Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Cardiovascular Disease, Disturbances of Blood Coagulation and Fibrinolysis

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Tobacco or Health?

  • 1686 Accesses

Abstract

In numerous countries throughout the world active and passive tobacco smoking is an important factor in the development of cardiovascular disease and its associated mortality. In Germany, whereas 30,000 new cases of bronchial carcinoma are diagnosed in smokers every year, the corresponding annual figure for new cases of coronary heart disease (CHD), hypertension, peripheral arterial occlusive disease (PAOD), stroke etc. among smokers is 80,000–90,000. The first epidemiological studies to demonstrate an association between cigarette smoking and ischaemic heart disease were the Framingham Study and a study in male British doctors [1, 2]. The Framingham Study additionally showed that the incidence of stroke is increased by smoking [2, 3]. Smoking is further associated with an increased risk for arteriosclerotic vascular changes and with the occurrence of cerebral aneurysms [3, 4]. While other risk factors such as hyperlipidaemia, hyperfibrinogenaemia and hypertension are important in the context of CHD, the development of PAOD and of aortic aneurysm is largely smoking-related [2, 5–7]. As long ago as 1944, research was published indicating that the effects of nicotine on the blood vessels differ clearly in quantitative (and qualitative) terms from those of inhaled tobacco smoke (Fig. 6.1), a finding that is also important with regard to the use of nicotine products to achieve smoking cessation [8, 9].

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 179.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 229.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 229.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Reference

  1. Doll R, Peto R, Wheatley K, Gray R, Sutherland I (1994) Mortality in relation to smoking: 40 years’ observations on male British doctors. BMJ 309(6959):901–911

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Hammond EC, Garfinkel L (1969) Coronary heart disease, roke, and aortic aneurysm. Factors in the etiology. Arch Environ Health 19(2):167–182

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Abbott RD, Yin Y, Reed DM, Yano K (1986) Risk of stroke in male cigarette smokers. N Engl J Med 315(12):717–720

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Adamson J, Humphries SE, Ostergaard JR, Voldby B, Richards P, Powell JT (1994) Are cerebral aneurysms atherosclerotic? Stroke 25(5):963–966

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Fitzgerald GA, Oates JA, Nowak J (1988) Cigarette smoking and hemostatic function. Am Heart J 115(1 Pt 2):267–271

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Fowkes FG (1988) Epidemiology of atherosclerotic arterial disease in the lower limbs. Eur J Vasc Surg 2(5):283–291

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Kannel WB, Shurtleff D (1973) The Framingham study. Cigarettes and the development of intermittent claudication. Geriatrics 28(2):61–68

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Haustein KO (1999) Smoking, cardiovascular diseases and possibilities for treating nicotine dependence. Wien Med Wochenschr 149(1):19–24

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Haustein KO, Krause J, Haustein H, Rasmussen T, Cort N (2002) Effects of cigarette smoking or nicotine replacement on cardiovascular risk factors and parameters of haemorheology. J Intern Med 252(2):130–139

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. LaCroix AZ, Lang J, Scherr P, Wallace RB, Cornoni-Huntley J, Berkman L, et al (1991) Smoking and mortality among older men and women in three communities. N Engl J Med 324(23):1619–1625

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Rosenberg L, Kaufman DW, Helmrich SP, Shapiro S (1985) The risk of myocardial infarction after quitting smoking in men under 55 years of age. N Engl J Med 313(24):1511–1514

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. US Department of Health and Human Services (1990). The Health Benefits of Smoking Cessation: A Report of the Surgeon General. US Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Center for Disease Control, Office on Smoking and Health. DHHS Publication No. (CDC) 908416

    Google Scholar 

  13. Seltzer CC (1974) Effect of smoking on blood pressure Am Heart J 87(5):558–564

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Shah PK, Helfant RH (1988) Smoking and coronary artery disease. Chest 94(3):449–452

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Kawachi I, Colditz GA, Stampfer MJ, Willett WC, Manson JE, Rosner B, et al (1993) Smoking cessation in relation to total mortality rates in women. A prospective cohort study. Ann Intern Med 119(10):992–1000

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Aberg A, Bergstrand R, Johansson S, Ulvenstam G, Vedin A, Wedel H, et al (1983) Cessation of smoking after myocardial infarction. Effects on mortality after 10 years. Br Heart J 49(5):416–422

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Daly LE, Mulcahy R, Graham IM, Hickey N (1983) Long term effect on mortality of stopping smoking after unstable angina and myocardial infarction. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 287(6388):324–326

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Hallstrom AP, Cobb LA, Ray R (1986) Smoking as a risk factor for recurrence of sudden cardiac arrest. N Engl J Med 314(5):271–275

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Sparrow D, Dawber TR (1978) The influence of cigarette smoking on prognosis after a first myocardial infarction. A report from the Framingham study. J Chronic Dis 31(6–7):425–432

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Galan KM, Deligonul U, Kern MJ, Chaitman BR, Vandormael MG (1988) Increased frequency of restenosis in patients continuing to smoke cigarettes after percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty. Am J Cardiol 61(4):260–263

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Taira DA, Seto TB, Ho KK, Krumholz HM, Cutlip DE, Berezin R, et al (2000) Impact of smoking on health-related quality of life after percutaneous coronary revascularization. Circulation 102:1369–1374

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Kannel WB (1981) Update on the role of cigarette smoking in coronary artery disease. Am Heart J 101:319–328

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Schievelbein H, Londong V, Londong W, Grumbach H, Remplik V (1970) Nicotine and arteriosclerosis. An experimental contribution to the influence of nicotine on fat metabolism. Z Klin Chem Klin Biochem 8:190–196

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Schievelbein H, Richter F (1984) The influence of passive smoking on the cardiovascular system. Prev Med 13:626–644

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Majesky MW, Reidy MA, Benditt EP, Juchau MR (1985) Focal smooth muscle proliferation in the aortic intima produced by an initiation-promotion sequence. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 82:3450–3454

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Bond JA, Gown AM, Yang HL, Benditt EP, Juchau MR (1981) Further investigations of the capacity of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons to elicit atherosclerotic lesions. J Toxicol Environ Health 7:327–335

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Ross R, Glomset J, Harker L (1978). The response to injury and atherogenesis: The role of endothelium and smooth muscle. In: Paoletti R, Gotto AM (eds) Atherosclerosis Reviews, vol 3. New York, Raven Press, pp 69–76

    Google Scholar 

  28. Ross R (1986) The pathogenesis of atherosclerosis – an update. N Engl J Med 314:488–500

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Majesky MW, Yang HY, Benditt EP, Juchau MR (1983) Carcinogenesis and atherogenesis: differences in monooxygenase inducibility and bioactivation of benzo[a]pyrene in aortic and hepatic tissues of atherosclerosis-susceptible versus resistant pigeons. Carcinogenesis 4:647–652

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Penn A, Batastini G, Soloman J, Burns F, Albert R (1981) Dose-dependent size increases of aortic lesions following chronic exposure to 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene. Cancer Res 41:588–592

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Bond JA, Yang HY, Majesky MW, Benditt EP, Juchau MR (1980) Metabolism of benzo[a]pyrene and 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene in chicken aortas: monooxygenation, bioactivation to mutagens, and covalent binding to DNA in vitro. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 52:323–335

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Bond JA, Kocan RM, Benditt EP, Juchau MR (1979) Metabolism of benzo[a]pyrene and 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene in cultured human fetal aortic smooth muscle cells. Life Sci 25:425–430

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Davis JW, Shelton L, Eigenberg DA, Hignite CE, Watanabe IS (1985) Effects of tobacco and non-tobacco cigarette smoking on endothelium and platelets. Clin Pharmacol Ther 37:529–533

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Brown DW, Giles WH, Croft JB (2001) Hematocrit and the risk of coronary heart disease mortality. Am Heart J 142(4):657–663

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. McBride PE (1992) The health consequences of smoking. Cardiovascular diseases. Med Clin North Am 76(2):333–353

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. McGill HC Jr (1988) The cardiovascular pathology of smoking. Am Heart J 115(1 Pt 2):250–257

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Quillen JE, Rossen JD, Oskarsson HJ, Minor RL Jr, Lopez AG, Winniford MD (1993) Acute effect of cigarette smoking on the coronary circulation: constriction of epicardial and resistance vessels. J Am Coll Cardiol 22(3):642–647

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Cryer PE, Haymond MW, Santiago JV, Shah SD (1976) Norepinephrine and epinephrine release and adrenergic mediation of smoking-associated hemodynamic and metabolic events. N Engl J Med 295(11):573–577

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Glisic S, Savic I, Alavantic D (1995) Apolipoprotein B gene DNA polymorphisms (EcoRI and MspI) and serum lipid levels in the Serbian healthy population: interaction of rare alleles and smoking and cholesterol levels. Genet Epidemiol 12(5):499–508

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Klein LW, Pichard AD, Holt J, Smith H, Gorlin R, Teichholz LE (1983) Effects of chronic tobacco smoking on the coronary circulation. J Am Coll Cardiol 1(2 Pt 1):421–426

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Pittilo RM, Clarke JM, Harris D, Mackie IJ, Rowles PM, Machin SJ, et al (1984) Cigarette smoking and platelet adhesion. Br J Haematol 58(4):627–632

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Maouad J, Fernandez F, Barrillon A, Gerbaux A, Gay J (1984) Diffuse or segmental narrowing (spasm) of the coronary arteries during smoking demonstrated on angiography. Am J Cardiol 53(2):354–355

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Maouad J, Fernandez F, Hebert JL, Zamani K, Barrillon A, Gay J (1986) Cigarette smoking during coronary angiography: diffuse or focal narrowing (spasm) of the coronary arteries in 13 patients with angina at rest and normal coronary angiograms. Cathet Cardiovasc Diagn 12(6):366–375

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Sugiishi M, Takatsu F (1993) Cigarette smoking is a major risk factor for coronary spasm. Circulation 87(1):76–79

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Bolinder G (1997) Smokeless tobacco – a less harmful alternative? In: Bollinger CT, Fagerstrom KO (eds) The Tobacco Epidemic. S. Karger, Basel, pp 199–212

    Google Scholar 

  46. Mancini GB, Henry GC, Macaya C, O’Neill BJ, Pucillo AL, Carere RG, et al (1996) Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition with quinapril improves endothelial vasomotor dysfunction in patients with coronary artery disease. The TREND (trial on reversing endothelial dysfunction) study. Circulation 94(3):258–265

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Pepine CJ, Schlaifer JD, Mancini GB, Pitt B, O’Neill BJ, Haber HE (1998) Influence of smoking status on progression of endothelial dysfunction. TREND Investigators. Trial on reversing endothelial dysfunction. Clin Cardiol 21(5):331–334

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Celermajer DS, Adams MR, Clarkson P, Robinson J, McCredie R, Donald A, et al (1996) Passive smoking and impaired endothelium-dependent arterial dilatation in healthy young adults. N Engl J Med 334(3):150–154

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Nitenberg A, Benvenuti C, Aptecar E, Antony I, Deleuze P, Loisance D et al (1993) Acetylcholine-induced constriction of angiographically normal coronary arteries is not time dependent in transplant recipients. Effects of stepwise infusion at 1, 6, 12 and more than 24 months after transplantation. J Am Coll Cardiol 22(1):151–158

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Zeiher AM, Schachinger V, Minners J (1995) Long-term cigarette smoking impairs endothelium- dependent coronary arterial vasodilator function. Circulation 92(5):1094–1100

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Voors AA, Oosterga M, Buikema H (1997) Dose-response relation between cigarette consumption and endothelial function (Abstr.). J Am Coll Cardiol 29(Suppl A):263A–264A

    Google Scholar 

  52. Waters D, Lesperance J, Gladstone P, Boccuzzi SJ, Cook T, Hudgin R, et al (1996) Effects of cigarette smoking on the angiographic evolution of coronary atherosclerosis. A Canadian Coronary Atherosclerosis Intervention Trial (CCAIT) Substudy. CCAIT Study Group. Circulation 94(4):614–621

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Jarvis MJ, Belcher M, Vesey C, Hutchison DC (1986) Low cost carbon monoxide monitors in smoking assessment. Thorax 41(11):886–887

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Anderson EW, Andelman RJ, Strauch JM, Fortuin NJ, Knelson JH (1973) Effect of low-level carbon monoxide exposure on onset and duration of angina pectoris. A study in ten patients with ischemic heart disease. Ann Intern Med 79(1):46–50

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Mahmarian JJ, Moye LA, Nasser GA, Nagueh SF, Bloom MF, Benowitz NL, et al (1997) Nicotine patch therapy in smoking cessation reduces the extent of exercise-induced myocardial ischemia. J Am Coll Cardiol 30(1):125–130

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Negri E, La Vecchia C, Nobili A, D’Avanzo B, Bechi S (1994) Cigarette smoking and acute myocardial infarction. A case-control study from the GISSI-2 trial. GISSI-EFRIM Investigators. Gruppo Italiano per lo Studio della Sopravvivenza nell’Infarto - Epidemiologia dei Fattori di Rischio dell’infarto Miocardioco. Eur J Epidemiol 10(4):361–366

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Beard CM, Kottke TE, Annegers JF, Ballard DJ (1989) The Rochester Coronary Heart Disease Project: effect of cigarette smoking, hypertension, diabetes, and steroidal estrogen use on coronary heart disease among 40- to 59-year-old women, 1960 through 1982. Mayo Clin Proc 64(12):1471–1480

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Rosenberg L, Palmer JR, Shapiro S (1990) Decline in the risk of myocardial infarction among women who stop smoking. N Engl J Med 322(4):213–217

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Vander ZR, Lemp GF, Hughes JP, Ramanathan KB, Sullivan JM, Schick EC et al (1988) The effect of cigarette smoking on the pattern of coronary atherosclerosis. A case-control study. Chest 94(2):290–295

    Article  Google Scholar 

  60. Rosenberg L, Kaufman DW, Helmrich SP, Miller DR, Stolley PD, Shapiro S (1985) Myocardial infarction and cigarette smoking in women younger than 50 years of age. JAMA 253(20):2965–2969

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Dunn NR, Faragher B, Thorogood M, de Caestecker L, MacDonald TM, McCollum C, et al (1999) Risk of myocardial infarction in young female smokers. Heart 82(5):581–583

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. McElduff P, Dobson A, Beaglehole R, Jackson R (1998) Rapid reduction in coronary risk for those who quit cigarette smoking. Aust N Z J Public Health 22(7):787–791

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Weiner P, Waizman J, Weiner M, Rabner M, Magadle R, Zamir D (2000) Smoking and first acute myocardial infarction: age, mortality and smoking cessation rate. Isr Med Assoc J 2(6):446–449

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Villarreal FJ, Hong D, Omens J (1999) Nicotine-modified postinfarction left ventricular remodeling. Am J Physiol 276(3 Pt 2):H1103–H1106

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Heliovaara M, Karvonen MJ, Vilhunen R, Punsar S (1978) Smoking, carbon monoxide, and atherosclerotic diseases. Br Med J 1:268–270

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Hughson WG, Mann JI, Tibbs DJ, Woods HF, Walton I (1978) Intermittent claudication: factors determining outcome. Br Med J 1:1377–1379

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Doll R, Peto R (1976) Mortality in relation to smoking: 20 years’ observations on male British doctors. Br Med J 2:1525–1536

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Doll R, Gray R, Hafner B, Peto R (1980) Mortality in relation to smoking: 22 years’ observations on female British doctors. Br Med J 280:967–971

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Fowkes FG, Housley E, Riemersma RA, Macintyre CC, Cawood EH, Prescott RJ, et al (1992) Smoking, lipids, glucose intolerance, and blood pressure as risk factors for peripheral atherosclerosis compared with ischemic heart disease in the Edinburgh artery study. Am J Epidemiol 135(4):331–340

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Price JF, Mowbray PI, Lee AJ, Rumley A, Lowe GD, Fowkes FG (1999) Relationship between smoking and cardiovascular risk factors in the development of peripheral arterial disease and coronary artery disease: Edinburgh artery study. Eur Heart J 20:344–353

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Gudmundsson M, Bjelle A (1993) Plasma, serum and whole-blood viscosity variations with age, sex, and smoking habits. Angiology 44(5):384–391

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Green MS, Jucha E, Luz Y (1986) Blood pressure in smokers and nonsmokers: epidemiologic findings. Am Heart J 111(5):932–940

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Kool MJ, Hoeks AP, Struijker Boudier HA, Reneman RS, Van Bortel LM (1993) Short- and long-term effects of smoking on arterial wall properties in habitual smokers. J Am Coll Cardiol 22(7):1881–1886

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Berlin I, Cournot A, Renout P, Duchier J, Safar M (1990) Peripheral haemodynamic effects of smoking in habitual smokers. A methodological study. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 38(1):57–60

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Kyriakides ZS, Kremastinos DT, Rentoukas E, Mavrogheni S, Kremastinos DI, Toutouzas P (1992) Acute effects of cigarette smoking on left ventricular diastolic function. Eur Heart J 13(6):743–748

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Stork T, Eichstadt H, Mockel M, Bortfeldt R, Muller R, Hochrein H (1992) Changes of diastolic function induced by cigarette smoking: an echocardiographic study in patients with coronary artery disease. Clin Cardiol 15(2):80–86

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Tanus-Santos JE, Toledo JC, Cittadino M, Sabha M, Rocha JC, Moreno H Jr (2001) Cardiovascular effects of transdermal nicotine in mildly hypertensive smokers. Am J Hypertens 14(7 Pt 1):610–614

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Gulliford MC (2001) Low rates of detection and treatment of hypertension among current cigarette smokers. J Hum Hypertens 15(11):771–773

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Siegel D, Benowitz N, Ernster VL, Grady DG, Hauck WW (1992) Smokeless tobacco, cardiovascular risk factors, and nicotine and cotinine levels in professional baseball players. Am J Public Health 82(3):417–421

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Mikkelsen KL, Wiinberg N, Hoegholm A, Christensen HR, Bang LE, Nielsen PE, et al (1997) Smoking related to 24-h ambulatory blood pressure and heart rate: a study in 352 normotensive Danish subjects. Am J Hypertens 10(5 Pt 1):483–491

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Fox CS, Larson MG, Leip EP, Culleton B, Wilson PW, Levy D (2004) Predictors of new-onset kidney disease in a community-based population. JAMA 291(7):844–850

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Mathew RJ, Wilson WH (1991) Substance abuse and cerebral blood flow. Am J Psychiatry 148(3):292–305

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Rogers RL, Meyer JS, Shaw TG, Mortel KF, Hardenberg JP, Zaid RR (1983) Cigarette smoking decreases cerebral blood flow suggesting increased risk for stroke. JAMA 250(20):2796–2800

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Colditz GA, Bonita R, Stampfer MJ, Willett WC, Rosner B, Speizer FE, et al (1988) Cigarette smoking and risk of stroke in middle-aged women. N Engl J Med 318(15):937–941

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Wang H, Sekine M, Yokokawa H, Hamanishi S, Chen X, Sayama M, et al (2001) The relationship between new stroke onset and serum thiocyanate as an indicator to cigarette smoking. J Epidemiol 11(5):233–237

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Silverberg E, Boring CC, Squires TS (1990) Cancer statistics, 1990. CA Cancer J Clin 40:9–26

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Lederle FA, Johnson GR, Wilson SE, Chute EP, Hye RJ, Makaroun MS, et al (2000) The aneurysm detection and management study screening program: validation cohort and final results. Aneurysm detection and management veterans affairs cooperative study investigators. Arch Intern Med 160:1425–1430

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Kanagasabay R, Gajraj H, Pointon L, Scott RA (1996) Co-morbidity in patients with abdominal aortic aneurysm. J Med Screen 3:208–210

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Mattes E, Davis TM, Yang D, Ridley D, Lund H, Norman PE (1997) Prevalence of abdominal aortic aneurysms in men with diabetes. Med J Aust 166:630–633

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Franks PJ, Edwards RJ, Greenhalgh RM, Powell JT (1996) Risk factors for abdominal aortic aneurysms in smokers. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 11:487–492

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Powell JT, Brown LC (2001) The natural history of abdominal aortic aneurysms and their risk of rupture. Acta Chir Belg 101:11–16

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Vardulaki KA, Walker NM, Day NE, Duffy SW, Ashton HA, Scott RA (2000) Quantifying the risks of hypertension, age, sex and smoking in patients with abdominal aortic aneurysm. Br J Surg 87:195–200

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. Brown LC, Powell JT (1999) Risk factors for aneurysm rupture in patients kept under ultrasound surveillance. UK small aneurysm trial participants. Ann Surg 230:289–296

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Fowkes FG, Macintyre CC, Ruckley CV (1989) Increasing incidence of aortic aneurysms in England and Wales. BMJ 298:33–35

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. Benowitz NL (1988) Drug therapy. Pharmacologic aspects of cigarette smoking and nicotine addition. N Engl J Med 319(20):1318–1330

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. Butler R, Morris AD, Struthers AD (2001) Cigarette smoking in men and vascular responsiveness. Br J Clin Pharmacol 52(2):145–149

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. Butler R, Morris AD, Struthers AD (2001) Lisinopril improves endothelial function in chronic cigarette smokers. Clin Sci (Lond) 101(1):53–58

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. Nitenberg A, Antony I (1999) Effects of nicotine gum on coronary vasomotor responses during sympathetic stimulation in patients with coronary artery stenosis. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 34:694–699

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. Neunteufl T, Heher S, Kostner K, Mitulovic G, Lehr S, Khoschsorur G, et al (2002) Contribution of nicotine to acute endothelial dysfunction in long-term smokers. J Am Coll Cardiol 39:251–256

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. Park JE, Lee WH, Hwang TH, Chu JA, Kim S, Choi YH, et al (2000) Aging affects the association between endothelial nitric oxide synthase gene polymorphism and acute myocardial infarction in the Korean male population. Korean J Intern Med 15(1):65–70

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  101. Benowitz NL (1993) Smoking-induced coronary vasoconstriction: implications for therapeutic use of nicotine. J Am Coll Cardiol 22(3):648–649

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. Klein LW (1984) Cigarette smoking, atherosclerosis and the coronary hemodynamic response: a unifying hypothesis. J Am Coll Cardiol 4(5):972–974

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  103. Benowitz NL (1991) Nicotine and coronary heart disease. Trends Cardiovasc Med 1: 315–321

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  104. Munzel T, Hink U, Heitzer T, Meinertz T (1999) Role for NADPH/NADH oxidase in the modulation of vascular tone. Ann N Y Acad Sci 874:386–400

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  105. Papamichael CM, Aznaouridis KA, Stamatelopoulos KS, Karatzis EN, Protogerou AD, Papaioannou TG, et al (2004) Endothelial dysfunction and type of cigarette smoked: the impact of ‘light’ versus regular cigarette smoking. Vasc Med 9(2):103–105

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  106. Celermajer DS, Sorensen KE, Gooch VM, Spiegelhalter DJ, Miller OI, Sullivan ID, et al (1992) Non-invasive detection of endothelial dysfunction in children and adults at risk of atherosclerosis. Lancet 340(8828):1111–1115

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  107. Heitzer T, Brockhoff C, Mayer B, Warnholtz A, Mollnau H, Henne S, et al (2000) Tetrahydrobiopterin improves endothelium-dependent vasodilation in chronic smokers: evidence for a dysfunctional nitric oxide synthase. Circ Res 86(2):E36–E41

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  108. Higman DJ, Strachan AM, Buttery L, Hicks RC, Springall DR, Greenhalgh RM, et al (1996) Smoking impairs the activity of endothelial nitric oxide synthase in saphenous vein. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 16(4):546–552

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  109. Ichiki K, Ikeda H, Haramaki N, Ueno T, Imaizumi T (1996) Long-term smoking impairs platelet-derived nitric oxide release. Circulation 94(12):3109–3114

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  110. Cosentino F, Katusic ZS (1995) Tetrahydrobiopterin and dysfunction of endothelial nitric oxide synthase in coronary arteries. Circulation 91(1):139–144

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  111. Heitzer T, Yla-Herttuala S, Luoma J, Kurz S, Munzel T, Just H, et al (1996) Cigarette smoking potentiates endothelial dysfunction of forearm resistance vessels in patients with hypercholesterolemia. Role of oxidized LDL. Circulation 93(7):1346–1353

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  112. Heitzer T, Just H, Munzel T (1996) Antioxidant vitamin C improves endothelial dysfunction in chronic smokers. Circulation 94(1):6–9

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  113. Celermajer DS, Sorensen KE, Georgakopoulos D, Bull C, Thomas O, Robinson J, et al (1993) Cigarette smoking is associated with dose-related and potentially reversible impairment of endothelium-dependent dilation in healthy young adults. Circulation 88(5 Pt 1):2149–2155

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  114. Higman DJ, Strachan AM, Powell JT (1994) Reversibility of smoking-induced endothelial dysfunction. Br J Surg 81(7):977–978

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  115. Lassila R, Seyberth HW, Haapanen A, Schweer H, Koskenvuo M, Laustiola KE (1988) Vasoactive and atherogenic effects of cigarette smoking: a study of monozygotic twins discordant for smoking. BMJ 297(6654):955–957

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  116. He JF (1991) Morphologic and morphometric studies of pulmonary artery endothelial abnormalities in rats induced by smoking. Zhonghua Bing Li Xue Za Zhi 20(3):165–168

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  117. Lin SJ, Hong CY, Chang MS, Chiang BN, Chien S (1992) Long-term nicotine exposure increases aortic endothelial cell death and enhances transendothelial macromolecular transport in rats. Arterioscler Thromb 12(11):1305–1312

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  118. Zimmerman M, McGeachie J (1987) The effect of nicotine on aortic endothelium. A quantitative ultrastructural study. Atherosclerosis 63(1):33–41

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  119. Tithof PK, Elgayyar M, Schuller HM, Barnhill M, Andrews R (2001) 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone, a nicotine derivative, induces apoptosis of endothelial cells. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 281(5):H1946–H1954

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  120. Bernhard D, Pfister G, Huck CW, Kind M, Salvenmoser W, Bonn GK, et al (2003) Disruption of vascular endothelial homeostasis by tobacco smoke: impact on atherosclerosis. FASEB J 17(15):2302–2304

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  121. Kiowski W, Linder L, Stoschitzky K, Pfisterer M, Burckhardt D, Burkart F, et al (1994) Diminished vascular response to inhibition of endothelium-derived nitric oxide and enhanced vasoconstriction to exogenously administered endothelin-1 in clinically healthy smokers. Circulation 90(1):27–34

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  122. Brush JE Jr, Faxon DP, Salmon S, Jacobs AK, Ryan TJ (1992) Abnormal endothelium-dependent coronary vasomotion in hypertensive patients. J Am Coll Cardiol 19(4): 809–815

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  123. Drexler H, Zeiher AM (1991) Endothelial function in human coronary arteries in vivo. Focus-on hypercholesterolemia. Hypertension 18(Suppl 4):II90–II99

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  124. Seiler C, Hess OM, Buechi M, Suter TM, Krayenbuehl HP (1993) Influence of serum cholesterol and other coronary risk factors on vasomotion of angiographically normal coronary arteries. Circulation 88(5 Pt 1):2139–2148

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  125. Hashimoto H (1994) Impaired microvascular vasodilator reserve in chronic cigarette smokers – a study of post-occlusive reactive hyperemia in the human finger. Jpn Circ J 58(1):29–33

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  126. Ottervanger JP, Festen JM, de Vries AG, Stricker BH (1995) Acute myocardial infarction while using the nicotine patch. Chest 107(6):1765–1766

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  127. Sabha M, Tanus-Santos JE, Toledo JC, Cittadino M, Rocha JC, Moreno H Jr (2000) Transdermal nicotine mimics the smoking-induced endothelial dysfunction. Clin Pharmacol Ther 68(2):167–174

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  128. Belch JJ, McArdle BM, Burns P, Lowe GD, Forbes CD (1984) The effects of acute smoking on platelet behaviour, fibrinolysis and haemorheology in habitual smokers. Thromb Haemost 51(1):6–8

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  129. Eliasson M, Asplund K, Evrin PE, Lundblad D (1995) Relationship of cigarette smoking and snuff dipping to plasma fibrinogen, fibrinolytic variables and serum insulin. The Northern Sweden MONICA Study. Atherosclerosis 113(1):41–53

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  130. Feher MD, Rampling MW, Brown J, Robinson R, Richmond W, Cholerton S ,et al (1990) Acute changes in atherogenic and thrombogenic factors with cessation of smoking. J R Soc Med 83(3):146–148

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  131. Dal Bianco P, Zeiler K, Baumgartner C, Kollegger H, Oder W Deecke L (1989) Use of nicotine – a risk factor for stroke? Wien Klin Wochenschr 101(20):687–694

    Google Scholar 

  132. Salbas K (1994) Effect of acute smoking on red blood cell deformability in healthy young and elderly non-smokers, and effect of verapamil on age- and acute smoking-induced change in red blood cell deformability. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 54(6):411–416

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  133. Salbas K, Gurlek A, Akyol T (1994) In vitro effect of nicotine on red blood cell deformability in untreated and treated essential hypertension. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 54(8):659–663

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  134. Blann AD (1992) The acute influence of smoking on the endothelium. Atherosclerosis 96(2–3):249–250

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  135. Calori G, D’Angelo A, Della VP, Ruotolo G, Ferini-Strambi L, Giusti C, et al (1996) The effect of cigarette-smoking on cardiovascular risk factors: a study of monozygotic twins discordant for smoking. Thromb Haemost 75(1):14–18

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  136. Thomas GA, Davies SV, Rhodes J, Russell MA, Feyerabend C, Sawe U (1995) Is transdermal nicotine associated with cardiovascular risk? J R Coll Physicians Lond 29(5):392–396

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  137. Blann AD, Steele C, McCollum CN (1997) The influence of smoking and of oral and transdermal nicotine on blood pressure, and haematology and coagulation indices. Thromb Haemost 78(3):1093–1096

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  138. Miller GJ, Esnouf MP, Burgess AI, Cooper JA, Mitchell JP (1997) Risk of coronary heart disease and activation of factor XII in middle-aged men. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 17(10):2103–2106

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  139. Heeschen C, Jang JJ, Weis M, Pathak A, Kaji S, Hu RS, et al (2001) Nicotine stimulates angiogenesis and promotes tumor growth and atherosclerosis. Nat Med 7:833–839

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  140. Mosely LH, Finseth F (1977) Cigarette smoking: impairment of digital blood flow and wound healing in the hand. Hand 9(2):97–101

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  141. Mosely LH, Finseth F, Goody M (1978) Nicotine and its effect on wound healing. Plast Reconstr Surg 61(4):570–575

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  142. Nolan J, Jenkins RA, Kurihara K, Schultz RC (1985) The acute effects of cigarette smoke exposure on experimental skin flaps. Plast Reconstr Surg 75(4):544–551

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  143. Riefkohl R, Wolfe JA, Cox EB, McCarty KS Jr (1986) Association between cutaneous occlusive vascular disease, cigarette smoking, and skin slough after rhytidectomy. Plast Reconstr Surg 77(4):592–595

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  144. Harris GD, Finseth F, Buncke HJ (1980) The hazard of cigarette smoking following digital replantation. J Microsurg 1(5):403–404

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  145. Wilson GR, Jones BM (1984) The damaging effect of smoking on digital revascularisation: two further case reports. Br J Plast Surg 37(4):613–614

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  146. Dardour JC, Pugash E, Aziza R (1988) The one-stage preauricular flap for male pattern baldness: long-term results and risk factors. Plast Reconstr Surg 81(6):907–912

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  147. Rees TD, Liverett DM, Guy CL (1984) The effect of cigarette smoking on skin-flap survival in the face lift patient. Plast Reconstr Surg 73(6):911–915

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  148. Craig S, Rees TD (1985) The effects of smoking on experimental skin flaps in hamsters. Plast Reconstr Surg 75(6):842–846

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  149. Lawrence WT, Murphy RC, Robson MC, Heggers JP (1984) The detrimental effect of cigarette smoking on flap survival: an experimental study in the rat. Br J Plast Surg 37(2):216–219

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  150. Dalla VL, Palombo C, Ciardetti M, Porta A, Milani O, Kozakova M, et al (2004) Contrasting effects of acute and chronic cigarette smoking on skin microcirculation in young healthy subjects. J Hypertens 22(1):129–135

    Article  Google Scholar 

  151. Ijzerman RG, Serne EH, van Weissenbruch MM, de Jongh RT, Stehouwer CD (2003) Cigarette smoking is associated with an acute impairment of microvascular function in humans. Clin Sci (Lond) 104(3):247–252

    Article  Google Scholar 

  152. Roth GM, McDonald JB, Sheard C (1944) The effect of smoking cigarettes and of intravenous administration of nicotine on the eletrocardiogram, banal metabolic rate, cutaneous temperature, blood pressure and pulse rate of normale persons. J Am med Ass 125:761–767

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  153. Richardson DR (1985) Effects of habitual tobacco smoking on reactive hyperemia in the human hand. Arch Environ Health 40(2):114–119

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  154. Suter TW, Buzzi R, Battig K (1983) Cardiovascular effects of smoking cigarettes with different nicotine deliveries. A study using multilead plethysmography. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 80(2):106–112

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  155. Leow YH, Maibach HI (1998) Cigarette smoking, cutaneous vasculature, and tissue oxygen. Clin Dermatol 16(5):579–584

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  156. Bounameaux H, Griessen M, Benedet P, Krahenbuhl B, Deom A (1988) Nicotine induced haemodynamic changes during cigarette smoking and nicotine gum chewing: a placebo controlled study in young healthy volunteers. Cardiovasc Res 22(2):154–158

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  157. Netscher DT, Wigoda P, Thornby J, Yip B, Rappaport NH (1995) The hemodynamic and hematologic effects of cigarette smoking versus a nicotine patch. Plast Reconstr Surg 96(3):681–688

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  158. Jensen JA, Goodson WH, Hopf HW, Hunt TK (1991) Cigarette smoking decreases tissue oxygen. Arch Surg 126(9):1131–1134

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  159. Model D (1985) Smoker’s face: an underrated clinical sign? Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 291(6511):1760–1762

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  160. Meade TW, Imeson J, Stirling Y (1987) Effects of changes in smoking and other characteristics on clotting factors and the risk of ischaemic heart disease. Lancet 2(8566):986–988

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  161. Adams KF, Koch G, Chatterjee B, Goldstein GM, O’Neil JJ, Bromberg PA, et al (1988) Acute elevation of blood carboxyhemoglobin to 6% impairs exercise performance and aggravates symptoms in patients with ischemic heart disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 12(4):900–909

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  162. Allred EN, Bleecker ER, Chaitman BR, Dahms TE, Gottlieb SO, Hackney JD, et al (1989) Short-term effects of carbon monoxide exposure on the exercise performance of subjects with coronary artery disease. N Engl J Med 321(21):1426–1432

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  163. Davies MJ, Woolf N (1993) Atherosclerosis: what is it and why does it occur? Br Heart J 69(Suppl 1):S3–S11

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  164. Tsao PS, Lewis NP, Alpert S, Cooke JP (1995) Exposure to shear stress alters endothelial adhesiveness. Role of nitric oxide. Circulation 92(12):3513–3519

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  165. Cavusoglu Y, Timuralp B, Us T, Akgun Y, Kudaiberdieva G, Gorenek B, et al (2004) Cigarette smoking increases plasma concentrations of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 in patients with coronary artery disease. Angiology 55(4):397–402

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  166. Zapolska-Downar D, Naruszewicz M, Zapolski-Downar A, Markiewski M, Bukowska H, Millo B (2000) Ibuprofen inhibits adhesiveness of monocytes to endothelium and reduces cellular oxidative stress in smokers and non-smokers. Eur J Clin Invest 30(11):1002–1010

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  167. Shen Y, Rattan V, Sultana C, Kalra VK (1996) Cigarette smoke condensate-induced adhesion molecule expression and transendothelial migration of monocytes. Am J Physiol 270(5 Pt 2):H1624–H1633

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  168. Weber C, Erl W, Weber K, Weber PC (1996) Increased adhesiveness of isolated monocytes to endothelium is prevented by vitamin C intake in smokers. Circulation 93(8):1488–1492

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  169. Wang Y, Wang L, Ai X, Zhao J, Hao X, Lu Y, et al (2004) Nicotine could augment adhesion molecule expression in human endothelial cells through macrophages secreting TNF-alpha, IL-1beta. Int Immunopharmacol 4(13):1675–1686

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  170. Caro CG, Lever MJ, Parker KH, Fish PJ (1987) Effect of cigarette smoking on the pattern of arterial blood flow: possible insight into mechanisms underlying the development of arteriosclerosis. Lancet 2(8549):11–13

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  171. Ernst E, Matrai A, Schmolzl C, Magyarosy I (1987) Dose-effect relationship between smoking and blood rheology. Br J Haematol 65(4):485–487

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  172. Resnick N, Gimbrone MA Jr (1995) Hemodynamic forces are complex regulators of endothelial gene expression. FASEB J 9(10):874–882

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  173. Sbarbati R, de Boer M, Marzilli M, Scarlattini M, Rossi G, van Mourik JA (1991) Immunologic-detection of endothelial cells in human whole blood. Blood 77(4):764–769

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  174. Jeng JR (2000) Carotid thickening, cardiac hypertrophy, and angiotensin converting enzyme gene polymorphism in patients with hypertension. Am J Hypertens 13(1 Pt 1):111–119

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  175. Schut AF, Sayed-Tabatabaei FA, Witteman JC, Avella AM, Vergeer JM, Pols HA, et al (2004) Smoking-dependent effects of the angiotensin-converting enzyme gene insertion/deletion polymorphism on blood pressure. J Hypertens 22(2):313–319

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  176. Whisnant JP, Homer D, Ingall TJ, Baker HL Jr, O’Fallon WM, Wievers DO (1990) Duration of cigarette smoking is the strongest predictor of severe extracranial carotid artery atherosclerosis. Stroke 21(5):707–714

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  177. Fuster V, Chesebro JH, Frye RL, Elveback LR (1981) Platelet survival and the development of coronary artery disease in the young adult: effects of cigarette smoking, strong family history and medical therapy. Circulation 63(3):546–551

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  178. Nowak J, Murray JJ, Oates JA, Fitzgerald GA (1987) Biochemical evidence of a chronic abnormality in platelet and vascular function in healthy individuals who smoke cigarettes. Circulation 76(1):6–14

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  179. Benowitz NL, Fitzgerald GA, Wilson M, Zhang Q (1993) Nicotine effects on eicosanoid formation and hemostatic function: comparison of transdermal nicotine and cigarette smoking. J Am Coll Cardiol 22(4):1159–1167

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  180. Montalescot G, Ankri A, Vicaut E, Drobinski G, Grosgogeat Y, Thomas D (1995) Fibrinogen after coronary angioplasty as a risk factor for restenosis. Circulation 92(1):31–38

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  181. Wiseman S, Kenchington G, Dain R, Marshall CE, McCollum CN, Greenhalgh RM, et al (1989) Influence of smoking and plasma factors on patency of femoropopliteal vein grafts. BMJ 299(6700):643–646

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  182. Mazoyer E, Drouet L, Soria C, Fruchard JC, Pellerin A, Arcan JC, et al (1999) Risk factors and outcomes for atherothrombotic disease in French patients: the RIVAGE study. RIsque VAsculaire Group d’Etude. Thromb Res 95:163–176

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  183. Pellegrini MP, Newby DE, Maxwell S, Webb DJ (2001) Short-term effects of transdermal nicotine on acute tissue plasminogen activator release in vivo in man. Cardiovasc Res 52(2):3 21–327

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  184. Newby DE, McLeod AL, Uren NG, Flint L, Ludlam CA, Webb DJ, et al (2001) Impaired coronary tissue plasminogen activator release is associated with coronary atherosclerosis and cigarette smoking: direct link between endothelial dysfunction and atherothrombosis. Circulation 103(15):1936–1941

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  185. Languino LR, Plescia J, Duperray A, Brian AA, Plow EF, Geltosky JE, et al (1993) Fibrinogen mediates leukocyte adhesion to vascular endothelium through an ICAM-1-dependent pathway. Cell 73(7):1423–1434

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  186. Qi J, Kreutzer DL (1995) Fibrin activation of vascular endothelial cells. Induction of IL-8 expression. J Immunol 155(2):867–876

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  187. Joensuu T, Salonen R, Winblad I, Korpela H, Salonen JT (1994) Determinants of femoral and carotid artery atherosclerosis. J Intern Med 236(1):79–84

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  188. Freeman DJ, Griffin BA, Holmes AP, Lindsay GM, Gaffney D, Packard CJ, et al (1994) Regulation of plasma HDL cholesterol and subfraction distribution by genetic and environmental factors. Associations between the TaqI B RFLP in the CETP gene and smoking and obesity. Arterioscler Thromb 14(3):336–344

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  189. Reilly SL, Ferrell RE, Kottke BA, Sing CF (1992) The gender-specific apolipoprotein E genotype influence on the distribution of plasma lipids and apolipoproteins in the population of Rochester, Minnesota. II. Regression relationships with concomitants. Am J Hum Genet 51(6):1311–1324

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  190. Behague I, Poirier O, Nicaud V, Evans A, Arveiler D, Luc G, et al (1996) Beta fibrinogen gene polymorphisms are associated with plasma fibrinogen and coronary artery disease in patients with myocardial infarction. The ECTIM Study. Etude Cas-Temoins sur l’Infarctus du Myocarde. Circulation 93(3):440–449

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  191. Thomas AE, Green FR, Kelleher CH, Wilkes HC, Brennan PJ, Meade TW, et al (1991) Variation in the promoter region of the beta fibrinogen gene is associated with plasma fibrinogen levels in smokers and non-smokers. Thromb Haemost 65(5):487–490

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  192. Wang XL, Sim AS, Badenhop RF, McCredie RM, Wilcken DE (1996) A smoking-dependent risk of coronary artery disease associated with a polymorphism of the endothelial nitric oxide synthase gene. Nat Med 2(1):41–45

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  193. Joseph AM, Norman SM, Ferry LH, Prochazka AV, Westman EC, Steele BG, et al (1996) The safety of transdermal nicotine as an aid to smoking cessation in patients with cardiac disease. N Engl J Med 335(24):1792–1798

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  194. Murray RP, Bailey WC, Daniels K, Bjornson WM, Kurnow K, Connett JE, et al (1996) Safety of nicotine polacrilex gum used by 3,094 participants in the Lung Health Study. Lung Health Study Research Group. Chest 109(2):438–445

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  195. Dacosta A, Guy JM, Tardy B, Gonthier R, Denis L, Lamaud M, et al (1993) Myocardial infarction and nicotine patch: a contributing or causative factor? Eur Heart J 14(12):1709–1711

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  196. Fredrickson PA, Hurt RD, Lee GM, Wingender L, Croghan IT, Lauger G, et al (1995) High dose transdermal nicotine therapy for heavy smokers: safety, tolerability and measurement of nicotine and cotinine levels. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 122(3):215–222

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  197. Jackson M (1993) Cerebral arterial narrowing with nicotine patch. Lancet 342(8865):236–237

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  198. Stewart RD, Stewart RS, Stamm W, Seelen RP (1976) Rapid estimation of carboxyhemoglobin level in fire fighters. JAMA 235(4):390–392

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  199. Anon (1994) Nicotine replacement therapy for patients with coronary artery disease. Working group for the study of transdermal nicotine in patients with coronary artery disease. Arch Intern Med 154(9):989–995

    Article  Google Scholar 

  200. Ayanian JZ, Cleary PD (1999) Perceived risks of heart disease and cancer among cigarette smokers. JAMA 281(11):1019–1021

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  201. Kilaru S, Frangos SG, Chen AH, Gortler D, Dhadwal AK, Araim O, et al (2001) Nicotine: a review of its role in atherosclerosis. J Am Coll Surg 193(5):538–546

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  202. Jodoin I, Bussieres LM, Tardif JC, Juneau M (1999) Effect of a short-term primary prevention program on endothelium-dependent vasodilation in adults at risk for atherosclerosis. Can J Cardiol 15:83–88

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  203. Iso H, Shimamoto T, Sato S, Koike K, Iida M, Komachi Y (1996) Passive smoking and plasma fibrinogen concentrations. Am J Epidemiol 144(12):1151–1154

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  204. Kannel WB, D’Agostino RB, Belanger AJ (1987) Fibrinogen, cigarette smoking, and risk of cardiovascular disease: insights from the Framingham study. Am Heart J 113(4): 1006–1010

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  205. Lowe GD, Fowkes FG, Dawes J, Donnan PT, Lennie SE, Housley E (1993) Blood viscosity, fibrinogen, and activation of coagulation and leukocytes in peripheral arterial disease and the normal population in the Edinburgh artery study. Circulation 87(6):1915–1920

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  206. Allen DR, Browse NL, Rutt DL (1989) Effects of cigarette smoke, carbon monoxide and nicotine on the uptake of fibrinogen by the canine arterial wall. Atherosclerosis 77(1):83–88

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  207. Allen DR, Browse NL, Rutt DL, Butler L, Fletcher C (1988) The effect of cigarette smoke, nicotine, and carbon monoxide on the permeability of the arterial wall. J Vasc Surg 7(1):139–152

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  208. Marshall M, Hess H (1981) Acute effects of low carbon monoxide concentrations on blood rheology, platelet fuction, and the arterial wall in the minipig (author’s transl). Res Exp Med (Berl) 178(3):201–210

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  209. Powell JT (1998) Vascular damage from smoking: disease mechanisms at the arterial wall. Vasc Med 3(1):21–28

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  210. Tur E, Yosipovitch G, Oren-Vulfs S (1992) Chronic and acute effects of cigarette smoking on skin blood flow. Angiology 43(4):328–335

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Nikotinforschung und Raucherentwöhnung, Fritz-Lickint-Institut für, Johannes Str. 85–87, 99084, Erfurt, Germany

    Prof. Dr. Knut-Olaf Haustein

  2. Institut für Arbeitsmedizin, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Thielallee 73, 14195, Berlin, Germany

    Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. mult. David Groneberg

Authors
  1. Prof. Dr. Knut-Olaf Haustein
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. mult. David Groneberg
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2010 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Haustein, KO., Groneberg, D. (2010). Cardiovascular Disease, Disturbances of Blood Coagulation and Fibrinolysis. In: Tobacco or Health?. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-87577-2_6

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-87577-2_6

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-540-87576-5

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-540-87577-2

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation