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Nanoforce and Imaging

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Abstract

The invention of the scanning tunneling microscope by Binnig and coworkers [1], who won the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1986, marked the beginning of a new type of microscopy, called near-field or local probe microscopy. These microscopes are powerful tools for studying the surface properties of samples. They all involve scanning the sample surface with a probe or tip at a distance of nanometric order and determining point by point the value of some physical quantity, e.g., electron transfer (scanning tunneling microscope STM), photon transfer (scanning near-field optical microscope SNOM), or an interaction force (atomic force microscope AFM) [2]. AFM can achieve atomic resolution on crystal samples in air or vacuum, but its development in structural biology comes from the fact that it can be made to work in a liquid medium. It is used to observe the surface of biological samples ranging from complex biological structures like plasma membranes in eukaryotic cells to single molecules. At the present time, it is the only technique able to obtain subnanometric resolutions in a physiological environment. Used initially for imaging, it can also serve as a tool for dissection and manipulation on a molecular scale, or for measuring intra- and intermolecular interaction forces (see Sect. 8.3). Through these wide-ranging applications, AFM has become an indispensable tool in the development of nanobiotechnology.

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  1. Centre de Biochimie Structurale, 29 rue de Navacelles, 34090, Montpellier Cedex, France

    C. Le Grimellec & P.-E. Milhiet

  2. Laboratoire de Physique Statistique de l’École Normale Supérieure, 24 rue Lhomond, 75005, Paris, France

    E. Perez, F. Pincet, V. Croquette, J.-F. Allemand & D. Bensimon

  3. Centre de Physique Moléculaire Optique et Hertzienne, Université Bordeaux 1 and CNRS, 351 cours de la libération, 33405, Talence Cedex, France

    J.-P. Aimé

  4. Laboratoire de Neurophysiologie et Nouvelles Microscopies, INSERM U603 CNRS UMR 8154, 3rd Floor 45 rue des Saints Pères, 75006, Paris, France

    V. Emiliani

  5. UMR CNRS 5091, Université Bordeaux 2 Institut Magendie, 146 rue Léo Saignat, 33077, Bordeaux, France

    O. Thoumine

  6. Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Yeshiva University, Bronx, USA

    T. Lionnet

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Le Grimellec, C. et al. (2009). Nanoforce and Imaging. In: Boisseau, P., Houdy, P., Lahmani, M. (eds) Nanoscience. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-88633-4_8

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