Skip to main content

β-Adrenergic-receptor kinase

  • Chapter
Book cover Class 2 Transferases

Part of the book series: Springer Handbook of Enzymes ((HDBKENZYMES,volume S3))

  • 498 Accesses

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 259.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 329.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Kemp, B.E.; Parker, M.W.; Hu, S.; Tiganis, T.; House, C.: Substrate and pseudosubstrate interactions with protein kinases: determinants of specificity. Trends Biochem. Sci., 19, 440–444 (1994)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Benovic, J.L.: Purification and characterization of β-adrenergic receptor kinase. Methods Enzymol., 200, 351–362 (1991)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Benovic, J.L.; DeBlasi, A.; Stone, W.C.; Caron, M.G.; Lefkowitz, R.J.: β-adrenergic receptor kinase: primary structure delineates a multigene family. Science, 246, 235–240 (1989)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Benovic, J.L.; Stone, W.C.; Huebner, K.; Croce, C.; Caron, M.G.; Lefkowitz, R.J.: cDNA cloning and chromosomal localization of the human β-adrenergic receptor kinase. FEBS Lett., 283, 122–126 (1991)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Chuang, T.T.; Sallese, M.; Ambrosini, G.; Parruti, G.; De Blasi, A.: High expression of β-adrenergic receptor kinase in human peripheral blood leukocytes. Isoproterenol and platelet activating factor can induce kinase translocation. J. Biol. Chem., 267, 6886–6892 (1992)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Fushman, D.; Najmabadi-Haske, T.; Cahill, S.; Zheng, J.; LeVine, H.; Cowburn, D.: The solution structure and dynamics of the pleckstrin homology domain of G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 (β-adrenergic receptor kinase 1). A binding partner of Gβγ subunits. J. Biol. Chem., 273, 2835–2843 (1998)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Penn, R.B.; Benovic, J.L.: Structure of the human gene encoding the β-adrenergic receptor kinase. J. Biol. Chem., 269, 14924–14930 (1994)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Arriza, J.L.; Dawson, T.M.; Simerly, R.B.; Martin, L.J.; Caron, M.G.; Snyder, S.H.; Lefkowitz, R.J.: The G-protein-coupled receptor kinases β ARK1 and β ARK2 are widely distributed at synapses in rat brain. J. Neurosci., 12, 4045–4055 (1992)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Owada, Y.; Watanabe, M.; Kondo, H.: Localization of mRNA for β-adrenergic receptor kinase in the brain of adult rats. Neurosci. Lett., 144, 9–13 (1992)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Benovic, J.L.; Onorato, J.J.; Arriza, J.L.; Stone, W.C.; Lohse, M.; Jenkins, N.A.; Gilbert, D.J.; Copeland, N.G.; Caron, M.G.; Lefkowitz, R.J.: Cloning, expression, and chromosomal localization of β-adrenergic receptor kinase 2. A new member of the receptor kinase family. J. Biol. Chem., 266, 14939–14946 (1991)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Dunham, I.; Shimizu, N.; Roe, B.A.; Chissoe, S.; Hunt, A.R.; Collins, J.E.; Bruskiewich, R.; Beare, D.M.; Clamp, M.; Smink, L.J.; Ainscough, R.; Almeida, J.P.; Babbage, A.; Bagguley, C.; Bailey, J.; Barlow, K.; Bates, K.N.; Beasley, O.; Bird, C.P.; Blakey, S.; Bridgeman, A.M.; Buck, D.; Burgess, J.; Burrill, W.D.; O’Brien, K.P.; et al.: The DNA sequence of human chromosome 22. Nature, 402, 489–495 (1999)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Parruti, G.; Ambrosini, G.; Sallese, M.; De Blasi, A.: Molecular cloning, functional expression and mRNA analysis of human β-adrenergic receptor kinase 2. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 190, 475–481 (1993)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Urasawa, K.; Yoshida, I.; Takagi, C.; Onozuka, H.; Mikami, T.; Kawaguchi, H.; Kitabatake, A.: Enhanced expression of β-adrenergic receptor kinase 1 in the hearts of cardiomyopathic Syrian hamsters, BIO53.58. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 219, 26–30 (1996)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Cassill, J.A.; Whitney, M.; Joazeiro, C.A.; Becker, A.; Zuker, C.S.: Isolation of Drosophila genes encoding G protein-coupled receptor kinases. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 88, 11067–11070 (1991)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Schneider, L.E.; Spradling, A.C.: The Drosophila G-protein-coupled receptor kinase homologue Gprk2 is required for egg morphogenesis. Development, 124, 2591–2602 (1997)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Benovic, J.L.; Mayor, F.; Somers, R.L.; Caron, M.G.; Lefkowitz, R.J.: Light-dependent phosphorylation of rhodopsin by β-adrenergic receptor kinase. Nature, 321, 869–872 (1986)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Onorato, J.J.; Palczewski, K.; Regan, J.W.; Caron, M.G.; Lefkowitz, R.J.; Benovic, J.L.: Role of acidic amino acids in peptide substrates of the β-adrenergic receptor kinase and rhodopsin kinase. Biochemistry, 30, 5118–5125 (1991)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Benovic, J.L.; Strasser, R.H.; Caron, M.G.; Lefkowitz, R.J.: β-adrenergic receptor kinase: Identification of a novel protein kinase that phosphorylates the agonist-occupied form of the receptor. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 83, 2797–2801 (1986)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Benovic, J.L.; Regan, J.W.; Matsui, H.; Mayor, F.; Cotecchia, S.; Leeb-Lundberg, L.M.F.; Caron, M.G.; Lefkowitz, R.J.: Agonist-dependent phosphorylation of the a 2-adrenergic receptor by the β-adrenergic receptor kinase. J. Biol. Chem., 262, 17251–17253 (1987)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Benovic, J.L.; Mayor, F.; Staniczewski, C.; Lefkowitz, R.J.; Caron, M.G.: Purification and characterization of the β-adrenergic receptor kinase. J. Biol. Chem., 262, 9026–9032 (1987)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Benovic, J.L.; Stone, W.C.; Caron, M.G.; Lefkowitz, R.J.: Inhibition of the β-adrenergic receptor kinase by polyanions. J. Biol. Chem., 264, 6707–6710 (1989)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Kwatra, M.M.; Benovic, J.L.; Caron, M.G.; Lefkowitz, R.J.; Hosey, M.M.: Phosphorylation of chick heart muscarinic cholinergic receptors by the β-adrenergic receptor kinase. Biochemistry, 28, 4543–4547 (1989)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Söhlemann, P.; Hekman, M.; Buchen, C.; Elce, J.S.; Lohse, M.J.: Purification and functional characterization of β-adrenergic receptor kinase expressed in insect cells. FEBS Lett., 324, 59–62 (1993)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Kim, C.M.; Dion, S.B.; Onorato, J.J.; Benovic, J.L.: Expression and characterization of two β-adrenergic receptor kinase isoforms using the baculovirus expression system. Receptor, 3, 39–55 (1993)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Chen, C.-Y.; Dion, S.B.; Kim, C.M.; Benovic, J.L.: β-adrenergic receptor kinase. Agonist-dependent receptor binding promotes kinase activation. J. Biol. Chem., 268, 7825–7831 (1993)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Goldman, P.S.; DeMaggio, A.J.; Hoekstra, M.F.; Goodman, R.H.: The β-adrenergic receptor kinase interacts with the amino terminus of the G protein b subunit. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 240, 425–429 (1997)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Touhara, K.: Effects of mutations in pleckstrin homology domain on β-adrenergic receptor kinase activity in intact cells. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 252, 669–674 (1998)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Petrofski, J.A.; Koch, W.J.: The β-adrenergic receptor kinase in heart failure. J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol., 35, 1167–1174 (2003)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Laugwitz, K.-L.; Kronsbein, K.; Schmitt, M.; Hoffmann, K.; Seyfarth, M.; Schömig, A.; Ungerer, M.: Characterization and inhibition of β-adrenergic receptor kinase in intact myocytes. Cardiovasc. Res., 35, 324–333 (1997)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Iino, M.; Shibano, T.: Substrate recognition mechanism of human β-adrenergic receptor kinase 1 based on a three-dimensional model structure. Drug Des. Discov., 14, 145–155 (1996)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Moffett, S.; Rousseau, G.; Lagace, M.; Bouvier, M.: The palmitoylation state of the β2-adrenergic receptor regulates the synergistic action of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase and β-adrenergic receptor kinase involved in its phosphorylation and desensitization. J. Neurochem., 76, 269–279 (2001)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Murga, C.; Esteban, N.; Ruiz-Gomez, A.; Mayor, F., Jr.: The basal subcellular distribution of β-adrenergic receptor kinase is independent of G-protein βγ subunits. FEBS Lett., 409, 24–28 (1997)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Müller, S.; Straub, A.; Lohse, M.J.: Selectivity of β-adrenergic receptor kinase 2 for G protein βγ subunits. FEBS Lett., 401, 25–29 (1997)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Touhara, K.: Binding of multiple ligands to pleckstrin homology domain regulates membrane translocation and enzyme activity of β-adrenergic receptor kinase. FEBS Lett., 417, 243–248 (1997)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Ungerer, M.; Kessebohm, K.; Kronsbein, K.; Lohse, M.J.; Richardt, G.: Activation of β-adrenergic receptor kinase during myocardial ischemia. Circ. Res., 79, 455–460 (1996)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Haske, T.N.; DeBlasi, A.; LeVine, H.: An intact N terminus of the γ subunit is required for the Gβγ stimulation of rhodopsin phosphorylation by human β-adrenergic receptor kinase-1 but not for kinase binding. J. Biol. Chem., 271, 2941–2948 (1996)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Murga, C.; Ruiz-Gomez, A.; Garcia-Higuera, I.; Kim, C.M.; Benovic, J.L.; Mayor, F., Jr.: High affinity binding of β-adrenergic receptor kinase to microsomal membranes. Modulation of the activity of bound kinase by heterotrimeric G protein activation. J. Biol. Chem., 271, 985–994 (1996)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Jaber, M.; Koch, W.J.; Rockman, H.; Smith, B.; Bond, R.A.; Sulik, K.K.; Ross, J., Jr.; Lefkowitz, R.J.; Caron, M.G.; Giros, B.: Essential role of β-adrenergic receptor kinase 1 in cardiac development and function. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 93, 12974–12979 (1996)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Onorato, J.J.; Gillis, M.E.; Liu, Y.; Benovic, J.L.; Ruoho, A.E.: The β-adrenergic receptor kinase (GRK2) is regulated by phospholipids. J. Biol. Chem., 270, 21346–21353 (1995)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Lodowski, D.T.; Barnhill, J.F.; Pitcher, J.A.; Capel, W.D.; Lefkowitz, R.J.; Tesmer, J.J.: Purification, crystallization and preliminary X-ray diffraction studies of a complex between G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 and Gβ1γ2. Acta Crystallogr. Sect. D, 59, 936–939 (2003)

    Google Scholar 

  41. Wang, L.; Liu, S.; Quarles, L.D.; Spurney, R.F.: Targeted overexpression of G protein-coupled receptor kinase-2 in osteoblasts promotes bone loss. Am. J. Physiol., 288, E826–834 (2005)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Fan, S.; Schneider, L.E.: The role of maternal and zygotic Gprk2 expression in Drosophila development. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 301, 127–135 (2003)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Lodowski, D.T.; Barnhill, J.F.; Pyskadlo, R.M.; Ghirlando, R.; Sterne-Marr, R.; Tesmer, J.J.: The role of Gβγ and domain interfaces in the activation of G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2. Biochemistry, 44, 6958–6970 (2005)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Ghadessy, R.S.; Willets, J.M.; Kelly, E.: G protein-coupled receptor kinase 6 (GRK6) selectively regulates endogenous secretin receptor responsiveness in NG108-15 cells. Br. J. Pharmacol., 138, 660–670 (2003)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Penela, P.; Ribas, C.; Mayor, F.: Mechanisms of regulation of the expression and function of G protein-coupled receptor kinases. Cell. Signal., 15, 973–981 (2003)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Oyama, N.; Urasawa, K.; Kaneta, S.; Sakai, H.; Saito, T.; Takagi, C.; Yoshida, I.; Kitabatake, A.; Tsutsui, H.: Chronic β-adrenergic receptor stimulation enhances the expression of G-protein coupled receptor kinases, GRK2 and GRK5, in both the heart and peripheral lymphocytes. Circ. J., 69, 987–990 (2005)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Williams, M.L.; Hata, J.A.; Schroder, J.; Rampersaud, E.; Petrofski, J.; Jakoi, A.; Milano, C.A.; Koch, W.J.: Targeted β-adrenergic receptor kinase (βARK1) inhibition by gene transfer in failing human hearts. Circulation, 109, 1590–1593 (2004)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Luo, Z.; Akita, G.Y.; Date, T.; Treleaven, C.; Vincent, K.A.; Woodcock, D.; Cheng, S.H.; Gregory, R.J.; Jiang, C.: Adenovirus-mediated expression of β-adrenergic receptor kinase C-terminus reduces intimal hyperplasia and luminal stenosis of arteriovenous polytetrafluoroethylene grafts in pigs. Circulation, 111, 1679–1684 (2005)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Perrino, C.; Naga Prasad, S.V.; Schroder, J.N.; Hata, J.A.; Milano, C.; Rockman, H.A.: Restoration of β-adrenergic receptor signaling and contractile function in heart failure by disruption of the βARK1/phosphoinositide 3-kinase complex. Circulation, 111, 2579–2587 (2005)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Kageyama, K.; Hanada, K.; Moriyama, T.; Nigawara, T.; Sakihara, S.; Suda, T.: G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 involvement in desensitization of corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) receptor type 1 by CRF in murine corticotrophs. Endocrinology, 147, 441–450 (2006)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Yoshida, N.; Haga, K.; Haga, T.: Identification of sites of phosphorylation by G-protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 in β-tubulin. Eur. J. Biochem., 270, 1154–1163 (2003)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Voigt, C.; Holzapfel, H.P.; Paschke, R.: Decreased expression of G-protein coupled receptor kinase 2 in cold thyroid nodules. Exp. Clin. Endocrinol. Diabetes, 113, 102–106 (2005)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Ogasawara, J.; Sanpei, M.; Rahman, N.; Sakurai, T.; Kizaki, T.; Hitomi, Y.; Ohno, H.; Izawa, T.: β-adrenergic receptor trafficking by exercise in rat adipocytes: roles of G-protein-coupled receptor kinase-2, β-arrestin-2, and the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. FASEB J., 20, 350–352 (2006)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Li, Z.; Laugwitz, K.L.; Pinkernell, K.; Pragst, I.; Baumgartner, C.; Hoffmann, E.; Rosport, K.; Munch, G.; Moretti, A.; Humrich, J.; Lohse, M.J.; Ungerer, M.: Effects of two Gβγ-binding proteins — N-terminally truncated phosducin and β-adrenergic receptor kinase C terminus (βARKct)-in heart failure. Gene Therapy, 10, 1354–1361 (2003)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Wang, J.; Liu, X.J.: A G protein-coupled receptor kinase induces Xenopus oocyte maturation. J. Biol. Chem., 278, 15809–15814 (2003)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Rapacciuolo, A.; Suvarna, S.; Barki-Harrington, L.; Luttrell, L.M.; Cong, M.; Lefkowitz, R.J.; Rockman, H.A.: Protein kinase A and G protein-coupled receptor kinase phosphorylation mediates β−1 adrenergic receptor endocytosis through different pathways. J. Biol. Chem., 278, 35403–35411 (2003)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Eichmann, T.; Lorenz, K.; Hoffmann, M.; Brockmann, J.; Krasel, C.; Lohse, M.J.; Quitterer, U.: The amino-terminal domain of G-protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 is a regulatory Gβ γ binding site. J. Biol. Chem., 278, 8052–8057 (2003)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Pao, C.S.; Benovic, J.L.: Structure/function analysis of α2A-adrenergic receptor interaction with G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2. J. Biol. Chem., 280, 11052–11058 (2005)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Kim, K.M.; Gainetdinov, R.R.; Laporte, S.A.; Caron, M.G.; Barak, L.S.: G protein-coupled receptor kinase regulates dopamine D3 receptor signaling by modulating the stability of a receptor-filamin-β-arrestin complex. A case of autoreceptor regulation. J. Biol. Chem., 280, 12774–12780 (2005)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Willets, J.M.; Nahorski, S.R.; Challiss, R.A.: Roles of phosphorylation-dependent and-independent mechanisms in the regulation of M1 muscarinic acetylcholine receptors by G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 in hippocampal neurons. J. Biol. Chem., 280, 18950–18958 (2005)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Wu, J.H.; Goswami, R.; Kim, L.K.; Miller, W.E.; Peppel, K.; Freedman, N.J.: The platelet-derived growth factor receptor-β phosphorylates and activates G protein-coupled receptor kinase-2. A mechanism for feedback inhibition. J. Biol. Chem., 280, 31027–31035 (2005)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Kenski, D.M.; Zhang, C.; von Zastrow, M.; Shokat, K.M.: Chemical genetic engineering of G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2. J. Biol. Chem., 280, 35051–35061 (2005)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Liebler, J.M.; Borok, Z.; Li, X.; Zhou, B.; Sandoval, A.J.; Kim, K.J.; Crandall, E.D.: Alveolar epithelial type I cells express β2-adrenergic receptors and G-protein receptor kinase 2. J. Histochem. Cytochem., 52, 759–767 (2004)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Pandalai, P.K.; Lyons, J.M.; Duffy, J.Y.; McLean, K.M.; Wagner, C.J.; Merrill, W.H.; Pearl, J.M.; Akhter, S.A.: Role of the β-adrenergic receptor kinase in myocardial dysfunction after brain death. J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg., 130, 1183–1189 (2005)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Picascia, A.; Capobianco, L.; Iacovelli, L.; De Blasi, A.: Analysis of differential modulatory activities of GRK2 and GRK4 on Gαq-coupled receptor signaling. Methods Enzymol., 390, 337–353 (2004)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Jimenez-Sainz, M.C.; Murga, C.; Kavelaars, A.; Jurado-Pueyo, M.; Krakstad, B.F.; Heijnen, C.J.; Mayor, F., Jr.; Aragay, A.M.: G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 negatively regulates chemokine signaling at a level downstream from G protein subunits. Mol. Biol. Cell, 17, 25–31 (2006)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Usui, I.; Imamura, T.; Babendure, J.L.; Satoh, H.; Lu, J.C.; Hupfeld, C.J.; Olefsky, J.M.: G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 mediates endothelin-1-induced insulin resistance via the inhibition of both Gαq/11 and insulin receptor substrate-1 pathways in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Mol. Endocrinol., 19, 2760–2768 (2005)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Kohout, T.A.; Lefkowitz, R.J.: Regulation of G protein-coupled receptor kinases and arrestins during receptor desensitization. Mol. Pharmacol., 63, 9–18 (2003)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Willets, J.M.; Mistry, R.; Nahorski, S.R.; Challiss, R.A.: Specificity of G protein-coupled receptor kinase 6-mediated phosphorylation and regulation of single-cell M3 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor signaling. Mol. Pharmacol., 64, 1059–1068 (2003)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Lodowski, D.T.; Pitcher, J.A.; Capel, W.D.; Lefkowitz, R.J.; Tesmer, J.J.: Keeping G proteins at bay: a complex between G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 and Gβγ. Science, 300, 1256–1262 (2003)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Banday, A.A.; Fazili, F.R.; Lokhandwala, M.F.: Insulin causes renal dopamine D1 receptor desensitization via GRK2-mediated receptor phosphorylation involving phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and protein kinase C. Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol., 293, F877–F884 (2007)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Sanchez-Perez, A.; Kumar, S.; Cook, D.I.: GRK2 interacts with and phosphorylates Nedd4 and Nedd4-2. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 359, 611–615 (2007)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Ribas, C.; Penela, P.; Murga, C.; Salcedo, A.; Garcia-Hoz, C.; Jurado-Pueyo, M.; Aymerich, I.; Mayor, F.: The G protein-coupled receptor kinase (GRK) interactome: Role of GRKs in GPCR regulation and signaling. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1768, 913–922 (2007)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Whalen, E.J.; Foster, M.W.; Matsumoto, A.; Ozawa, K.; Violin, J.D.; Que, L.G.; Nelson, C.D.; Benhar, M.; Keys, J.R.; Rockman, H.A.; Koch, W.J.; Daaka, Y.; Lefkowitz, R.J.; Stamler, J.S.: Regulation of β-adrenergic receptor signaling by S-nitrosylation of G-protein-coupled receptor kinase 2. Cell, 129, 511–522 (2007)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Peregrin, S.; Jurado-Pueyo, M.; Campos, P.M.; Sanz-Moreno, V.; Ruiz-Gomez, A.; Crespo, P.; Mayor, F.; Murga, C.: Phosphorylation of p38 by GRK2 at the docking groove unveils a novel mechanism for inactivating p38MAPK. Curr. Biol., 16, 2042–2047 (2006)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Mangmool, S.; Haga, T.; Kobayashi, H.; Kim, K.M.; Nakata, H.; Nishida, M.; Kurose, H.: Clathrin required for phosphorylation and internalization of β2-adrenergic receptor by G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 (GRK2). J. Biol. Chem., 281, 31940–31949 (2006)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Sherrill, J.D.; Miller, W.E.: G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) kinase 2 regulates agonist-independent Gq/11 signaling from the mouse cytwlovirus GPCR M33. J. Biol. Chem., 281, 39796–39805 (2006)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Ruiz-Gomez, A.; Mellstroem, B.; Tornero, D.; Morato, E.; Savignac, M.; Holguin, H.; Aurrekoetxea, K.; Gonzalez, P.; Gonzalez-Garcia, C.; Cena, V.; Mayor, F.; Naranjo, J.R.: G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2-mediated phosphorylation of downstream regulatory element antagonist modulator regulates membrane trafficking of Kv4.2 potassium channel. J. Biol. Chem., 282, 1205–1215 (2007)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Shahid, G.; Hussain, T.: GRK2 negatively regulates glycogen synthesis in mouse liver FL83B cells. J. Biol. Chem., 282, 20612–20620 (2007)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Takahashi, M.; Uchikado, H.; Caprotti, D.; Weidenheim, K.M.; Dickson, D.W.; Ksiezak-Reding, H.; Pasinetti, G.M.: Identification of G-protein coupled receptor kinase 2 in paired helical filaments and neurofibrillary tangles. J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol., 65, 1157–1169 (2006)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Desai, A.N.; Salim, S.; Standifer, K.M.; Eikenburg, D.C.: Involvement of G protein-coupled receptor kinase (GRK) 3 and GRK2 in down-regulation of the α2B-adrenoceptor. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 317, 1027–1035 (2006)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Meloni, A.R.; Fralish, G.B.; Kelly, P.; Salahpour, A.; Chen, J.K.; Wechsler-Reya, R.J.; Lefkowitz, R.J.; Caron, M.G.: Smoothened signal transduction is promoted by G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2. Mol. Cell. Biol., 26, 7550–7560 (2006)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Vinge, L.E.; Andressen, K.W.; Attramadal, T.; Andersen, G..; Ahmed, M.S.; Peppel, K.; Koch, W.J.; Freedman, N.J.; Levy, F.O.; Skomedal, T.; Osnes, J.B.; Attramadal, H.: Substrate specificities of G protein-coupled receptor kinase-2 and −3 at cardiac myocyte receptors provide basis for distinct roles in regulation of myocardial function. Mol. Pharmacol., 72, 582–591 (2007)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Lymperopoulos, A.; Rengo, G.; Funakoshi, H.; Eckhart, A.D.; Koch, W.J.: Adrenal GRK2 upregulation mediates sympathetic overdrive in heart failure. Nat. Med., 13, 315–323 (2007)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Molnar, C.; Holguin, H.; Mayor, F.; Ruiz-Gomez, A.; de Celis, J.F.: The G protein-coupled receptor regulatory kinase GPRK2 participates in Hedgehog signaling in Drosophila. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 104, 7963–7968 (2007)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Hansen, J.L.; Theilade, J.; Aplin, M.; Sheikh, S.P.: Role of G-protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 in the heart-do regulatory mechanisms open novel therapeutic perspectives?. Trends Cardiovasc. Med., 16, 169–177 (2006)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Yang, W.; Xia, S.: Mechanisms of regulation and function of G-protein-coupled receptor kinases. World J. Gastroenterol., 12, 7753–7757 (2006)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2009 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

(2009). β-Adrenergic-receptor kinase. In: Schomburg, D., Schomburg, I., Chang, A. (eds) Class 2 Transferases. Springer Handbook of Enzymes, vol S3. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-85699-3_15

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics