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Climate Change and Weather Related Impacts

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Environmental Monitoring using GNSS

Part of the book series: Environmental Science and Engineering ((ENVSCIENCE))

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Abstract

In order to address the contributions of GNSS to monitor climate change caused by increase in temperature, a distinction between weather and climate on one hand, and climate variability and climate change on the other hand is essential. Burroughs points out that weather is what is happening to the atmosphere at any given time (i.e., what one gets) whereas climate is what would be expected to occur at any given time of the year based on statistics built up over many years (i.e., what one expects). From these definitions, it follows that changes in the climate constitute shifts in meteorological conditions lasting a few years or longer, and may involve a single parameter, e.g., temperature or rainfall, but usually accompany more shift in weather patterns that might result in a shift to, say, colder, wetter, cloudier and windier conditions. If meteorological observations, e.g., of temperature are taken over time, a series of its annual averages could be developed. This series would indicate that over the period of measurements the average value remains effectively constant but fluctuates considerably from observation to observation. This fluctuation about the mean is a measure of climate variability. Now, if a linear or cyclic trend is fitted onto the variability, the effect of climate change could be analysed.

Real-time GNSS measurements have the potential to contribute to climate modeling and weather forecasting through integrative measurement of atmospheric water vapor in GNSS signal delays and measurements of soil moisture flux. W.C. Hammond et al. (2011).

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Notes

  1. 1.

    European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts.

  2. 2.

    see e.g., http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/noaa-n/main/index.html.

  3. 3.

    Thematic mapper.

  4. 4.

    http://landsat.gsfc.nasa.gov/about/L7_td.html.

  5. 5.

    High-Resolution Visible and Infrared (imaging instrument). See http://www.cnes.fr/web/CNES-en/7114-home-cnes.php.

  6. 6.

    Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer.

  7. 7.

    High Resolution Visible.

  8. 8.

    Synthetic Aperture Radar.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Maseno University, Maseno, Kenya

    Prof. Dr.-Ing. Joseph L. Awange (Professor of Environment and Earth Sciences)

  2. Curtin University, Perth, Australia

    Prof. Dr.-Ing. Joseph L. Awange (Professor of Environment and Earth Sciences)

  3. Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany

    Prof. Dr.-Ing. Joseph L. Awange (Professor of Environment and Earth Sciences)

  4. Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan

    Prof. Dr.-Ing. Joseph L. Awange (Professor of Environment and Earth Sciences)

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Awange, J.L. (2012). Climate Change and Weather Related Impacts. In: Environmental Monitoring using GNSS. Environmental Science and Engineering(). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-88256-5_10

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