancer. Ann Oncol 9(5):505–509

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Calabro F, Jinkins JR (2000) MRI of radiation myelitis: a report of a case treated with hyperbaric oxygen. Eur Radiol 10(7):1079–1084

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chan SH, Ng WT, Kam KL, et al (2009) Sensorineural hearing loss after treatment of nasopharyngeal carcinoma: a longitudinal analysis. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 73(5):1335–1342

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cheng SH, Jian JJ, Tsai SY, et al (2000) Long-term survival of nasopharyngeal carcinoma following concomitant radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 48(5):1323–1330

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chen WC, Jackson A, Budnick AS, et al (2006) Sensorineural hearing loss in combined modality treatment of nasopha-ryngeal carcinoma. Cancer 106(4):820–829

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cheung MC, Chan AS, Law SC, Chan JH, Tse VK (2003) Impact of radionecrosis on cognitive dysfunction in patients after radiotherapy for nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Cancer 97(8):2019–2026

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cheung M, Chan AS, Law SC, Chan JH, Tse VK (2000) Cognitive function of patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma with and without temporal lobe radionecrosis. Arch Neurol 57(9):1347–1352

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chowdhury CR, Ho JH, Wright A, Tsao SY, Au GK, Tung Y (1988). Prospective study of the effects of ventilation tubes on hearing after radiotherapy for carcinoma of nasopharynx. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 97(2 Pt 1):142–145

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chua DT, Lo C, Yuen J, Foo YC (2001) A pilot study of pentoxi-fylline in the treatment of radiation-induced trismus. Am J Clin Oncol 24(4):366–369

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cox JD, Stetz J, Pajak TF (1995) Toxicity criteria of the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG) and the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC). Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 31(5):1341–1346

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Delanian S, Baillet F, Huart J, Lefaix JL, Maulard C, Housset M (1994) Successful treatment of radiation-induced fibrosis using liposomal Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase: clinical trial. Radiother Oncol 32(1):12–20

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Delanian S, Balla-Mekias S, Lefaix JL (1999) Striking regression of chronic radiotherapy damage in a clinical trial of combined pentoxifylline and tocopherol. J Clin Oncol 17 (10):3283–3290

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dikshit R P, Boffetta P, Bouchardy C, et al (2005) Risk factors for the development of second primary tumors among men after laryngeal and hypopharyngeal carcinoma. Cancer 103(11):2326–2333

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Eisbruch A, Kim HM, Terrell JE, Marsh LH, Dawson LA, Ship JA (2001) Xerostomia and its predictors following parotid-sparing irradiation of head-and-neck cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 50(3):695–704

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Eisbruch A, Ship JA, Dawson LA, et al (2003) Salivary gland sparing and improved target irradiation by conformal and intensity modulated irradiation of head and neck cancer. World J Surg 27(7):832–837

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Eisbruch A, Ten Haken RK, Kim HM, Marsh LH, Ship JA (1999) Dose, volume, and function relationships in parotid salivary glands following conformal and intensity-modulated irradiation of head and neck cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 45(3):577–587

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Emami B, Lyman J, Brown A, et al (1991) Tolerance of normal tissue to therapeutic irradiation. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 21(1):109–122

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Epstein JB, Emerton S, Kolbinson DA, et al (1999) Quality of life and oral function following radiotherapy for head and neck cancer. Head Neck 21(1):1–11

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fajardo L-G LF, Berthrong M, Anderson RE (eds) (2001) Endocrine glands: hypothalamic-hypophyseal axis. In: Radiation pathology. Oxford University Press, New York, pp 331–336

    Google Scholar 

  • Fathers E, Thrush D, Huson SM, Norman A (2002) Radiation-induced brachial plexopathy in women treated for carcinoma of the breast. Clin Rehabil 16(2):160–165

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fisher J, Scott C, Scarantino CW, et al (2003) Phase III quality-of-life study results: impact on patients' quality of life to reducing xerostomia after radiotherapy for head-and-neck cancer — RTOG 97-09. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 56(3):832–836

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Formanek M, Czerny C, Gstoettner W, Kornfehl J (1998) Cochlear implantation as a successful rehabilitation for radiation-induced deafness. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 255(4):175–178

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gamble JE, Peterson EA, Chandler JR (1968) Radiation effects on the inner ear. Arch. Otolaryngol. 88:64–69

    Google Scholar 

  • Gao X, Fisher SG, Mohideen N, Emami B (2003) Second primary cancers in patients with laryngeal cancer: a population-based study. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 56(2):427–435

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gillette EL, Mahler PA, Powers BE, Gillette SM, Vujaskovic Z (1995) Late radiation injury to muscle and peripheral nerves. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 31(5):1309–1318

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Glantz MJ, Burger PC, Friedman AH, Radtke RA, Massey EW, Schold SC Jr (1994) Treatment of radiation-induced nervous system injury with heparin and warfarin. Neurology 44(11):2020–2027

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hamlar DD, Schuller DE, Gahbauer RA, et al (1996) Determina tion of the efficacy of topical oral pilocarpine for postirradiation xerostomia in patients with head and neck carcinoma. Laryngoscope 106(8):972–976

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Harper CM Jr, Thomas JE, Cascino TL, Litchy WJ (1989) Distinction between neoplastic and radiation-induced brachial plexopathy, with emphasis on the role of EMG. Neurology 39(4):502–506

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Harrison LB, Zelefsky MJ, Pfister DG, et al (1997) Detailed quality of life assessment in patients treated with primary radiotherapy for squamous cell cancer of the base of the tongue. Head Neck 19(3):169–175

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Henson BS, Inglehart MR, Eisbruch A, Ship JA (2001) Preserved salivary output and xerostomia-related quality of life in head and neck cancer patients receiving parotid-sparing radiotherapy. Oral Oncol 37(1):84–93

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hitchcock YJ, Tward JD, Szabo A, Bentz BG, Shrieve DC (2009) Relative contributions of radiation and cisplatin-based chemotherapy to sensorineural hearing loss in head-and-neck cancer patients. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 73(3):779–788

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hoeller U, Bonacker M, Bajrovic A, Alberti W, Adam G (2004) Radiation-induced plexopathy and fibrosis. Is magnetic resonance imaging the adequate diagnostic tool? Strahlenther Onkol 180(10):650–654

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Homann N, Nees M, Conradt C, et al (2001) Overexpression of p53 in tumor-distant epithelia of head and neck cancer patients is associated with an increased incidence of second primary carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res 7(2):290–296

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Huang S, Chu G (1981) Nasopharyngeal cancer: study II. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 7(6):713–716

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jacobs CD, van der Pas M (1996) A multicenter maintenance study of oral pilocarpine tablets for radiation-induced xerostomia. Oncology (Williston Park) 10(3 Suppl):16–20

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Janzen AH, Warren S (1942) Effect of roentgen rays on the peripheral nerve of the rat. Radiology 38:333–337

    Google Scholar 

  • Jellema AP, Langendijk H, Bergenhenegouwen L, et al (2001) The efficacy of Xialine in patients with xerostomia resulting from radiotherapy for head and neck cancer: a pilotstudy. Radiother Oncol 59(2):157–160

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jen YM, Hsu WL, Chen CY, et al (2001) Different risks of symptomatic brain necrosis in NPC patients treated with different altered fractionated radiotherapy techniques. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 51(2):344–348

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jereczek-Fossa BA, Zarowski A, Milani F, Orecchia R (2003) Radiotherapy-induced ear toxicity. Cancer Treat Rev 29(5):417–430

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Johansson S, Svensson H, Denekamp J (2000) Timescale of evolution of late radiation injury after postoperative radiotherapy of breast cancer patients. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 48(3):745–750

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Johansson S, Svensson H, Denekamp J (2002) Dose response and latency for radiation-induced fibrosis, edema, and neuropathy in breast cancer patients. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 52(5):1207–1219

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson JT, Ferretti GA, Nethery WJ, et al (1993) Oral pilo-carpine for post-irradiation xerostomia in patients with head and neck cancer. N Engl J Med 329(6):390–395

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kam MK, Teo PM, Chau RM, et al (2004) Treatment of nasopha-ryngeal carcinoma with intensity-modulated radiotherapy: the Hong Kong experience. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 60(5):1440–1450

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kies MS, Haraf DJ, Rosen F, et al (2001) Concomitant infusional paclitaxel and fluorouracil, oral hydroxyurea, and hyper-fractionated radiation for locally advanced squamous head and neck cancer. J Clin Oncol 19(7):1961–1969

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Killer HE, Hess K (1990) Natural history of radiation-induced brachial plexopathy compared with surgically treated patients. J Neurol 237(4):247–250

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kluver H, Bucy PC (1997) Preliminary analysis of functions of the temporal lobes in monkeys. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci Fall;9(4):606–620

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kong L, Lu JJ (2009) Second primary tumor. In: Schwab M (ed) Encyclopedia of cancer. Springer, Berlin

    Google Scholar 

  • Kong L, Lu JJ, Hu C, Guo X, Wu Y, Zhang Y (2006) The risk of second primary tumors in patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma after definitive radiotherapy. Cancer 107(6):1287–1293

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Koukourakis MI (2002) Amifostine in clinical oncology: current use and future applications. Anticancer Drugs 13(3):181–209

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Koukourakis MI, Kyrias G, Kakolyris S, et al (2000) Subcutaneous administration of amifostine during fractionated radiotherapy: a randomized phase II study. J Clin Oncol 18(11):2226–2233

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lam KS, Ho JH, Lee AW, et al (1987) Symptomatic hypotha-lamic-pituitary dysfunction in nasopharyngeal carcinoma patients following radiation therapy: a retrospective study. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 13(9):1343–1350

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lam KS, Tse VK, Wang C, Yeung RT, Ho JH (1991) Effects of cranial irradiation on hypothalamic-pituitary function — a 5-year longitudinal study in patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Q J Med 78(286):165–176

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lam KS, Tse VK, Wang C, Yeung RT, Ma JT, Ho JH (1987) Early effects of cranial irradiation on hypothalamic-pituitary function. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 64(3):418–424

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lam KS, Wang C, Yeung RT, et al (1986) Hypothalamic hypopi-tuitarism following cranial irradiation for nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 24(6):643–651

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lau SK, Wei WI, Sham J, Hui Y, Choy D (1992) Effect of irradiation on middle ear effusion due to nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Clin Otolaryngol Allied Sci 17(3):246–250

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lee A (1999) Complications of radiation therapy. In: Van Hasselt CA, Gibb AG (eds) Nasopharyngeal carcinoma. 2nd ed. The Chinese University of Hong Kong Press & Greenwich Medical Media, Hong Kong, pp 255–275

    Google Scholar 

  • Lee AW, Foo W, Chappell R, et al (1998) Effect of time, dose, and fractionation on temporal lobe necrosis following radiotherapy for nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 40(1):35–42

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lee AW, Kwong DL, Leung SF, et al (2002) Factors affecting risk of symptomatic temporal lobe necrosis: significance of fractional dose and treatment time. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 53(1):75–85

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lee AW, Lau WH, Tung SY, et al (2005) Preliminary results of a randomized study on therapeutic gain by concurrent chemotherapy for regionally-advanced nasopharyn-geal carcinoma: NPC-9901 Trial by the Hong Kong Nasopha ryngeal Cancer Study Group. J Clin Oncol 23(28):6966–6975

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lee AW, Law SC, Ng SH, et al (1992) Retrospective analysis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma treated during 1976–1985: late complications following megavoltage irradiation. Br J Radiol 65(778):918–928

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lee AWMPC, Law SCK, Chua DTT, Wei WI, Chong V (2008) Nasopharynx. In: Halperin EC, Perez C, Brady LW (eds) Perez and Brady's principles and practice of radiation oncology. 5th ed. Lippincott, Philadelphia, pp 820–857

    Google Scholar 

  • Lee AW, Ng SH, Ho JH, et al (1988) Clinical diagnosis of late temporal lobe necrosis following radiation therapy for nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Cancer 61(8):1535–1542

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lee AW, Ng SH, Tse VK, Chiu HM, Thaw M (1993) Bilateral temporal lobectomy for necrosis induced by radiotherapy for nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Acta Oncol 32(3):343–344

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lee AW, Ng WT, Hung WM, et al (2009) Major late toxicities after conformal radiotherapy for nasopharyngeal carcinoma-patient- and treatment-related risk factors. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 73(4):1121–1128

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lee AW, Sze WM, Fowler JF, Chappell R, Leung SF, Teo P (1999) Caution on the use of altered fractionation for nasopha-ryngeal carcinoma. Radiother Oncol 52(3):207–211

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lee N, Harris J, Garden AS (2009) Intensity-modulated radiation therapy with or without chemotherapy for nasopha-ryngeal carcinoma: Radiation Therapy Oncology Group Phase II Trial 0225. J Clin Oncol

    Google Scholar 

  • Lee N, Xia P, Quivey JM, et al (2002) Intensity-modulated radiotherapy in the treatment of nasopharyngeal carcinoma: an update of the UCSF experience. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 53(1):12–22

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lennox AJ, Shafer JP, Hatcher M, Beil J, Funder SJ (2002) Pilot study of impedance-controlled microcurrent therapy for managing radiation-induced fibrosis in head-and-neck cancer patients. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 54(1):23–34

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Leon X, Quer M, Diez S, Orus C, Lopez-Pousa A, Burgues J (1999) Second neoplasm in patients with head and neck cancer. Head Neck 21(3):204–210

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • LeQuang C (1989) Postirradiation lesions of the brachial plexus. Results of surgical treatment. Hand Clin 5(1):23–32

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • LeVeque FG, Montgomery M, Potter D, et al (1993) A multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-titration study of oral pilocarpine for treatment of radiation-induced xerostomia in head and neck cancer patients. J Clin Oncol 11(6):1124–1131

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Levine MJ, Aguirre A, Hatton MN, Tabak LA (1987) Artificial salivas: present and future. J Dent Res 66:Spec No 693–698

    Google Scholar 

  • Levy RL, Miller NR (2006) Hyperbaric oxygen therapy for radiation-induced optic neuropathy. Ann Acad Med Singapore 35(3):151–157

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lin S, Pan J, Han L, Zhang X, Liao X, Lu JJ (2009) Nasopharyngeal carcinoma treated with reduced-volume intensity- modulated radiation therapy: report on the 3-year outcome of a prospective series. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys Apr 11. [Epub ahead of print]

    Google Scholar 

  • Lin YS, Jen YM, Lin JC (2002) Radiation-related cranial nerve palsy in patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Cancer 95(2):404–409

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Liu RP, Fleming TJ, Toth BB, Keene HJ (1990) Salivary flow rates in patients with head and neck cancer 0.5 to 25 years after radiotherapy. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 70(6):724–729

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Malouf JG, Aragon C, Henson BS, Eisbruch A, Ship JA (2003) Influence of parotid-sparing radiotherapy on xerostomia in head and neck cancer patients. Cancer Detect Prev 27(4):305–310

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Marks JE, Bedwinek JM, Lee F, Purdy JA, Perez CA (1982) Dose-response analysis for nasopharyngeal carcinoma: an historical perspective. Cancer 50(6):1042–1050

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mendes DG, Nawalkar RR, Eldar S (1991) Post-irradiation femoral neuropathy. A case report. J Bone Joint Surg Am 73(1):137–140

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mesic JB, Fletcher GH, Goepfert H (1981) Megavoltage irradiation of epithelial tumors of the nasopharynx. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 7(4):447–453

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mihalcea O, Arnold AC (2008) Side effect of head and neck radiotherapy: optic neuropathy. Oftalmologia 52(1):36–40

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Murphy BA, Gilbert J (2009) Dysphagia in head and neck cancer patients treated with radiation: assessment, sequelae, and rehabilitation. Semin Radiat Oncol 19(1):35–42

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nicolatou-Galitis O, Sotiropoulou-Lontou A, Velegraki A, et al (2003) Oral candidiasis in head and neck cancer patients receiving radiotherapy with amifostine cytoprotection. Oral Oncol 39(4):397–401

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • O'Sullivan B, Levin W (2003) Late radiation-related fibrosis: pathogenesis, manifestations, and current management. Semin Radiat Oncol 13(3):274–289

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Parsons J (1994)Time-dose-volume relations in radiation therapy. In: Million RR CN (ed) Management of head and neck cancer a multidisciplinary approach, 2nd edn. Lippincott, Philadelphia, PA, pp 204–244

    Google Scholar 

  • Pierce SM, Recht A, Lingos TI, et al (1992) Long-term radiation complications following conservative surgery (CS) and radiation therapy (RT) in patients with early stage breast cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 23(5):915–923

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Powell S, Cooke J, Parsons C (1990) Radiation-induced brachial plexus injury: follow-up of two different fractionation schedules. Radiother Oncol 18(3):213–220

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rieke JW, Hafermann MD, Johnson JT, et al (1995) Oral pilo-carpine for radiation-induced xerostomia: integrated effi-cacy and safety results from two prospective randomized clinical trials. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 31(3):661–669

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ronchetti D, Arisi E, Neri A, et al (2005) Microsatellite analyses of recurrence or second primary tumor in head and neck cancer. Anticancer Res 25(4):2771–2775

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rubin DI, Schomberg PJ, Shepherd RF, Panneton JM (2001) Arteritis and brachial plexus neuropathy as delayed complications of radiation therapy. Mayo Clin Proc 76(8):849–852

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rudat V, Meyer J, Momm F, et al (2000) Protective effect of ami-fostine on dental health after radiotherapy of the head and neck. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 48(5):1339–1343

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Salner AL, Botnick LE, Herzog AG, et al (1981) Reversible brachial plexopathy following primary radiation therapy for breast cancer. Cancer Treat Rep 65(9–10):797–802

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Saunders WH, Hodgson SE (1979) Bilateral hypoglossal nerve paralysis after irradiation therapy. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 88(4 Pt 1):515–517

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schultheiss TE, Kun LE, Ang KK, Stephens LC (1995). Radiation response of the central nervous system. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 31(5):1093–1112

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sham J, Choy D, Kwong PW, et al (1994) Radiotherapy for nasopharyngeal carcinoma: shielding the pituitary may improve therapeutic ratio. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 29(4):699–704

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Skinner DW, Lesser TH, Richards SH (1988) A 15 year follow-up of a controlled trial of the use of grommets in glue ear. Clin Otolaryngol Allied Sci 13(5):341–346

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Slaughter D P, Southwick HW, Smejkal W (1953) Field cancer-ization in oral stratified squamous epithelium; clinical implications of multicentric origin. Cancer 6(5):963–968

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sloan AE, Arnold SM, St Clair WH, Regine WF (2003) Brain injury: current management and investigations. Semin Radiat Oncol 13(3):309–321

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Spielman AI (1990) Interaction of saliva and taste. J Dent Res 69(3):838–843

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • St Clair WH, Arnold SM, Sloan AE, et al (2003) Spinal cord and peripheral nerve injury: current management and investigations. Semin Radiat Oncol 13(3):322–332

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stephens LC, King GK, Peters LJ, Ang KK, Schultheiss TE, Jardine JH (1986) Unique radiosensitivity of serous cells in rhesus monkey submandibular glands. Am J Pathol 124(3):479–487

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stinson SF, DeLaney TF, Greenberg J, et al (1991) Acute and long-term effects on limb function of combined modality limb sparing therapy for extremity soft tissue sarcoma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 21(6):1493–1499

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stoll BA, Andrews JT (1966) Radiation-induced peripheral neuropathy. Br Med J 1:834–837

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stryker JA, Sommerville K, Perez R, Velkley DE (1990) Sacral plexus injury after radiotherapy for carcinoma of cervix. Cancer 66(7):1488–1492

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sultanem K, Shu HK, Xia P, et al (2000) Three-dimensional intensity-modulated radiotherapy in the treatment of nasopha-ryngeal carcinoma: the University of California-San Francisco experience. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 48(3):711–722

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Trotti A, Colevas AD, Setser A, et al (2003) CTCAE v3.0: development of a comprehensive grading system for the adverse effects of cancer treatment. Semin Radiat Oncol 13(3):176–181

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vacha P, Fehlauer F, Mahlmann B, et al (2003) Randomized phase III trial of postoperative radiochemotherapy +/-amifostine in head and neck cancer. Is there evidence for radioprotection? Strahlenther Onkol 179(6):385–389

    Google Scholar 

  • van Oijen MG, Leppers Vd Straat FG, Tilanus MG, Slootweg PJ (2000) The origins of multiple squamous cell carcinomas in the aerodigestive tract. Cancer 88(4):884–893

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wang X, Lu JJ, Xiong X, et al (2009) Anatomic and dosimetric changes during the treatment course of intensity-modulated radiotherapy for locally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma? Med Dosim

    Google Scholar 

  • Warde P, O'Sullivan B, Aslanidis J, et al (2002) A Phase III placebo-controlled trial of oral pilocarpine in patients undergoing radiotherapy for head-and-neck cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 54(1):9–13

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wee J, Tan EH, Tai BC, et al (2005) Randomized trial of radiotherapy versus concurrent chemoradiotherapy followed by adjuvant chemotherapy in patients with American Joint Committee on Cancer/International Union against cancer stage III and IV nasopharyngeal cancer of the endemic variety. J Clin Oncol 23(27):6730–6738

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wescott WB, Mira JG, Starcke EN, Shannon IL, Thornby JI (1978) Alterations in whole saliva flow rate induced by fractionated radiotherapy. AJR Am J Roentgenol 130(1):145–149

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yamamoto E, Shibuya H, Yoshimura R (2002) Miura M. Site specific dependency of second primary cancer in early stage head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Cancer 94(7):2007–2014

    Google Scholar 

  • Ye h SA, Tang Y, Lui CC, Huang YJ, Huang EY (2005) Treatment outcomes and late complications of 849 patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma treated with radiotherapy alone. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 62(3):672–679

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Radiation Medicine, Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital, Ohio State University Medical Center, 300 West 10th Avenue, Ste 088A, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA

    Simon S. Lo

  2. Department of Radiation Oncology, National University Cancer Institute, National University Health System, National University of Singapore, 5 Lower Kent Ridge Road, Singapore, 119074, Republic of Singapore

    Jiade J. Lu

  3. Department of Radiation Oncology, Fudan University, Shanghai Cancer Center, 270 Dong An Road, Shanghai, 200032, P.R. China

    Lin Kong

Authors
  1. Simon S. Lo
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Jiade J. Lu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Lin Kong
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Radiation Oncology, National University Cancer Institute of Singapore National University Health System National University of Singapore, 5 Lower Kent Ridge Road, Singapore, 119074, Republic of Singapore

    J. J. Lu (Associate Professor and Consultant, Distinguished Clinical Professor) (Associate Professor and Consultant, Distinguished Clinical Professor)

  2. Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, 270 Dong An Road, Shanghai, 200232, P.R. China

    J. J. Lu (Associate Professor and Consultant, Distinguished Clinical Professor) (Associate Professor and Consultant, Distinguished Clinical Professor)

  3. Department of Radiation Oncology, Maimonides Cancer Center, 6300 Eighth Avenue, Brooklyn, NY, 11220, USA

    J. S. Cooper (Professor and Chairman) (Professor and Chairman)

  4. Department of Clinical Oncology, Pamela Youde Nethersole Eastern Hospital, 3 Lok Man Road, Chai Wan, Hong Kong SAR, P.R. China

    A. W. M. Lee

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2010 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Lo, S.S., Lu, J.J., Kong, L. (2010). Long-Term Complications in the Treatment of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma. In: Lu, J.J., Cooper, J.S., Lee, A.W.M. (eds) Nasopharyngeal Cancer. Medical Radiology. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-92810-2_22

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-92810-2_22

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-540-92809-6

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-540-92810-2

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation