Abstract
Fungi belonging to the order Uredinales are commonly referred to as rust fungi. All members of the Uredinales are parasitic on plants, often causing dramatic losses in various important crop plants (Alexopoulos et al. 1996). Together with the powdery mildew fungi and the downy mildew-causing oomycetes, rust fungi form an extremely successful group of parasites, the obligate biotrophs. The term obligate biotrophic characterizes a specific lifestyle in which the pathogen is absolutely dependent on a living host to complete its life cycle. In turn, the host plant as a whole usually suffers only limited damage over an extended period of time (Staples 2000). By contrast, necrotrophic parasites kill their hosts quickly after infection and subsequently thrive on the dead plant material (Staples 2001).
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Aime MC (2006) Toward resolving family-level relationships in rust fungi (Uredinales). Mycoscience 47:112-122
Alexopoulos CJ, Mims CW, Blackwell M (1996) Introductory mycology. Wiley, New York
Allen EA, Hazen BE, Hoch HC, Kwon Y, Leinhos GME, Staples RC, Stumpf MA, Terhune BT (1991) Appressorium formation in response to topographical signals by 27 rust species. Phytopathology 81:323-331
Anikster Y (1984) The formae specialis. In: Bushnell WR, Roe- lfs AP (eds) Origins, specificity, structure, and physiology. The cereal rusts, vol 1. Academic, Orlando, pp 115-129
Anikster Y (1986) Teliospore germination in some rust fungi. Phytopathology 76:1026-1030
Arthur JC (1962) Manual of the rusts in the United States and Canada. Hafner, New York Ayliffe MA, Roberts JK, Mitchell HJ, Zhang R, Lawrence GJ, Ellis JG, Pryor TJ (2002) A plant gene up-regulated at rust infection sites. Plant Physiol 129:169-180
Bachem U, Mendgen K (1995) Endoplasmic reticulum subcompartments in a plant parasitic fungus and in baker's yeast: differential distribution of lumenal proteins. Exp Mycol 19:137-152
Baka ZA, Larous L, Losel DM (1995) Distribution of ATPase activity at the host-pathogen interfaces of rust infections. Physiol Mol Plant Pathol 47:67-82
Barja F, Correa A Jr, Staples RC, Hoch HC (1998) Microinjected antisense Inf24 oligonucleotides inhibit appressorium development in Uromyces. Mycol Res 102:1513-1518
Barnes C, Szabo L, Johnson J, K-PN, Floyd C, Kurle J (2006a) Detection of Phakopsora pachyrhizi DNA in rain using qPCR and a portable rain collector. APS CPS MSA Joint Meeting. American Phytopathological Society, Saint Paul Barnes CW, Szabo L, Johnson JL, Bowersox VC, Harlin KS (2006b) Detection of Phakopsora pachyrhizi spores using a real-time PCR assay. Phytopathology 96:S9
Basse CW, Bock K, Boller T (1992) Elicitors and suppressors of the defense response in tomato cells. Purification and characterization of glycopeptide elicitors and glycan suppressors generated by enzymatic cleavage of yeast invertase. J Biol Chem 267:10258-10265
Bhairi SM, Staples RC (1992) Transient expression of the ß-glucuronidase gene introduced into Uromyces appen- diculatus uredospores by particle bombardment. Phytopathology 82:986-989
Bhairi SM, Staples RC, Freve P, Yoder OC (1989) Characterization of an infection structure-specific gene from the rust fungus Uromyces appendiculatus. Gene 81:237-243
Bonde MR, Melching JS, Bromfield KR (1976) Histology of the suscept pathogen relationship between Glycine max and Phakopsora pachyrhizi, the cause of soybean rust. Phytopathology 66:1290-1294
Bourett T, Hoch HC, Staples RC (1987) Association of the microtubule cytoskeleton with the thigmotropic signal for appressorium formation in Uromyces. Myco- logia 79:540-545
Bowden J, Gregory PH, Johnson CG (1971) Possible wind transport of coffee leaf rust across the Atlantic Ocean. Nature 229:500-501 Boyle B, Hamelin RC, Seguin A (2005) In vivo monitoring of obligate biotrophic pathogen growth by kinetic PCR. Appl Environ Microbiol 71:1546-1552
Brent KJ (1995) Fungicide resistance in crop pathogens: how can it be managed? Global Crop Protection Federation, Brussels Bromfield KR (1984) Soybean rust. Monograph 11. American Phytopathological Society, St Paul
Brown JK, Hovm0ller MS (2002) Aerial dispersal of pathogens on the global and continental scales and its impact on plant disease. Science 297:537-541
Brueggeman R, Rostoks N, Kudrna D, Kilian A, Han F, Chen J, Druka A, Steffenson B, Kleinhofs A (2002) The barley stem rust-resistance gene Rpgl is a novel disease- resistance gene with homology to receptor kinases. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 99:9328-9333 Buchenauer H (1982) Chemical and biological control of cereal rusts. In: Scott KJ, Chakravorty AK (eds) The rust fungi. Academic, London, pp 247-279
Buchenauer H, Leinhos G (1982) Einfluss der Mycoparasiten Verticillium psalliotae und Aphanocladium spectabile auf Getreideroste. Med Fac Landbouw Rijksuniv 47:819-830
Bushnell WR (1972) Physiology of fungal haustoria. Annu Rev Phytopathol 10:151-176 Bushnell WR (1984) Structural and physiological alterations in susceptible host tissue. In: Bushnell WR, Roelfs AP (eds) Origins, specificity, structure, and physiology. The cereal rusts, vol 1. Academic, Orlando, pp 477-507
Bushnell WR, Rowell JB (1981) Suppressors of defense reactions: a model for roles in specificity. Phytopathology 71:1012-1014
Cantrill LC, Deverall BJ (1993) Isolation of haustoria from wheat leaves infected by the leaf rust fungus. Physiol Mol Plant Pathol 42:337-341
Catanzariti AM, Dodds PN, Lawrence GJ, Ayliffe MA, Ellis JG (2006) Haustorially expressed secreted proteins from flax rust are highly enriched for avirulence elici- tors. Plant Cell 18:243-256
Catanzariti AM, Dodds PN, Ellis JG (2007) Avirulence proteins from haustoria-forming pathogens. FEMS Microbiol Lett 269:181-188 Chaturvedi V, Wong B, Newman SL (1996) Oxidative killing of Cryptococcus neoformans by human neutrophils. Evidence that fungal mannitol protects by scavenging reactive oxygen intermediates. J Immunol 156:3836-3840
Chong J, Kang Z, Kim WM, Rohringer R (1992) Multinu- cleate condition of Puccinia striiformis in colonies isolated from infected wheat leaves with macerating enzymes. Can J Bot 70:222-224
Chou HM, Bundock N, Rolfe SA, Scholes JD (2000) Infection of Arabidopsis thaliana leaves with Albugo candida (white blister rust) causes a reprogramming of host metabolism. Mol Plant Pathol 1:99-113
Clement JA, Butt TM, Beckett A (1993a) Characterization of the extracellular matrix produced in vitro by ure- diniospores and sporelings of Uromyces viciae-fabae. Mycol Res 97:594-602
Clement JA, Martin SG, Porter R, Butt TM, Beckett A (1993b) Germination and the role of extracellular matrix in adhesion of urediniospores of Uromyces viciae-fabae to synthetic surfaces. Mycol Res 97:585-593
Clement JA, Porter R, Butt TM, Beckett A (1994) The role of hydrophobicity in attachment of urediniospores and spore- lings of Uromyces viciae-fabae. Mycol Res 98:1217-1228
Clement JA, Porter R, Butt TM, Beckett A (1997) Characteristics of adhesion pads formed during imbibition and germination of urediniospores of Uromyces viciae- fabae. Mycol Res 101:1445-1458
Clement JA, Porter R, Beckett A (1998) The orientation of urediniospores of Uromyces viciae-fabae during fall and after landing. Mycol Res 102:907-913
Cloutier S, McCallum BD, Loutre C, Banks TW, Wicker T, Feuillet C, Keller B, Jordan MC (2007) Leaf rust resistance gene Lr1, isolated from bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is a member of the large psr567 gene family. Plant Mol Biol 65:93-106
Collins TJ, Moerschbacher BM, Read ND (2001) Synergistic induction of wheat stem rust appressoria by chemical and topographical signals. Physiol Mol Plant Pathol 58:259-266
Cooper B, Garrett WM, Campbell KB (2006) Shotgun identification of proteins from uredospores of the bean rust Uromyces appendiculatus. Proteomics 6:2477-2484 Craigie JH (1927) Experiments on sex in rust fungi. Nature 120:116-117
Cummins GB, Hiratsuka Y (2003) Illustrated genera of rust fungi. American Phytopathological Society, St Paul D'Silva I, Heath MC (1997) Purification and characterization of two novel hypersensitive response-inducing specific elicitors produced by the cowpea rust fungus. J Biol Chem 272:3924-3927
Daly JM, Knoche HW, Wiese MV (1967) Carbohydrate and lipid metabolism during germination of uredospores of Puccinia graminis tritici. Plant Physiol 42:1633-1642
de Bary HA (1853) Untersuchungen über Brandpilze und die durch sie verursachten Krankheiten der Pflanzen. Müller, Berlin
de Bary HA (1863) Recherches sur le developpement de quelques champignons parasites. Ann Sci Nat Part Bot 20:5-148
de Bary HA (1865) Neue Untersuchungen über die Ure- dineen, insbesondere die Entwicklung der Puccinia graminis und den Zusammenhang derselben mit Aecidium berberidis. Monatsber Königl Preuss Akad Wiss Berlin 1865:15-50 Deising H, Siegrist J (1995) Chitin deacetylase activity of the rust Uromyces viciae-fabae is controlled by fungal morphogenesis. FEMS Microbiol Lett 127:207211
Deising H, Jungblut PR, Mendgen K (1991) Differentiation- related proteins of the broad bean rust fungus Uro- myces viciae-fabae, as revealed by high resolution two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Arch Microbiol 155:191-198
Deising H, Nicholson RL, Haug M, Howard RJ, Mendgen K (1992) Adhesion pad formation and the involvement of cutinase and esterases in the attachment of ure- dospores to the host cuticle. Plant Cell 4:1101-1111
Deising H, Frittrang AK, Kunz S, Mendgen K (1995a) Regulation of pectin methylesterase and polygalacturonate lyase activity during differentiation of infection structures in Uromyces viciae-fabae. Microbiology 141:561-571
Deising H, Rauscher M, Haug M, Heiler S (1995b) Differentiation and cell wall degrading enzymes in the obli- gately biotrophic rust fungus Uromyces viciae-fabae. Can J Bot 73:S624-S631
Deising H, Reimann S, Peil A, Weber WE (2002) Disease managment of rusts and powdery mildews. In: Kemp- ken F (ed) Agricultural applications. The Mycota XI. Springer, Berlin, pp 243-269
Dickinson S (1949) Studies in the physiology of obligate parasitism: II. The behaviour of the germ-tubes of certain rusts in contact with various membranes. Ann Bot 13:219-236
Dodds P, Lawrence G, Ellis J (2001) Six amino acid changes confined to the leucine-rich repeat ß-strand/ß-turn motif determine the difference between the P and P2 rust resistance specificities in flax. Plant Cell 13:163-178
Dodds PN, Lawrence GJ, Catanzariti AM, Ayliffe MA, Ellis JG (2004) The Melampsora lini AvrL567 avirulence genes are expressed in haustoria and their products are recognized inside plant cells. Plant Cell 16:755-768
Dodds PN, Lawrence GJ, Catanzariti AM, Teh T, Wang CI, Ayliffe MA, Kobe B, Ellis JG (2006) Direct protein interaction underlies gene-for-gene specificity and coevolution of the flax resistance genes and flax rust avirulence genes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 103:8888-8893
Eilam T, Bushnell WR, Anikster Y, McLaughlin DJ (1992) Nuclear DNA content of basidiospores of selected rust fungi as estimated from fluorescence of propidium iodide-stained nuclei. Phytopathology 82:705-712
Eilam T, Bushnell WR, Anikster Y (1994) Relative nuclear DNA content of rust fungi estimated by flow cytom- etry of propidium iodide-stained pycniospores. Phytopathology 84:728-735
El Gueddari NE, Rauchhaus U, Moerschbacher BM, Deising HB (2002) Developmentally regulated conversion of surface-exposed chitin to chitosan in cell walls of plant pathogenic fungi. New Phytol 156:103-112
Ellis JG, Lawrence GJ, Luck JE, Dodds PN (1999) Identification of regions in alleles of the flax rust resistance gene L that determine differences in gene-for-gene specificity. Plant Cell 11:495-506
Ellis J, Catanzariti AM, Dodds P (2006) The problem of how fungal and oomycete avirulence proteins enter plant cells. Trends Plant Sci 11:61-63
Ellis JG, Dodds PN, Lawrence GJ (2007a) Flax rust resistance gene specificity is based on direct resistance-avirulence protein interactions. Annu Rev Phytopathol 45:289-306
Ellis JG, Lawrence GJ, Dodds PN (2007b) Further analysis of gene-for-gene disease resistance specificity in flax. Mol Plant Pathol 8:103-109
Ergen NZ, Dinler G, Shearman RC, Budak H (2007) Identifying, cloning and structural analysis of differentially expressed genes upon Puccinia infection of Festuca rubra var. rubra. Gene 393:145-152
Eriksson J (1894) Über die Spezialisierung des Parasitismus bei den Getreiderostpilzen. Ber Dtsch Bot Ges 12:292-331
Eriksson J, Henning E (1896) Die Getreideroste. Ihre Geschichte und Natur sowie Massregeln gegen dieselben. Norstedt and Soner, Stockholm Eversmeyer MG, Kramer CL (2000) Epidemiology of wheat leaf and stem rust in the Central Great Plains of the USA. Annu Rev Phytopathol 38:491-513
Farrar JF, Lewis DH (1987) Nutrient relations in biotrophic infections. In: Pegg GF, Ayres PG (eds) Fungal Infection of Plants, vol 13. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 92-132
Fasters MK, Daniels U, Moerschbacher BM (1993) A simple and reliable method for growing the wheat stem rust fungus, Puccinia graminis f.sp.tritici, in liquid culture. Physiol Mol Plant Pathol 42:259-265
Fernandez MR, Heath MC (1991) Interactions of the nonhost French bean plant (Phaseolus vulgaris) parasitic and saprophytic fungi. IV. Effect of preinoculation with the bean rust fungus on growth of parasitic fungi nonpathogenic on beans. Can J Bot 69:1642-1646 Feuillet C, Travella S, Stein N, Albar L, Nublat A, Keller B (2003) Map-based isolation of the leaf rust disease resistance gene Lr10 from the hexaploid wheat (Triti- cum aestivum L.) genome. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 100:15253-15258
Fisher AJ, Woods DM, Smith L, Bruckart WL, III (2007) Developing an optimal release strategy for the rust fungus Puccinia jaceae var. solstitialis for biological control of Centaurea solstitialis (yellow starthistle). Biol Control 42:161-171
Flor HH (1955) Host-parasite interaction in flax rust - its genetics and other implications. Phytopathology 45:680-685
Flor HH (1956) The complementary genetic systems in flax and flax rust. Adv Genet 8:29-54 Fontana F (1767) Observations on the rust of grain (translation by PP Pirrone, 1932). American Phytopathological Society, Washington, D.C. Fotopoulos V, Gilbert MJ, Pittman JK, Marvier AC, Buchanan AJ, Sauer N, Hall JL, Williams LE (2003) The monosaccharide transporter gene, AtSTP4, and the cell-wall invertase, Atfructl, are induced in Arabidopsis during infection with the fungal biotroph Erysiphe cichora- cearum. Plant Physiol 132:821-829
Frederick RD, Snyder CL, Peterson GL, Bonde MR (2002) Polymerase chain reaction assays for the detection and discrimination of the soybean rust pathogens Phakopsora pachyrhizi and P. meibomiae. Phytopathology 92:217-227
French RC (1992) Volatile chemical germination stimulators of rust and other fungal spores. Mycologia 84:277-288 French RC, Weintraub RL (1957) Pelargonaldehyde as an endogenous germination stimulator of wheat rust spores. Arch Biochem Biophys 72:235-237
Freytag S, Mendgen K (1991a) Surface carbohydrates and cell wall structure of in vitro-induced uredospore infection structures of Uromyces viciae-fabae before and after treatment with enzymes and alkali. Protoplasma 161:94-103
Freytag S, Mendgen K (1991b) Carbohydrates on the surface of urediniospore- and basidiospore-derived infection structures of heteroecious and autoecious rust fungi. New Phytol 119:527-534
Freytag S, Bruscaglioni L, Gold RE, Mendgen K (1988) Basid- iospores of rust fungi (Uromyces species) differentiate infection structures in vitro. Exp Mycol 12:275-283
Frittrang AK, Deising H, Mendgen K (1992) Characterization and partial purification of pectinesterase, a differentiation-specific enzyme of Uromyces viciae- fabae. J Gen Microbiol 138:2213-2218
Gäumann E (1959) Die Rostpilze Mitteleuropas. Bücheler, Bern
Gay JL, Salzberg A, Woods AM (1987) Dynamic experimental evidence for the plasma membrane ATPase domain hypothesis of haustorial transport and for ionic coupling of the haustorium of Erysiphe graminis to the host cell (Hordeum vulgare). New Phytol 107:541-548
Geagea L, Huber L, Sache I (1999) Dry-dispersal and rain- splash of brown (Puccinia recondita f.sp. tritci) and yellow (P. striiformis) rust spores from infected wheat leaves exposed to simulated raindrops. Plant Pathol 48:472-482
Ghosh P (2004) Process of protein transport by the type III secretion system. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 68:771-795
Gold RE, Littlefield LJ (1979) Light and scanning electron microscopy of the telial, pycnial, and aecial stages of Melampsora lini. Can J Bot 57:629-638
Gold RE, Mendgen K (1983) Activation of teliospore germination in Uromyces appendiculatus var. appendiculatus. II. Light and host volatiles. J Phytopathol 108:281-293
Gold RE, Mendgen K (1991) Rust basidiospore germlings and disease initiation. In: Cole GT, Hoch HC (eds) The fungal spore and disease initiation in plants and animals, Plenum, New York, pp 67-99
Gold RE, Littlefield LJ, Statler GD (1979) Ultrastructure of the pycnial and aecial stages of Puccinia recondita. Can J Bot 57:74-86 Grabski GC, Mendgen K (1986) Die Parasitierung des Bohnenrostes Uromyces appendiculatus var. appen- diculatus durch den Hyperparasiten Verticillium lecanii: Untersuchungen zur Wirt-Erkennung, Penetration und Abbau der Rostpilzsporen. J Phytopathol 115:116-123
Graham PH, Vance CP (2003) Legumes: importance and constraints to greater use. Plant Physiol 131:872-877
Grambow HJ (1977) The influence of volatile leaf constituents on the in vitro differentiation and growth of Puccinia graminis f.sp.tritici. Z Pflanzenphysiol 85:361-372
Haerter AC, Voegele RT (2004) A novel ß-glucosidase in Uromyces fabae: Feast or fight? Curr Genet 45:96-103
Hahn M (2000) The rust fungi: cytology, physiology and molecular biology of infection. In: Kronstad J (ed) Fungal pathology, Kluwer, Dordrecht, pp 267-306
Hahn M, Mendgen K (1992) Isolation of ConA binding haustoria from different rust fungi and comparison of their surface qualities. Protoplasma 170:95-103
Hahn M, Mendgen K (1997) Characterization of in planta- induced rust genes isolated from a haustorium-specific cDNA library. Mol Plant-Microbe Interact 10:427-437
Hahn M, Deising H, Struck C, Mendgen K (1997a) Fungal morphogenesis and enzyme secretion during pathogen- esis. In: Hartleb H, Heitefuss R, Hoppe H-H (eds) Resistance of crop plants against fungi. Fischer, Jena, pp 33-57
Hahn M, Neef U, Struck C, Göttfert M, Mendgen K (1997b) A putative amino acid transporter is specifically expressed in haustoria of the rust fungus Uromyces fabae. Mol Plant-Microbe Interact 10:438-445
Hall JL, Williams LE (2000) Assimilate transport and partitioning in fungal biotrophic interactions. Aust J Plant Physiol 27:549-560 Harder DE, Chong J (1984) Structure and physiology of haustoria. In: Bushnell WR, Roelfs AP (eds) Origins, specificity, structure, and physiology. The cereal rusts, vol 1. Academic, Orlando, pp 431-476
Harder DE, Chong J (1991) Rust haustoria. In: Mendgen K, Lesemann D-E (eds) Electron microscopy of plant pathogens. Springer, Berlin, pp 235-250
Harder DE, Mendgen K (1982) Filipin-sterol complexes in bean rust- and oat crown rust-fungal/plant interactions: freeze-etch electron microscopy Uromyces appendiculatus. Protoplasma 112:46-54
Heath MC (1976) Ultrastructural and functional similarity of the haustorial neckband of rust fungi and the Caspar- ian strip of vascular plants. Can J Bot 54:2484-2489
Heath MC (1989) In vitro formation of haustoria of the cowpea rust fungus, Uromyces vignae, in the absence of a living plant cell. I. Light microscopy. Physiol Mol Plant Pathol 35:357-366
Heath MC (1990a) In vitro formation of haustoria of the cowpea rust fungus Uromyces vignae in the absence of a living plant cell. II. Electron microscopy. Can J Bot 68:278-287
Heath MC (1990b) Influence of carbohydrates on the induction of haustoria of the cowpea rust fungus in vitro. Exp Mycol 14:84-88 Heath MC (1997) Signalling between pathogenic rust fungi and resistant or susceptible host plants. Ann Bot 80:713-720
Heath MC, Skalamera D (1997) Cellular interactions between plants and biotrophic fungal parasites. Adv Bot Res 24:195-225
Heiler S, Mendgen K, Deising H (1993) Cellulolytic enzymes of the obligated biotrophic rust fungus Uromyces viciae-fabae are regulated differentiation-specifically. Mycol Res 97:77-85
Higuchi R, Dollinger G, Walsh PS, Griffith R (1992) Simultaneous amplification and detection of specific DNA sequences. Biotechnology 10:413-417
Hiller NL, Bhattacharjee S, van Ooij C, Liolios K, Harrison T, Lopez-Estrano C, Haldar K (2004) A host-targeting signal in virulence proteins reveals a secretome in malarial infection. Science 306:1934-1937
Hoch HC, Staples RC (1987) Structural and chemical changes among the rust fungi during appressorium development. Annu Rev Phytopathol 25:231-247
Hoch HC, Staples RC, Whitehead B, Comeau J, Wolf ED (1987) Signaling for growth orientation and cell differentiation by surface topography in Uromyces. Science 235:1659-1662
Hoffmann J, Mendgen K (1998) Endocytosis and membrane turnover in the germ tube of Uromyces fabae. Fungal Genet Biol 24:77-85
Hoppe HH, Koch E (1989) Defense reactions in host and nonhost plants against the soybean rust fungus (Pha- kopsora pachyrhizi Syd.). J Phytopathol 125:77-88
Horvath H, Rostoks N, Brueggeman R, Steffenson B, von Wettstein D, Kleinhofs A (2003) Genetically engineered stem rust resistance in barley using the Rpgl gene. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 100:364-369
Huang L, Brooks SA, Li W, Fellers JP, Trick HN, Gill BS (2003) Map-based cloning of leaf rust resistance gene Lr21 from the large and polyploid genome of bread wheat. Genetics 164:655-664
Isard SA, Gage SH, Comtois P, Russo JM (2005) Principles of the atmospheric pathway for invasive species applied to soybean rust. Bioscience 55:851-861
Jafary H, Szabo LJ, Niks RE (2006) Innate nonhost immunity in barley to different heterologous rust fungi is controlled by sets of resistance genes with different and overlapping specificities. Mol Plant-Microbe Interact 19:1270-1279
Jakupovic M, Heintz M, Reichmann P, Mendgen K, Hahn M (2006) Microarray analysis of expressed sequence tags from haustoria of the rust fungus Uromyces fabae. Fungal Genet Biol 43:8-19
Jennings DB, Daub ME, Pharr DM, Williamson JD (2002) Constitutive expression of a celery mannitol dehydro- genase in tobacco enhances resistance to the manni- tol-secreting fungal pathogen Alternaria alternata. Plant J 32:41-49
Jennings DH (1984) Polyol metabolism in fungi. Adv Microb Physiol 25:149-193
Jin Y, Singh RP, Ward RW, Wanyera R, Kinyua MG, Njau P, Fetch T, Pretorius ZA, Yahyaoui A (2007) Characterization of seedling infection types and adult plant infection responses of monogenic Sr gene lines to race TTKS of Puccinia graminis f.sp. tritici. Plant Dis 91:1096-1099
Jones JD, Dangl JL (2006) The plant immune system. Nature 444:323-329
Joseph ME, Hering TF (1997) Effects of environment on spore germination and infection by broad bean rust (Uromyces viciae-fabae). J Agric Sci 128:73-78
Jülich W (1981) Higher taxa of Basidiomycetes. Bibliotheca Mycologica 85:1-485 Kamoun S (2006) A catalogue of the effector secretome of plant pathogenic oomycetes. Annu Rev Phytopathol 44:41-60
Kapooria RG (1971) A cytological study of promycelia and basidiospores and the chromosome number in Uro- myces fabae. Neth J Plant Pathol 77:91-96
Kapooria RG, Mendgen K (1985) Infection structures and their surface changes during differentiation in Uro- myces fabae. J Phytopathol 113:317-323
Keen NT (2000) A century of plant pathology: a retrospective view on understanding host-parasite interactions. Annu Rev Phytopathol 38:31-48
Kemen E, Hahn M, Mendgen K, Struck C (2005a) Different resistance mechanisms of Medicago truncatula ecotypes against the rust fungus Uromyces striatus. Phytopathology 95:153-157
Kemen E, Kemen AC, Rafiqi M, Hempel U, Mendgen K, Hahn M, Voegele RT (2005b) Identification of a protein from rust fungi transferred from haustoria into infected plant cells. Mol Plant-Microbe Interact 18:1130-1139
Kislev ME (1982) Stem rust of wheat 3300 years old found in Israel. Science 216:993-994
Knogge W (1997) Elicitors and suppressors of the resistance response. In: Hartleb H, Heitefuss R, Hoppe H-H (eds) Resistance of crop plants against fungi. Fischer, Jena, pp 159-182
Koh S, Andre A, Edwards H, Ehrhardt D, Somerville S (2005) Arabidopsis thaliana subcellular responses to compatible Erysiphe cichoracearum infections. Plant J 44:516-529
Kolmer J (1996) Genetics of resistance to wheat leaf rust. Annu Rev Phytopathol 34:435-455
Kolmer J (2005) Tracking wheat rust on a continental scale. Curr Opin Plant Biol 8:441-449
Kolmer J, Jin Y, Long D (2007) Leaf and stem rust of wheat in the United States. Aust J Agric Res 58:631-638
Kranz J (1981) Hyperparasitism of biotrophic fungi. In: Blakeman JP (ed.) Microbial ecology of the phylo- plane. Academic, London, pp 327-352
Krupa S, Bowersox V, Claybrooke R, Barnes CW, Szabo L, Harlin K, Kurle J (2006) Introduction of asian soybean rust urediniospores into the midwestern United States: a case study. Plant Dis 90:1254-1259
Kwon YH, Hoch HC, Staples RC (1991) Cytoskeletal organization in Uromyces urediospore germling apices during appressorium formation. Protoplasma 165:37-50
Langenbach RJ, Knoche HW (1971a) Phospholipids in the uredospores of Uromyces phaseoli: I. identification and localization. Plant Physiol 48:728-734
Langenbach RJ, Knoche HW (1971b) Phospholipids in the uredospores of Uromyces phaseoli: II. metabolism during germination. Plant Physiol 48:735-739
Larous L, Lösel DM (1993) Strategies of pathogenicity in monokaryotic and dikaryotic phases of rust fungi, with special reference to vascular infection. Mycol Res 97:415-420
Laundon GF (1973) Uredinales. In: Ainsworth GC, Sparrow FK, Sussman AS (eds) The fungi: an advanced treatise, vol IV B. Academic, London, pp 247-279
Leonard KJ, Szabo LJ (2005) Stem rust of small grains and grasses caused by Puccinia graminis. Mol Plant Pathol 6:99-111
Lewis DH, Smith DC (1967) Sugar alcohols (polyols) in fungi and green plants. I. Distribution, physiology and metabolism. New Phytol 66:143-184
Li A, Altosaar I, Heath MC, Horgen PA (1993) Transient expression of the beta-glucuronidase gene delivered into urediniospores of Uromyces appendiculatus by particle bombardment. Can J Plant Pathol 15:1-6
Line RF, Griffith CS (2001) Research on the epidemiology of stem rust of wheat during the Cold War. In: Peterson PD (ed.) Stem rust of wheat. From ancient enemy to modern foe. American Phytopathological Society, St Paul, pp 83-118
Link T, Lohaus G, Heiser I, Mendgen K, Hahn M, Voegele RT (2005) Characterization of a novel NADP+-dependent D-arabitol dehydrogenase from the plant pathogen Uromyces fabae. Biochem J 389:289-295
Littlefield lj (1981) Biology of the plant rusts. An introduction. Iowa State University Press, Ames Littlefield LJ, Heath MC (1979) Ultrastructure of rust fungi. Academic, New York Liu Z, Szabo LJ, Bushnell WR (1993) Molecular cloning and analysis of abundant and stage-specific mRNAs from Puccinia graminis. Mol Plant-Microbe Interact 6:84-91
Loeghering WQ (1984) Genetics of the pathogen-host association. In: Bushnell WR, Roelfs AP (eds) Origins, specificity, structure, and physiology. The cereal rusts, vol 1. Academic, Orlando, pp 165-192
Long DL (2003) Cereal rust bulletin: final report. CDL,USDA. http://www.cdl.umn.edu/crb/2003crb/03crbfin.html Macko V, Staples RC, Allen PJ, Renwick JAA (1970) Self-inhibitor of bean rust uredospores: methyl 3,4-dimethoxycinnamate. Science 170:539
Macko V, Staples RC, Allen PJ, Renwick JAA (1971) Identification of the germination self-inhibitor from wheat stem rust uredospores. Science 173:835-836
Macko V, Staples RC, Yaniv Z, Granados RR (1976) Self- inhibitors of fungal spore germination. In: Weber DJ, Hess WM (eds) Fungal spore: form and function. Wiley, New York, pp 73-100
Macko V, Renwick JAA, Rissler JF (1978) Acrolein induces differentiation of infection structures in the wheat stem rust fungus. Science 199:442-443
Maclean DJ (1982) Axenic culture and metabolism of rust fungi. In: Scott KJ, Chakravorty AK (eds) The rust fungi. Academic, London, pp 37-120
Maclean DJ, Scott KJ (1976) Identification of glucitol (sorbitol) and ribitol in a rust fungus, Puccinia graminis f.sp. tritici. J Gen Microbiol 97:83-89
Madden LV, Wheelis M (2003) The threat of plant pathogens as weapons against US crops. Annu Rev Phytopathol 41:155-176
Maheshwari R, Allen PJ, Hildebrandt AC (1967) Physical and chemical factors controlling the development of infection structures from urediospore germ tubes of rust fungi. Phytopathology 57:855-862
Maier W, Begerow D, Weiß M, Oberwinkler F (2003) Phy- logeny of the rust fungi: An approach using nuclear large subunit ribosomal DNA sequences. Can J Bot 81:12-23
Maier W, Wingfield BD, Mennicken M, Wingfield MJ (2007) Polyphyly and two emerging lineages in the rust genera Puccinia and Uromyces. Mycol Res 111:176-185
Manners JM (1989) The host-haustorium interface in powdery mildews. Aust J Plant Physiol 16:45-52
Manners JM, Maclean DJ, Scott KJ (1982) Pathways of glucose assimilation in Puccinia graminis. J Gen Microbiol 128:2621-2630 Manners JM, Maclean DJ, Scott KJ (1984) Hexitols as major intermediates of glucose assimilation by mycelium of Puccinia graminis. Arch Microbiol 139:158-161
Marte M (1971) Studies on self-inhibition of Uromyces fabae (Pers.) De Bary. J Phytopathol 72:335-343
Mayama S, Rehfeld DW, Daly JM (1975) A comparison of the development of Puccinia graminis tritici in resistant and susceptible wheat based on glucosamine content. Physiol Plant Pathol 7:243-257
McDonald BA (2004) Population genetics of plant pathogens. Interaction between mutation and selection. APSnet. doi:10.1094/PHI-A-2004-0524-01
Mellersh DG, Heath MC (2003) An investigation into the involvement of defense signaling pathways in components of the nonhost resistance of Arabidopsis thaliana to rust fungi also reveals a model system for studying rust fungal compatibility. Mol Plant-Microbe Interact 16:398-404
Mendgen K (1979) Microautoradiographic studies on hostparasite interactions. II. The exchange of 3H-lysine
between Uromyces phaseoli and Phaseolus vulgaris. Arch Microbiol 123:129-135
Mendgen K (1981) Nutrient uptake in rust fungi. Phytopathology 71:983-989
Mendgen K (1984) Development and physiology of tel- iospores. In: Bushnell WR, Roelfs AP (eds) Origins, specificity, structure, and physiology. The cereal rusts, vol 1. Academic, Orlando, pp 375-398
Mendgen K, Deising H (1993) Infection structures of fungal plant pathogens - A cytological and physiological evaluation. New Phytol 124:193-213
Mendgen K, Hahn M (2002) Plant infection and the establishment of fungal biotrophy. Trends Plant Sci 7:352-356
Mendgen K, Hahn M, Deising H (1996) Morphogenesis and mechanism of penetration by plant pathogenic fungi. Annu Rev Phytopathol 34:367-386
Mendgen K, Struck C, Voegele RT, Hahn M (2000) Biotrophy and rust haustoria. Physiol Mol Plant Pathol 56:141-145
Mendgen K, Wirsel SG, Jux A, Hoffmann J, Boland W (2006) Volatiles modulate the development of plant pathogenic rust fungi. Planta 224:1353-1361
Miles MR (2007) Differential response of common bean cultivars to Phakopsora pachyrhizi. Plant Dis 91:698-704
Mims CW (1981a) Ultrastructure of teliospore germination and basidiospore formation in the rust fungus Gymnosporangium clavipes. Can J Bot 59:1041-1049
Mims CW (1981b) SEM of aeciospore formation in Puccinia bolleyana. Scanning Electron Microsc 4:299-303
Mims CW, Thurston EL (1979) Ultrastructure of teliospore in the rust fungus Puccinia podophylli. Can J Bot 57:2533-2538
Mims CW, Rodriguez-Lother C, Richardson EA (2002) Ultrastructure of the host-pathogen interface in day- lily leaves infected by the rust fungus Puccinia heme- rocallidis. Protoplasma 219:221-226
Mitchell HJ, Ayliffe MA, Rashid KY, Pryor AJ (2006) A rust- inducible gene from flax (fisl) is involved in proline catabolism. Planta 223:213-222
Moerschbacher BM, Mierau M, Graessner B, Noll U, Mort AJ (1999) Small oligomers of galacturonic acid are endogenous suppressors of disease resistance reactions in wheat leaves. J Exp Bot 50:605-612
Moore RT, McAlear JH (1961) Fine structure of the mycota. 8. On the aecidial stage of Uromyces caladii. J Phytopathol 42:297-304 Mota LJ, Sorg I, Cornelis GR (2005) Type III secretion: the bacteria-eukaryotic cell express. FEMS Microbiol Lett 252:1-10
Mould MJ, Xu T, Barbara M, Iscove NN, Heath MC (2003) cDNAs generated from individual epidermal cells reveal that differential gene expression predicting subsequent resistance or susceptibility to rust fungal infection occurs prior to the fungus entering the cell lumen. Mol Plant-Microbe Interact 16:835-845
Nagarajan S, Singh DV (1990) Long-distance dispersion of rust pathogens. Annu Rev Phytopathol 28:139-153
Neu C, Keller B, Feuillet C (2003) Cytological and molecular analysis of the Hordeum vulgare-Puccinia triticina nonhost interaction. Mol Plant-Microbe Interact 16:626-633
Nirmala J, Brueggeman R, Maier C, Clay C, Rostoks N, Kannangara CG, von Wettstein D, Steffenson BJ, Kleinhofs A (2006) Subcellular localization and functions of the barley stem rust resistance receptor-like serine/threo-nine-specific protein kinase Rpg1. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 103:7518-7523
Perfect SE, Green JR (2001) Infection structures of bio- trophic and hemibiotrophic fungal plant pathogens. Mol Plant Pathol 2:101-108 Petersen RH (1974) The rust fungus life cycle. Bot Rev 40:453-513
Peterson PD, Leonard KJ, Roelfs AP, Sutton TB (2005) Effect of barberry eradication on changes in populations of Puccinia graminis in Minnesota. Plant Dis 89:935-940
Peterson RB, Aylor DE (1995) Chlorophyll fluorescence induction in leaves of Phaseolus vulgaris infected with bean rust (Uromyces appendiculatus). Plant Physiol 108:163-171
Pfunder M, Roy BA (2000) Pollinator-mediated interactions between a pathogenic fungus, Uromyces pisi (Pucciniaceae), and its host plant, Euphorbia cyparis- sias (Euphorbiaceae). Am J Bot 87:48-55
Pfunder M, Schürch S, Roy BA (2001) Sequence variation and geographic distribution of pseudoflower-forming rust fungi (Uromycespisi s. lat.) on Euphorbia cyparis- sias. Mycol Res 105:57-66
Pivonia S, Yang XB (2004) Assessment of the potential year- round establishment of soybean rust throughout the world. Plant Dis 88:523-529
Pliny (69) Historia naturalis, book XVIII Posada-Buitrago ML, Frederick RD (2005) Expressed sequence tag analysis of the soybean rust pathogen Phakopsora pachyrhizi. Fungal Genet Biol 42:949-962
Pretorius ZA, Singh RP, Wagoire WW, Payne TS (2000) Detection of virulence to wheat stem rust resistance Gene Sr31 in Puccinia graminis f.sp. tritici in Uganda. Plant Dis 84:203
Rampitsch C, Bykova NV, McCallum B, Beimcik E, Ens W (2006) Analysis of the wheat and Puccinia triticina (leaf rust) proteomes during a susceptible host-pathogen interaction. Proteomics 6:1897-1907
Rapilly F (1979) Yellow rust epidemiology. Annu Rev Phytopathol 17:59-73
Rauscher M, Mendgen K, Deising H (1995) Extracellular proteases of the rust fungus Uromyces viciae-fabae. Exp Mycol 19:26-34 Rauscher M, Adam AL, Wirtz S, Guggenheim R, Mendgen K, Deising HB (1999) PR-1 protein inhibits the differentiation of rust infection hyphae in leaves of acquired resistant broad bean. Plant J 19:625-633
Read ND, Kellock LJ, Collins TJ, Gundlach AM (1997) Role of topography sensing for infection-structure differ- entation in cereal rust fungi. Planta 202:163-170
Rehmany AP, Gordon A, Rose LE, Allen RL, Armstrong MR, Whisson SC, Kamoun S, Tyler BM, Birch PR, Beynon JL (2005) Differential recognition of highly divergent downy mildew avirulence gene alleles by RPP1 resistance genes from two Arabidopsis lines. Plant Cell 17:1839-1850
Rinaldi C, Kohler A, Frey P, Duchaussoy F, Ningre N, Cou- loux A, Wincker P, Le Thiec D, Fluch S, Martin F, Dup- lessis S (2007)
Transcript profiling of poplar leaves upon infection with compatible and incompatible strains of the foliar rust Melampsora larici-populina. Plant Physiol 144:347-366
Roberts JK, Pryor A (1995) Isolation of a flax (Linum usti- tatissimum) gene induced during susceptible infection by flax rust (Melampsora lini). Plant J 8:1-8
Roelfs AP (1982) Effects of barberry eradication on stem rust in the United States. Plant Dis 66:177-181
Roelfs AP, Singh RP, Saari EE (1992) Rust diseases of wheat: concepts and methods of disease managment. CIM- MYT, Mexico, D.F. Roy BA (1993) Floral mimicry by a plant pathogen. Nature 362:56-58
Saksirirat W, Hoppe HH (1990) Verticillium psalliotae, an effective mycoparasite of the soybean rust fungus Pha- kopsorapachyrhizi Syd. J Plant Dis Prot 97:622-633
Saksiriat W, Hoppe HH (1991) Teliospore germination of soybean rust fungus (Phakopsora pachyrhizi Syd.). J Phytopathol 132:339-342
Schillberg S, Tiburzy R, Fischer R (2000) Transient transformation of the rust fungus Puccinia graminis f.sp. tritici. Mol Gen Genet 262:911-915
Schneider RW, Hollier CA, Whitam HK, Palm ME, McKemy JM, Hernandez JR, Levy L, DeVries Paterson R (2005) First report of soybean rust caused by Phakopsora pach- yrhizi in the continental United States. Plant Dis 89:774
Scholes J, Farrar J (1985) Photosynthesis and chloroplast functioning within individual pustules of Uromyces muscari on bluebell leaves. Physiol Plant Pathol 27:387-400
Scholes J, Farrar J (1986) Increased rates of photosynthesis in localized regions of a barley leaf infected with brown rust. New Phytol 104:601-612
Scholes JD, Farrar JF (1987) Development of symptoms of brown rust of barley in relation to the distribution of fungal mycelium, starch accumulation and localized changes in the concentration of chlorophyll. New Phytol 107:103-117
Scholes JD, Rolfe SA (1996) Photosynthesis in localised regions of oat leaves infected with crown rust (Puc- cinia coronata): quantitative imaging of chlorophyll fluorescence. Planta 199:573-582
Scott KJ (1972) Obligate parasitism by phytopathogenic fungi. Biol Rev 47:537-572
Sharma JK, Sankaran KV (1988) Biocontrol of rust and leaf spot diseases. In: Mukerji KJ, Gary KL (eds) Biocontrol of plant diseases. CRC, Boca Raton, pp 1-23
Shu P, Ledingham GA (1956) Enzymes related to carbohydrate metabolism in uredospores of wheat stem rust. Can J Microbiol 2:489-495
Shu P, Tanner KG, Ledingham GA (1954) Studies on the respiration of resting and germinating uredospores of wheat stem rust. Can J Bot 32:16-23
Smith SM, Hulbert SH (2005) Recombination events generating a novel Rpl race specificity. Mol Plant-Microbe Interact 18:220-228 Sohn J, Voegele RT, Mendgen K, Hahn M (2000) High level activation of vitamin B1 biosynthesis genes in haus- toria of the rust fungus Uromyces fabae. Mol Plant- Microbe Interact 13:629-636
Solomon PS, Tan K-C, Oliver RP (2003) The nutrient supply of pathogenic fungi; a fertile field for study. Mol Plant Pathol 4:203-210
Stakman EC, Piemeisal FJ (1917) Biological forms of Puccinia graminis on cereals and grasses. J Agric Res 10:429-495
Staples RC (2000) Research on the rust fungi during the twentieth century. Annu Rev Phytopathol 38:49-69
Staples RC (2001) Nutrients for a rust fungus: The role of haustoria. Trends Plant Sci 6:496-498
Staples RC (2003) A novel gene for rust resistance. Trends Plant Sci 8:149-151
Staples RC, Macko V (1984) Germination of urediospores and differentiation of infection structures. In: Roelfs AP, Bushnell WR (eds) Origins, specificity, structure, and physiology. The cereal rusts, vol 1. Academic, Orlando, pp 255-289
Staples RC, Hoch HC (1997) Physical and chemical cues for spore germination and appressorium formation by fungal pathogens. In: Carroll GC, Tudzynski P (eds) Plant relationships, part A. The Mycota, vol V. Springer, Berlin, pp 27-40
Staples RC, Grambow HJ, Hoch HC, Wynn WK (1983) Contact with membrane grooves induces wheat stem rust uredospore germlings to differentiate appressoria but not vesicles. Phytopathology 73:1436-1439
Stark-Urnau M, Mendgen K (1993) Differentiation of aecid- iospore- and uredospore-derived infection structures on cowpea leaves and on artificial surfaces by Uromyces vignae. Can J Bot 71:1236-1242
Stark-Urnau M, Mendgen K (1995) Sequential deposition of plant glycoproteins and polysaccharides at the host-parasite interface of Uromyces vignae and Vigna sinensis. Protoplasma 186:1-11
Stokstad E (2007) Deadly wheat fungus threatens world's breadbaskets. Science 315:1786-1787
Struck C, Hahn M, Mendgen K (1996) Plasma membrane H+-ATPase activity in spores, germ tubes, and haustoria of the rust fungus Uromyces viciae-fabae. Fungal Genet Biol 20:30-35
Struck C, Ernst M, Hahn M (2002) Characterization of a developmentally regulated amino acid transporter (AAT1p) of the rust fungus Uromyces fabae. Mol Plant Pathol 3:23-30
Struck C, Voegele RT, Hahn M, Mendgen K (2004a) Rust haustoria as sink in plant tissues or - how to survive in leaves. In: Tikhonovich I, Lugtenberg B, Provorov N (eds) Biology of plant-microbe interactions, vol 4. International Society for Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions, St Paul, pp 177-179
Struck C, Müller E, Martin H, Lohaus G (2004b) The Uromyces fabae UfAAT3 gene encodes a general amino acid permease that prefers uptake of in planta scarce amino acids. Mol Plant Pathol 5:183-189
Struck C, Siebels C, Rommel O, Wernitz M, Hahn M (1998) The plasma membrane H+-ATPase from the biotrophic rust fungus Uromyces fabae: Molecular characterization of the gene (PMA1) and functional expression of the enzyme in yeast. Mol Plant-Microbe Interact 11:458-465
Swann EC, Frieders EM, McLaughlin DJ (1981) Uredini- omycetes. In: McLaughlin DJ, McLaughlin EG, Lemke PA (eds) Systematics and evolution, part B. The Mycota VII. Springer, Berlin, pp 37-56
Szabo LJ, Bushnell WR (2001) Hidden robbers: the role of fungal haustoria in parasitism of plants. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98:7654-7655
Terhune BT, Bojko RJ, Hoch HC (1993) Deformation of stomatal guard cell lips and microfabricated artificial topographies during appressorium formation. Exp Mycol 17:70-78
Thara VK, Fellers JP, Zhou JM (2003) In planta induced genes of Puccinia triticina. Mol Plant Pathol 4:51-56
Thrall PH, Burdon JJ (2003) Evolution of virulence in a plant host-pathogen metapopulation. Science 299:1735-1737
Tiburzy R, Martins EMF, Reisener HJ (1992) Isolation of haustoria of Puccinia graminis f.sp. tritici from wheat leaves. Exp Mycol 16:324-328
Tissera P, Ayres PG (1986) Transpiration and the water relations of faba bean (Vicia faba) infected by rust (Uromyces viciae-fabae). New Phytol 102:385-395
Tuskan GA, Difazio S, Jansson S, Bohlmann J, Grigoriev I, Hellsten U, Putnam N, Ralph S, Rombauts S, Salamov A, Schein J, Sterck L, Aerts A, Bhalerao RR, Bhalerao RP, Blaudez D, Boerjan W, Brun A, Brunner A, Busov V, Campbell M, Carlson J, Chalot M, Chapman J, Chen GL, Cooper D, Coutinho PM, Couturier J, Covert S, Cronk Q, Cunningham R, Davis J, Degroeve S, Dejardin A, Depamphilis C, Detter J, Dirks B, Dubchak I, Duplessis S, Ehlting J, Ellis B, Gendler K, Goodstein D, Gribskov M, Grimwood J, Groover A, Gunter L, Hamberger B, Heinze B, Helariutta Y, Henrissat B, Holligan D, Holt R, Huang W, Islam-Faridi N, Jones S, Jones-Rhoades M, Jorgensen R, Joshi C, Kangasjarvi J, Karlsson J, Kelleher C, Kirkpatrick R, Kirst M, Kohler A, Kalluri U, Larimer F, Leebens-Mack J, Leple JC, Locascio P, Lou Y, Lucas S, Martin F, Montanini B, Napoli C, Nelson DR, Nelson C, Nieminen K, Nilsson O, Pereda V, Peter G, Philippe R, Pilate G, Poliakov A, Razumovskaya J, Richardson P, Rinaldi C, Ritland K, Rouze P, Ryaboy D, Schmutz J, Schrader J, Segerman B, Shin H, Siddiqui A, Sterky F, Terry A, Tsai CJ, Uberbacher E, Unneberg P, Vahala J, Wall K, Wessler S, Yang G, Yin T, Douglas C, Marra M, Sandberg G, Van de Peer Y, Rokhsar D (2006) The genome of black cottonwood, Populus trichocarpa (Torr. & Gray). Science 313:1596-1604
Unger F (1833) Die Exantheme der Pflanzen und einige mit diesen verwandten Krankheiten dieser Gewächse, pathogenetisch und nosographisch dargestellt. Gerold, Vienna
van de Mortel M, Recknor JC, Graham MA, Nettleton D, Dittman JD, Nelson RT, Godoy CV, Abdelnoor RV, Almeida ÄMR, Baum TJ, Whitham SA (2007) Distinct biphasic mRNA changes in response to Asian soybean rust infection. Mol Plant-Microbe Interact 20:887-899
van der Merwe M, Ericson L, Walker J, Thrall PH, Burdon JJ (2007) Evolutionary relationships among species of Puccinia and Uromyces (Pucciniaceae, Uredinales) inferred from partial protein coding gene phylog- enies. Mycol Res 111:163-175
Vaz Patto MC, Niks RE (2001) Leaf wax layer may prevent appressorium differentiation but does not influence orientation of the leaf rust fungus Puccinia hordei on Hor- deum chilense leaves. Eur J Plant Pathol 107:795-803
Voegele RT (2006) Uromyces fabae: development, metabolism, and interactions with its host Vicia faba. FEMS Microbiol Lett 259:165-173
Voegele RT, Mendgen K (2003) Rust haustoria: Nutrient uptake and beyond. New Phytol 159:93-100
Voegele RT, Struck C, Hahn M, Mendgen K (2001) The role of haustoria in sugar supply during infection of broad bean by the rust fungus Uromyces fabae. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98:8133-8138
Voegele RT, Wirsel S, Möll U, Lechner M, Mendgen K (2006) Cloning and characterization of a novel invertase from the obligate biotroph Uromyces fabae and analysis of expression patterns of host and pathogen invertases in the course of infection. Mol Plant-Microbe Interact 19:625-634
Voegele RT, Hahn M, Lohaus G, Link T, Heiser I, Mendgen K (2005) Possible roles for mannitol and mannitol dehydrogenase in the biotrophic plant pathogen Uromyces fabae. Plant Physiol 137:190-198 von Mohl H (1853) Ueber die Traubenkrankheit. Bot Z 11:585-590
Wahl I, Anikster Y, Manisterski J, Segal A (1984) Evolution at the center of origin. In: Bushnell WR, Roelfs AP (eds) Origins, specificity, structure, and physiology. The cereal rusts, vol 1. Academic, Orlando, pp 39-77
Walters DR, McRoberts N (2006) Plants and biotrophs: A pivotal role for cytokinins? Trends Plant Sci 11:581-586 Wandeler H, Bacher S (2006) Insect-transmitted urediniospores of the rust Puccinia punctiformis cause systemic infections in established Cirsium arvense plants. Phytopathology 96:813-818
Wanyera R, Kinyua MG, Jin Y, Singh RP (2006) The spread of stem rust caused by Puccinia graminis f.sp. tritici, with virulence on Sr31 in wheat in Eastern Africa. Plant Dis 90:113
Webb CA, Fellers JP (2006) Cereal rust fungi genomics and the pursuit of virulence and avirulence factors. FEMS Microbiol Lett 264:1-7
Webb CA, Szabo LJ, Bakkeren G, Garry C, Staples RC, Ever- smeyer M, Fellers JP (2006) Transient expression and insertional mutagenesis of Puccinia triticina using biolistics. Funct Integr Genomics 6:250-260
Webster J, Weber RWS (2007) Introduction to fungi. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge Webster J, Davey RA, Smirnoff N, Fricke W, Hinde P, Tomos D, Turner JCR (1995) Mannitol and hexoses are components of Buller's drop. Mycol Res 99:833-838 Welter K, Müller M, Mendgen K (1988) The hyphae of Uromyces appendiculatus within the leaf tissue after high pressure freezing and freeze substitution. Protoplasma 147:91-99
Wessels JGH (1993) Wall growth, protein excretion and morphogenesis in fungi. New Phytol 123:397-413
Wiethölter N, Horn S, Reisige K, Beike U, Moerschbacher BM (2003) In vitro differentiation of haustorial mother cells of the wheat stem rust fungus, Puccinia graminis f.sp. tritici, triggered by the synergistic action of chemical and physical signals. Fungal Genet Biol 38:320-326
Williams PG, Scott KJ, Kuhl JL (1966) Vegetative growth of Puccinia graminis f.sp. tritici in vitro. Phytopathology 56:1418-1419
Winton LM, Manter DK, Stone JK, Hansen EM (2003) Comparison of biochemical, molecular, and visual methods to quantify Phaeocryptopus gaeumannii in Douglas-Fir foliage. Phytopathology 93:121-126
Wirsel SG, Voegele RT, Mendgen KW (2001) Differential regulation of gene expression in the obligate bio- trophic interaction of Uromyces fabae with its host Vicia faba. Mol Plant-Microbe Interact 14:13191326
Wirsel SGR, Voegele RT, Banninger R, Mendgen KW (2004) Cloning of P-tubulin and succinate dehydrogenase genes from Uromyces fabae and establishing selection conditions for their use in transformation. Eur J Plant Pathol 110:767-777
Wolf G (1982) Physiology and Biochemistry of spore germination. In: Scott KJ, Chakravorty AK (eds) The rust fungi. Academic, London, pp 151-178 Wood AR, Morris MJ (2007) Impact of the gall-forming rust fungus Uromycladium tepperianum on the invasive tree Acacia saligna in South Africa: 15 years of monitoring. Biol Control 41:68-77
Woods AM, Beckett A (1987) Wall structure and ornamentation of the urediniospores of Uromyces viciae-fabae. Can J Bot 65:2007-2016
Wynn WK (1976) Appressorium formation over stomates by the bean rust fungus: Response to a surface contact stimulus. Phytopathology 66:136-146
Xuei X, Bhairi S, Staples RC, Yoder OC (1992) Characterization of INF56, a gene expressed during infection structure development of Uromyces appendiculatus. Gene 110:49-55
Xuei X, Bhairi S, Staples RC, Yoder OC (1993) INF56 represents a family of differentiation-specific genes from Uromyces appendiculatus. Curr Genet 24:84-88
Zhang L, Meakin H, Dickinson M (2003) Isolation of genes expressed during compatible interactions between leaf rust (Puccinia triticina) and wheat using cDNA- AFLP. Mol Plant Pathol 4:469-477
Zhao XR, Lin Q, Brookes PC (2005) Does soil ergosterol concentration provide a reliable estimate of soil fungal biomass. Soil Biol Biochem 37:311-317
Zhou XL, Stumpf MA, Hoch HC, Kung C (1991) A mech- anosensitive channel in whole cells and in membrane patches of the fungus Uromyces. Science 253:1415-1417
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2009 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Voegele, R.T., Hahn, M., Mendgen, K. (2009). The Uredinales: Cytology, Biochemistry, and Molecular Biology. In: Deising, H.B. (eds) Plant Relationships. The Mycota, vol 5. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-87407-2_4
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-87407-2_4
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-540-87406-5
Online ISBN: 978-3-540-87407-2
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)