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DNA Microarrays

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Abstract

Genomics has revolutionised biological and biomedical research. This revolution was predictable on the basis of its two driving forces: the ever increasing availability of genome sequences and the development of new technology able to exploit them. Up until now, technical limitations meant that molecular biology could only analyse one or two parameters per experiment, providing relatively little information compared with the great complexity of the systems under investigation. This gene by gene approach is inadequate to understand biological systems containing several thousand genes. It is essential to have an overall view of the DNA, RNA, and relevant proteins. A simple inventory of the genome is not sufficient to understand the functions of the genes, or indeed the way that cells and organisms work. For this purpose, functional studies based on whole genomes are needed. Among these new large-scale methods of molecular analysis, DNA microarrays provide a way of studying the genome and the transcriptome. The idea of integrating a large amount of data derived from a support with very small area has led biologists to call these chips, borrowing the term from the microelectronics industry. At the beginning of the 1990s, the development of DNA chips on nylon membranes [1, 2], then on glass [3] and silicon [4] supports, made it possible for the first time to carry out simultaneous measurements of the equilibrium concentration of all the messenger RNA (mRNA) or transcribed RNA in a cell. These microarrays offer a wide range of applications, in both fundamental and clinical research, providing a method for genome-wide characterisation of changes occurring within a cell or tissue, as for example in polymorphism studies, detection of mutations, and quantitative assays of gene copies. With regard to the transcriptome, it provides a way of characterising differentially expressed genes, profiling given biological states, and identifying regulatory channels.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Laboratoire de Technologies Avancées pour le Génome et la Clinique, ERM INSERM 206 Parc Scientifique de Luminy, 163 avenue de Luminy Case 928, 13288, Marseille Cedex 09, France

    C. Nguyen

  2. Laboratoire d’Exploration Fonctionnelle des Génomes CEA d’Evry, 2 rue Gaston Crémieux CP 5722, 91057, Evry Cedex, France

    X. Gidrol

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  1. LETI-MINATEC, CEA, rue des martyrs 17, Grenoble CX 9, 38054, France

    Patrick Boisseau

  2. Université d'Evry, bd. F. Mitterrand, Evry CX, 91025, France

    Philippe Houdy

  3. Dépt. Sciences des Matériaux, Université d'Evry, rue du père Jarlan, Evry CX, 91025, France

    Marcel Lahmani

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Nguyen, C., Gidrol, X. (2009). DNA Microarrays. In: Boisseau, P., Houdy, P., Lahmani, M. (eds) Nanoscience. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-88633-4_17

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