Abstract
Realism in games is constantly improving with increased computing power available to games and as game players demand more visual realism. Therefore, facial animation and particularly animated speech, is becoming more prevalent in games. We present a survey of facial animation techniques suitable for 3D computer games. We break our discussion into two areas: modeling and animation. To model a face, a method of representing the geometry is combined with a parameterization that is used to specify a new shape for that geometry. Changing the shape over time will create animation, and we discuss methods for animating expressions as well as achieving lip-synchronized speech.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Parke, F.I., Waters, K.: Computer Facial Animation. A K Peters (1996)
Fleming, B., Dobbs, D.: Animating Facial Features and Expressions. Charles River Media, Inc., Rockland (1999)
Osipa, J.: Stop Staring: Facial Modeling and Animation Done Right. SYBEX, Inc., Alameda (2003)
Ekman, P.: Darwin and cross cultural studies of facial expression. In: Ekman, P. (ed.) Darwin and Facial Expression: A Century of Research in Review. Academic Press, New York (1973)
Ekman, P., Friesen, W.V.: Unmasking the Face. Consulting Psychologists Press, Palo Alto (1984)
Ekman, P.: Telling lies: clues to deceit in the marketplace, politics, and marriage. Norton, New York (1985)
Faigin, G.: The Artist’s Complete Guide to Facial Expression. Watson-Guptill Publications, New York (1990)
King, S.A., Parent, R.E.: A 3d parametric tongue model for animated speech. JVCA 12(3), 107–115 (2001)
King, S.A., Parent, R.E., Olsafsky, B.: A muscle-based 3d parametric lip model for speech. In: Deformable Avatars, pp. 12–23. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht (2001)
Rydfalk, M.: Candide: A parameterized face. Technical Report LiTH-ISY-I-0866, Linkoping University, Sweden (October 1987)
King, S.A.: A Facial Model and Animation Techniques for Animated Speech. PhD thesis, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH (June 2001)
Bergeron, P., Lachapelle, P.: Controlling facial expressions and body movements in the computer-generated animated short Tony De Peltrie. In: SIGGRAPH 1985 Advanced Computer Animation seminar notes, 1–19 (July 1985)
Elson, M.: Displacement facial animation techniques. In: SIGGRAPH 1990 Course Notes, Course 26, State of the Art in Facial Animation, pp. 21–42 (1990)
Parke, F.I.: A parametric model for human faces. PhD thesis, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah (December 1974)
Nahas, M., Huitric, H., Saintourens, M.: Animation of a B-spline figure. The Visual Computer 3(5), 272–276 (1988)
Waters, K.: A muscle model for animating three-dimensional facial expression. In: Computer Graphics (SIGGRAPH 1987 Proceedings), Anaheim, California, vol. 21(4), pp. 17–24 (July 1987)
Magnenat-Thalmann, N., Primeau, E., Thalmann, D.: Abstract muscle action procedures for human face animation. Visual Computer 3(5), 290–297 (1988)
Guenter, B.: A computer system for simulating human facial expression. PhD thesis, The Ohio State University (1989)
Reeves, W.T.: Simple and complex facial animation: Case studies. In: SIGGRAPH 1990 Course Notes 26: State of the Art in Facial Animation, Dallas, Texas, pp. 88–106 (August 1990)
Pelachaud, C., Badler, N.I., Steedman, M.: Linguistic issues in facial animation. In: Computer Animation 1991, Tokyo, pp. 15–30. Springer, Heidelberg (1991)
Patel, M., Willis, P.J.: FACES — facial animation, construction and editing system. In: Purgathofer, W. (ed.) Eurographics 1991, pp. 33–45. North-Holland, Amsterdam (1991)
Patel, M.: Making Faces: The Facial Animation, Construction and Editing System. PhD thesis, School of Mathematical Sciences, University of Bath, Bath, UK (December 1991)
Pelachaud, C., Viaud, M.L., Yahia, H.: Rule-structured facial animation system. In: Proceedings of the 13th IJCAI, Chambery, France, pp. 1610–1615 (August 1993)
Essa, I.A.: Analysis, Interpretation and Synthesis of Facial Expressions. PhD thesis, MIT Media Lab (1994)
Saulnier, A., Viaud, M.L., Geldreich, D.: Real-time facial analysis and synthesis chain. In: Proc. Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition, Zurich (June 1995)
Konno, T., Mitani, H., Chiyokura, H., Tanaka, I.: Surgical simulation of facial paralysis. In: Sieburg, H.B., Weghorst, S.J., Morgan, K.S. (eds.) Medicine Meets Virtual Reality: Health Care in the Information Age, pp. 488–497. IOS Press, Amsterdam (1996)
Ekman, P., Friesen, W.: Facial Action Coding System. Consulting Psychologists Press, Inc., Palo Alto (1978)
Patterson, E.C., Litwinowicz, P.C., Greene, N.: Facial animation by spatial mapping. In: Computer Animation 1991, Tokyo. Springer, Heidelberg (1991)
Sturman, D.J.: Computer puppetry. Computer Graphics and Applications 18(1), 38–45 (1998)
Williams, L.: Performance-driven facial animation. In: Computer Graphics (SIGGRAPH 1990 Proceedings), vol. 24, pp. 235–242 (August 1990)
de Graf, B.: Performance’ facial animation. In: SIGGRAPH 1989 Course Notes 22: State of the Art in Facial Animation, pp. 8–17 (July 1989)
Guenter, B., Grimm, C., Wood, D., Malvar, H., Pighin, F.: Making faces. In: SIGGRAPH 1998 (August 1998)
Lorenzo, M.S., James, D., Edge, S.A.K., Maddock, S.: Use and re-use of facial motion capture data. In: Vision, Video, and Graphics 2003, pp. 1–8, July 10-11(2003)
Deng, Z., Chiang, P.Y., Fox, P., Neumann, U.: Animating blendshape faces by cross-mapping motion capture data. In: Proc. of ACM SIGGGRAPH Symposium on Interactive 3D Graphics and Games, pp. 43–48 (2006)
Kshirsagar, S., Magnenat-Thalmann, N.: Visyllable based speech animation. Computer Graphics Forum 22(3), 631 (2003)
Cao, Y., Tien, W.C., Faloutsos, P., Pighin, F.: Expressive speech-driven facial animation. ACM Trans. Graph 24(4), 1283–1302 (2005)
Deng, Z., Neumann, U.: eFASE: expressive facial animation synthesis and editing with phoneme-isomap controls. In: Proceedings of SCA 2006, pp. 251–260. Eurographics Association (2006)
Deng, Z., Chiang, P.Y., Fox, P., Neumann, U.: Animating blendshape faces by cross-mapping motion capture data. In: I3D 2006: Proceedings of the 2006 symposium on Interactive 3D graphics and games, pp. 43–48. ACM, New York (2006)
Sifakis, E., Neverov, I., Fedkiw, R.: Automatic determination of facial muscle activations from sparse motion capture marker data. ACM Trans. Graph 24(3), 417–425 (2005)
Bickel, B., Botsch, M., Angst, R., Matusik, W., Otaduy, M., Pfister, H., Gross, M.: Multi-scale capture of facial geometry and motion. ACM Trans. Graph 26(3), 33 (2007)
Borshukov, G., et al.: Playable universal capture. In: ACM SIGGRAPH 2006 Sketches and Applications Program, Bostom, Ma (August 2006)
Ezzat, T., Poggio, T.: Videorealistic talking faces: A morphing approach. In: Proceedings of the ESCA Workshop on Audiovisual Speech Processing, Rhodes, Greece, pp. 141–144 (September 1997)
de Graf, B.: Performance’ facial animation. In: SIGGRAPH 1990 Course Notes 26: State of the Art in Facial Animation, pp. 9–20 (August 1990)
Pelachaud, C.: Communication and Coarticulation in Facial Animation. PhD thesis, Department of Computer and Information Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104-6389 (1991)
Ezzat, T., Poggio, T.: Miketalk: A talking facial display based on morphing visemes. In: Computer Animation 1998, pp. 96–102 (June 1998)
Gould, R.L.: Making 3-d computer character animation a great future of unlimited possibility or just tedious? In: SIGGRAPH 1989 Course Notes 4: 3-D Character Animation, pp. 31–63 (1989)
Kleiser, J.: A fast, efficient, accurate way to represent the human face. In: SIGGRAPH 1989 Course Notes 22: State of the Art in Facial Animation, pp. 36–40 (July 1989)
Pighin, F., Auslander, J., Lischinski, D., Salesin, D.: Realistic facial animation using image-based 3d morphing. Technical Report UW-CSE-97-01-03, University of Washington, Department of Computer Sceince & Engineering (1997)
Pighin, F., Hecker, J., Lischinski, D., ard Szeliski, R., Salesin, D.H.: Synthesizing realistic facial expressions from photographs. In: SIGGRAPH 1998, pp. 75–84 (1998)
Provine, J.A., Bruton, L.T.: Lip synchronization in 3-d model based coding for video-conferencing. In: Proc. of the IEEE Int. Symposium on Circuits and Systems, Seattle, pp. 453–456 (May 1995)
Waite, C.T.: The facial action control editor, face: A parametric facial expression editor for computer generated animation. Master’s thesis, Massachusetts Institue of Technology (February 1989)
Morishima, S., Aizawa, K., Harashima, H.: A real-time facial action image synthesis system driven by speech and text. SPIE Visual Communications and Image Processing 1360, 1151–1157 (1990)
Waters, K., Levergood, T.M.: DECface: An automatic lip-synchronization algorithm for synthetic faces. Technical Report CRL 93/4, Digital Equipment Corporation Cambridge Research Lab (September 1993)
Platt, S.M., Badler, N.I.: Animating facial expressions. Computer Graphics (Proceedings of SIGGRAPH 1981) 15(3), 245–252 (1981)
Kähler, K., Haber, J., Seidel, H.P.: Geometry-based muscle modeling for facial animation. In: Graphics Interface 2001, 7–9 June 2001, pp. 37–46 (2001)
Koch, R.M., Gross, M.H., Carls, F.R., von Buren, D.F., Fankhauser, G., Parish, Y.I.: Simulating facial surgery using finite element models. In: Proceedings of SIGGRAPH 1996, pp. 421–428. Addison-Wesley, Reading (1996)
Koch, R.M., Gross, M.H., Bosshard, A.A.: Emotion editing using finite elements. Technical Report 281, Computer Science Department, ETH Zrich (1998)
Larrabee Jr., W.F.: A finite element model of skin deformation: Part III - the finite element model. Laryngoscope, 399–419 (April 1986)
Lee, Y., Terzopoulos, D., Waters, K.: Constructing physics-based facial models of individuals. In: Proceedings of Graphics Interface 1993, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, Canadian Information Processing Society, pp. 1–8 (May 1993)
Lee, Y.V.: The construction and animation of functional facial models from cylindrical range/reflectance data. Master’s thesis, University of Toronto (1993)
Pieper, S.: Physically-based animation of facial tissue for surgical simulation. In: SIGGRAPH 1989 Course Notes 22: State of the Art in Facial Animation, pp. 71–124 (1989)
Rosenblum, R.E., Carlson, W.E., Tripp III, E.: Simulating the structure and dynamics of human hair: modelling, rendering and animation. Journal of Visualization and Computer Animation 2(4), 141–148 (1991)
Terzopoulos, D., Waters, K.: Physically-based facial modelling, analysis, and animation. JVCA 1(2), 73–80 (1990)
Viaud, M.L., Yahia, H.: Facial animation with wrinkles. In: Eurographics 1992, Cambridge, United Kingdom (September 1992)
Waters, K., Terzopoulos, D.: Modeling and animating faces using scanned data. The Journal of Visualization and Computer Animation 2(4), 123–128 (1991)
Wu, Y., Kalra, P., Magnenat-Thalmann, N.: Simulation of static and dynamic wrinkles of skin. In: Proceedings Computer Animation 1996, pp. 90–97 (1996)
Platt, S.M.: A Structural Model of the Human Face. PhD thesis, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (1985)
Hofer, E.E.: A sculpting based solution for three-dimensional computer character facial animation. Master’s thesis, The Ohio State University (1993)
Cassell, J., Vilhjálmsson, H.H., Bickmore, T.: BEAT: the behavior expression animation toolkit. In: Fiume, E. (ed.) Proceedings of SIGGRAPH 2001, pp. 477–486. ACM Press, New York (2001)
Pearce, A., Wyvill, B.M., Wyvill, G., Hill, D.: Speech and expression: A computer solution to face animation. In: Green, M. (ed.) Proceedings of Graphics Interface 1986, pp. 136–140 (May 1986)
Takashima, Y., Shimazu, H., Tomono, M.: Story driven animation. In: Carroll, J.M., Tanner, P.P. (eds.) Proceedings of Human Factors in Computing Systems and Graphics Interface 1987, pp. 149–153 (April 1987)
Magnenat-Thalmann, N., Thalmann, D. (eds.): Synthetic Actors in Computer-Generated 3D Films. Springer, Heidelberg (1987)
Fuchs, T., Haber, J., Seidel, H.P.: MIMIC – a language for specifying facial animations. In: WSCG SHORT Communication papers proceedings, pp. 71–78 (2004)
Cassell, J., et al.: Animated conversation: Rule–based generation of facial expression gesture and spoken intonation for multiple converstaional agents. In: SIGGRAPH 1994, 24–29 July 1994, pp. 413–420. ACM Press, New York (1994)
King, S.A., Knott, A., McCan, B.: Language-driven nonverbal communication in a bilingual conversational agent. In: CASA 2003, pp. 17–22 (May 7-9, 2003)
Lee, S.P., Badler, J.B., Badler, N.I.: Eyes alive. ACM Transactions on Graphics 21(3), 637–644 (2002)
Kent, R.D., Minifie, F.D.: Coarticulation in recent speech production models. Journal of Phonetics 5, 115–135 (1977)
Wang, A., Emmi, M., Faloutsos, P.: Assembling an expressive facial animation system. In: Sandbox 2007: Proceedings of the 2007 ACM SIGGRAPH symposium on Video games, pp. 21–26. ACM, New York (2007)
Löfqvist, A.: Speech as audible gestures. In: Hardcastle, W.J., Marchal, A. (eds.) Speech Production and Speech Modeling, pp. 289–322. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht (1990)
Cohen, M., Massaro, D.: Modeling coarticulation in synthetic visual speech. In: Models and Techniques in Computer Animation, pp. 139–156. Springer, Heidelberg (1993)
Le Goff, B.: Automatic modeling of coarticulation in text-to-visual speech synthesis. In: Proccedings of Eurospeech 1997, Rhodes, Greece, vol. 3, pp. 1667–1670 (September 1997)
Albrecht, I., Haber, J., Seidel, H.P.: Speech synchronization for physics-based facial animation. In: Proceedings of WSCG 2002, 4-8 February 2002, pp. 9–16 (2002)
Kähler, K., Haber, J., Yamauchi, H., Seidel, H.P.: Head shop: Generating animated head models with anatomical structure. In: SCA 2002, 21-22 July 2002, pp. 55–64 (2002)
Albrecht, I., Haber, J., Seidel, H.P.: Automatic generation of non-verbal facial expressions from speech. In: Proceeding of CGI 2002, 3–5 July 2002, pp. 283–293 (2002)
Kim, T.Y., Neumann, U.: Interactive multiresolution hair modeling and editing. ACM Transactions on Graphics 21(3), 620–629 (2002); (Proceedings of SIGGRAPH 2002)
Marschner, S., Jensen, H.W., Cammarano, M., Worley, S., Hanrahan, P.: Light scattering from human hair fibers. ACM Transactions on Graphics 22(3), 780–791 (2003); (Proceedings of SIGGRAPH 2003)
Bando, Y., Chen, B.Y., Nishita, T.: Animating hair with loosely connected particles. Computer Graphics Forum 22(3), 411 (2003)
Koster, M., Haber, J., Seidel, H.P.: Real-time rendering of human hair using programmable graphics hardware. In: Proc of CGI 2004 (June 2004)
Haro, A., Guenter, B., Essa, I.: Real-time, photo-realistic, physically based rendering of fine scale human skin structure. In: Rendering Techniques, pp. 53–62 (2001)
Jensen, H.W., Marschner, S.R., Levoy, M., Hanrahan, P.: A practical model for subsurface light transport. In: Fiume, E. (ed.) Proceedings of SIGGRAPH 2001, August 2001, pp. 511–518. ACM Press, New York (2001)
Marschner, S.R., Guenter, B.K., Raghupathy, S.: Modeling and rendering for realistic facial animation. In: Rendering Techniques 2000, pp. 231–242 (2000)
Weyrich, T., et al.: Analysis of human faces using a measurement-based skin reflectance model. In: SIGGRAPH ’06: ACM SIGGRAPH 2006 Papers, pp. 1013–1024. ACM, New York (2006)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2008 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this paper
Cite this paper
King, S.A. (2008). Animating Speech in Games. In: Egges, A., Kamphuis, A., Overmars, M. (eds) Motion in Games. MIG 2008. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol 5277. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-89220-5_23
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-89220-5_23
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-540-89219-9
Online ISBN: 978-3-540-89220-5
eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)