Skip to main content

Neuroanatomical Strabismus

  • Chapter

Part of the book series: Essentials in Ophthalmology ((ESSENTIALS))

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Buying options

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   109.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   139.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Ortube MC, Bhola R, Demer JL (2006) Orbital magnetic resonance imaging of extraocular muscles in chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia: Specific diagnostic findings. J AAPOS 10:414–418

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Biousse V, Newman NJ (2001) Neuro-ophthalmology of mitochondrial diseases. Semin Neurol 3:275–291

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Vilarinho L, Santorelli FM, Cardoso ML, et al (1998) Mitochondrial DNA analysis in ocular myopathy. Observations in 29 portuguese patients. Euro Neurol 39:148–153

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Kuriyan AE, Phipps RP, Feldon SE (2008) The eye and thyroid disease. Cur Opin Ophthalmol 19:499–506

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Wolf AB, Yang MB, Archer SM (2007) Postoperative myosi-tis in reoperated extraocular muscles. J AAPOS 11:373–376

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Capone AJ, Slamovits TL (1990) Discrete metastasis of solid tumors to extraocular muscles. Arch Ophthalmol 108:237–243

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Demer JL (2003) A 12 year, prospective study of extraocu-lar muscle imaging in complex strabismus. J AAPOS 6:337–347

    Google Scholar 

  8. Koornneef L (1982) Current concepts on the management of orbital blow-out fractures. Ann Plast Surg 9:185–200

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Wojno TH (1987) The incidence of extraoular muscle and cranial nerve palsy in orbital floor blow-out fractures. Ophthalmol 94:682–687

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Ortube MC, Rosenbaum AL, Goldberg RA, et al (2004) Orbital imaging demonstrates occult blow out fracture in complex strabismus. J AAPOS 8:264–273

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Tse R, Allen L, Matic D (2007) The white-eyed medial blowout fracture. Plast Reconstr Surg 119:277–286

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Demer JL (2004) Pivotal role of orbital connective tissues in binocular alignment and strabismus. The Friedenwald lecture. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 45:729–738

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Demer JL (2006) Current concepts of mechanical and neural factors in ocular motility. Cur Opin Neurol 19:4–13

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Demer JL (2006) Ocular motility in a time of revolutionary paradigm shif. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci

    Google Scholar 

  15. Kono R, Poukens V, Demer JL (2002) Quantitative analysis of the structure of the human extraocular muscle pulley system. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 43:2923–2932

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Clark RA, Miller JM, Rosenbaum AL, et al (1998) Heterotopic muscle pulleys or oblique muscle dysfunction? J AAPOS 2:17–25

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Miller JM, Demer JL Biomechanical modeling in strabismus surgery. In: Rosenbaum AL, Santiago P (eds) (1999) Clinical strabismus management: principles and techniques. Mosby, St. Louis

    Google Scholar 

  18. Clark RA, Miller JM, Demer JL (1997) Location and stability of rectus muscle pulleys inferred from muscle paths. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 38:227–240

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Miller JM (2007) Understanding and misunderstanding extraocular muscle pulleys. J Vision 7:1–15

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Miller JM, Pavlovski DS, Shaemeva I (1999). Orbit 1.8 gaze mechanics simulation. Eidactics, San Francisco

    Google Scholar 

  21. Clark RA, Miller JM, Demer JL (1998) Displacement of the medial rectus pulley in superior oblique palsy. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 39:207–212

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Demer JL, Clark RA, Miller JM (1999) Heterotopy of extraocular muscle pulleys causes incomitant strabismus. In: Lennerstrand G (ed) Advances in strabismology. Aeolus, Buren, The Netherlands

    Google Scholar 

  23. Velez FG, Clark RA, Demer JL (2000) Facial asymmetry in superior oblique palsy and pulley heterotopy. J AAPOS 4:233–239

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Demer JL, Oh SY, Clark RA, et al (2003) Evidence for a pulley of the inferior oblique muscle. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 44:3856–3865

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Rutar T, Demer JL (2009) “Heavy eye syndrome” in the absence of high myopia: A connective tissue degeneration in elderly strabismic patients. J AAPOS 13(1):36–44

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Clark RA, Demer JL (2002) Effect of aging on human rec-tus extraocular muscle paths demonstrated by magnetic resonance imaging. Am J Ophthalmol 134:872–878

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Lim L, Rosenbaum AL, Demer JL (1995) Saccadic velocity analysis in patients with digergence paralysis. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 32:76–81

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Clark RA, Isenberg SJ (2001) The range of ocular movements decreases with aging. J AAPOS 5:26–30

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Krzizok TH, Schroeder BU (1999) Measurement of recti eye muscle paths by magnetic resonance imaging in highly myopic and normal subjects. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 40:2554–2560

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Kowal L, Troski M, Gilford E (1994) MRI in the heavy eye phenomenon. Aust N Zeal J Ophthalmol 22:125–126

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Ward DM (1956) The heavy eye phenomenon. Trans Ophthalmol Soc U K 87:717–726

    Google Scholar 

  32. Demer JL, von Noorden GK (1989) High myopia as an unusual cause of restrictive motility disturbance. Surv Ophthalmol 33:281–284

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Wu J, Isenberg S, DJ L (2006) Magnetic resonance imaging demonstrates neuropathology in congenital inferior division oculomotor palsy. J AAPOS 10:473–475

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Engle EC, Goumnerov BC, McKeown CA, et al (1997) Oculomotor nerve and muscle abnormalities in congenital fibrosis of the extraocular muscles. Ann Neurol 41:314–325

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Apt L, Axelrod N (1978) Generalized fibrosis of the extraocular muscles. Am J Ophthalmol 85:822–829

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Brodsky MC, Pollock SC, Buckley EG (1989) Neural misdirection in congenital ocular fibrosis syndrome: Implications and pathogenesis. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 26:159–161

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Harley RD, Rodrigues MM, Crawford JS (1978) Congenital fibrosis of the extraocular muscles. Trans Am Ophtlalmol Soc 76:197–226

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Demer JL, Clark RA, Engle EC (2005) Magnetic resonance imaging evidence for widespread orbital dysinnervation in congenital fibrosis of extraocular muscles due to mutations in KIF21A. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 46:530–539

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Brodsky MC (1998) Hereditary external ophthalmoplegia, synergistic divergence, jaw winking, and oculocutaneous hypopigmentation. Ophthalmology 105:717–725

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Yamada K, Andrews C, Chan W-M, et al (2003) Heterozygous mutations of the kinesin KIF21A in congenital fibrosis of the extraocular muscles type 1 (CFEOM1). Nat Genet 35:318–321

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Demer JL, Clark RA, Engle EC (2009) Magnetic resonance imaging evidence of an asymmetrical endophenotype in congenital fibrosis of extraocular muscles type 3. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci (in preparation)

    Google Scholar 

  42. Clark RA, Engle EC, Demer JL (2009) Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the endophenotype of congenital fibrosis of the extraocular muscles type 3 (CFEOM3). Abstracts of 35th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus. J Am Assoc Pediatr Ophthmol Strabismus 13(1):e13

    Article  Google Scholar 

  43. Duane A (1905) Congenital deficiency of abduction associated with impairment of adduction, retraction movements, contraction of the palpebral fissure and oblique movements of the eye. Arch Ophthalmol 34:133–159

    Google Scholar 

  44. Huber A (1974) Electrophysiology of the retraction syndromes. Br J Ophthalmol 58:293–300

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Strachan IM, Brown BH (1972) Electromyography of extraocular muscles in Duane's syndrome. Br J Ophthalmol 56:594–599

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Miller NR, Kiel SM, Green WR, et al (1982) Unilateral Duane's retraction syndrome (type 1). Arch Ophthalmol 100:1468–1472

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Hotchkiss MG, Miller NR, Clark AW, et al (1980) Bilateral Duane's retraction syndrome. A clinical-pathologic case report. Archives of Ophthalmology 98:870–874

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Parsa CF, Grant E, Dillon W P, et al (1998) Absence of the abducens nerve in Duane syndrome verified by magnetic resonance imaging. Am J Ophthalmol 125:399–401

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Ozkurt H, Basak M, Oral Y, et al (2003) Magnetic resonance imaging in Duane's retraction syndrome. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 40:19–22

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Kim JH, Hwang J-M (2005) Hypoplastic oculomotor nerve and absent abducens nerve in congenital fibrosis syndrome and synergistic divergence with magnetic resonance imaging. Ophthalmology 112:728–732

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Kim JH, Hwang JM (2005) Presence of abducens nerve according to the type of Duane's retraction syndrome. Ophthalmology 112:109–113

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. DeRespinis PA, Caputo AR, Wagner RS, et al (1993) Duane's Retraction Syndrome. Surv Ophthalmol 38:257–288

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Demer JL, Clark RA, Lim KH, et al (2007) Magnetic resonance imaging evidence for widespread orbital dysinner-vation in dominant Duane's retraction syndrome linked to the DURS2 locus. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 48:194–202

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Kumar D (1990) Moebius syndrome. J Med Genet 27:122–126

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. MacDermot KD, Winter RM, Taylor D, et al (1991) Oculofacialbulbar palsy in mother and son: review of 26 reports of familial transmission within the ‘Mobius spectrum of defects’. J Med Genet 28:18–26

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Verzijl HT, van der Zwaag B, Cruysberg JR, et al (2003) Mobius syndrome redefined: a syndrome of rhomben-cephalic maldevelopment. Neurology 61:327–333

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Bielschowsky A (1939) Lectures on motor anomalies. XI. Etiology, prognosis, and treatment of ocular paralyses. Am J Ophthalmol 22:723–734

    Google Scholar 

  58. von Noorden GK, Murray E, Wong SY (1986) Superior oblique paralysis. A review of 270 cases. Arch Ophthalmol 104:1771–1776

    Article  Google Scholar 

  59. Adler FE (1946) Physiologic factors in differential diagnosis of paralysis of superior rectus and superior oblique muscles. Arch Ophthalmol 36:661–673

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Scott WE, Kraf SP (1986) Classification and treatment of superior oblique palsies: II. Bilateral superior oblique palsies. In: Caldwell D (ed) Pediaric ophthalmology and strabismus: transactions of the New Orleans academy of ophthalmology. Raven, New York

    Google Scholar 

  61. Straumann D, Steffen H, Landau K, et al (2003) Primary position and Listing's law in acquired and congenital tro-chlear nerve palsy. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 44:4282–4292

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Kushner BJ (2004) Ocular torsion: Rotations around the “WHY” axis. J AAPOS 8:1–12

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Kushner BJ (1988) The diagnosis and treatment of bilateral masked superior oblique palsy. Am J Ophthalmol 105:186–194

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Robinson DA (1985) Bielschowsky head-tilt test—II. Quantitative mechanics of the Bielschowsky head-tilt test. Vision Res 25:1983–1988

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Chan TK, Demer JL (1999) Clinical features of congenital absence of the superior oblique muscle as demonstrated by orbital imaging. J AAPOS 3:143–150

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Demer JL, Miller JM (1995) Magnetic resonance imaging of the functional anatomy of the superior oblique muscle. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 36:906–913

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Kono R, Demer JL (2003) Magnetic resonance imaging of the functional anatomy of the inferior oblique muscle in superior oblique palsy. Ophthalmology 110:1219–1229

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Demer JL, Poukens V, Ying H, et al (2008) Effects of acute trochlear denervation on primate superior oblique (SO) muscle: differential sparing of orbital layer. ARVO Abstracts: #4495

    Google Scholar 

  69. Demer JL, Miller MJ, Koo EY, et al (1995) True versus masquerading superior oblique palsies: muscle mechanisms revealed by magnetic resonance imaging. In: Lennerstrand G (ed) Update on strabismus and pediatric ophthalmology. CRC, Boca Raton (FL)

    Google Scholar 

  70. Kushner BJ (1987) Errors in the three-step test in the diagnosis of vertical strabismus. Ophthalmology 96:127–132

    Google Scholar 

  71. Brodsky ME (2003) Three dimensions of skew deviation. Br J Ophthalmol 87:1440–1441

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Donahue S P, Lavin PJ, Hamed LM (1999) Tonic ocular tilt reaction simulating a superior oblique palsy: diagnostic confusion with the 3-step test. Arch Ophthalmol 117:347–352

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Kono R, Okanobu H, Ohtsuki H, et al (2008) Displacement of the rectus muscle pulleys simulating superior oblique palsy. Jpn J Ophthalmol 52:36–43

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Clark RA, Rosenbaum AL, Demer JL (1999) Magnetic resonance imaging after surgical transposition defines the anteroposterior location of the rectus muscle pulleys. J AAPOS 3:9–14

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Clark RA, Demer JL (2002) Rectus extraocular muscle pulley displacement after surgical transposition and posterior fixation for treatment of paralytic strabismus. Am J Ophthalmol 133:119–128

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Demer JL (2008) Inflection in inactive lateral rectus muscle: Evidence suggesting focal mechanical effects of connective tissues. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 49:4858–4864

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Clark RA, Demer JL (2008) Posterior inflection of weakened lateral rectus path: Connective tissue factors reduce response to lateral rectus recession. Am J Ophthalmol 147(1):127–133.e2

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Ela-Dalman N, Velez FG, Demer JL, et al (2008) High resolution MRI demonstrates reduced inferior oblique muscle size in isolated inferior oblique palsy. J AAPOS 12(6):602–607

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Narasimhan A, Tychsen LT, Poukens V, et al (2007) Horizontal rectus muscle anatomy in naturally and artifi-cially strabismic monkeys. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 48:2576–2588

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Tychsen L, Wong AM, Burkhalter A (2004) Paucity of horizontal connections for binocular vision in V1 of naturally strabismic macaques: Cytochrome oxidase compartment specificity. J Comp Neurol 474:261–275

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Takagi M, Tamargo R, Zee DS (2003) Effects of lesions of the cerebellar oculomotor vermis on eye movements in primate: binocular control. Prog Brain Res 142:19–33

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Durig JS, Jen JC, Demer JL (2002) Ocular motility in genetically defined autosomal dominant cerebellar ataxia. Am J Ophthalmol 133:718–721

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Williams AS, Hoyt CS (1989) Acute comitant esotropia in children with brain tumors. Arch Ophthalmol 107:376–378

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Jen JC, Chan WM, Bosley TM, et al (2004) Mutations in a human ROBO gene disrupt hindbrain axon pathway crossing and morphogenesis. Science 304:1509–1513

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2010 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Demer, J.L. (2010). Neuroanatomical Strabismus. In: Lorenz, B., Brodsky, M.C. (eds) Pediatric Ophthalmology, Neuro-Ophthalmology, Genetics. Essentials in Ophthalmology. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-85851-5_6

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-85851-5_6

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-540-85850-8

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-540-85851-5

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics