Skip to main content

Protein kinase C

  • Chapter
  • 499 Accesses

Part of the book series: Springer Handbook of Enzymes ((HDBKENZYMES,volume S3))

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Buying options

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   259.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   329.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. MacKintosh, C.; MacKintosh, R.W.: Inhibitors of protein kinases and phosphatases. Trends Biochem. Sci., 19, 444–448 (1994)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Kemp, B.E.; Parker, M.W.; Hu, S.; Tiganis, T.; House, C.: Substrate and pseudosubstrate interactions with protein kinases: determinants of specificity. Trends Biochem. Sci., 19, 440–444 (1994)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Kemp, B.E.; Pearson, R.B.; House, M.: Pseudosubstrate-based peptide inhibitors. Methods Enzymol., 201, 287–304 (1991)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Adams Joseph, A.: Activation loop phosphorylation and catalysis in protein kinases: is there functional evidence for the autoinhibitor model?. Biochemistry, 42, 601–607 (2003)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Saijo, K.; Mecklenbrauker, I.; Santana, A.; et al.: Protein kinase C β controls nuclear factor κB activation in B cells through selective regulation of the IκB kinase α. J. Exp. Med., 195, 1647–1652 (2002)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Mecklenbrauker, I.; Saijo, K.; Zheng, N.Y.; Leitges, M.; Tarakhovsky, A.: Protein kinase C δ controls self-antigen-induced B-cell tolerance. Nature, 416, 860–865 (2002)

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Sturany, S.; Van Lint, J.; Muller, F.; Wilda, M.; Hameister, H.; Hocker, M.; Brey, A.; Gern, U.; Vandenheede, J.; Gress, T.; Adler, G.; Seufferlein, T.: Molecular cloning and characterization of the human protein kinase D2. A novel member of the protein kinase D family of serine threonine kinases. J. Biol. Chem., 276, 3310–3318 (2001)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Sakurai, Y.; Onishi, Y.; Tanimoto, Y.; Kizaki, H.: Novel protein kinase C δ isoform insensitive to caspase-3. Biol. Pharm. Bull., 24, 973–977 (2001)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Sutton, R.B.; Sprang, S.R.: Structure of the protein kinase Cb phospholipid-binding C2 domain complexed with Ca2+. Structure, 6, 1395–1405 (1998)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Keranen, L.M.; Dutil, E.M.; Newton, A.C.: Protein kinase C is regulated in vivo by three functionally distinct phosphorylations. Curr. Biol., 5, 1394–1403 (1995)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Zhang, J.; Wang, L.; Schwartz, J.; Bond, R.W.; Bishop, W.R.: Phosphorylation of Thr642 is an early event in the processing of newly synthesized protein kinase Cβ1 and is essential for its activation. J. Biol. Chem., 269, 19578–19584 (1994)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Orr, J.W.; Newton, A.C.: Requirement for negative charge on “activation loop” of protein kinase C. J. Biol. Chem., 269, 27715–27718 (1994)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Zhang, J.; Wang, L.; Petrin, J.; Bishop, W.R.; Bond, R.W.: Characterization of site-specific mutants altered at protein kinase Cβ1 isozyme autophosphorylation sites. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 90, 6130–6134 (1993)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Tang, Y.M.; Ashendel, C.L.: Isolation of cloned mouse protein kinase C β-II cDNA and its sequence. Nucleic Acids Res., 18, 5310 (1990)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Housey, G.M.; Johnson, M.D.; Hsiao, W.L.; O’Brian, C.A.; Murphy, J.P.; Kirschmeier, P.; Weinstein, I.B.: Overproduction of protein kinase C causes disordered growth control in rat fibroblasts. Cell, 52, 343–354 (1988)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Housey, G.M.; O’Brian, C.A.; Johnson, M.D.; Kirschmeier, P.; Weinstein, I.B.: Isolation of cDNA clones encoding protein kinase C: evidence for a protein kinase C-related gene family. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 84, 1065–1069 (1987)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Ono, Y.; Kurokawa, T.; Kawahara, K.; Nishimura, O.; Marumoto, R.; Igarashi, K.; Sugino, Y.; Kikkawa, U.; Ogita, K.; Nishizuka, Y.: Cloning of rat brain protein kinase C complementary DNA. FEBS Lett., 203, 111–115 (1986)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Ono, Y.; Kurokawa, T.; Fujii, T.; Kawahara, K.; Igarashi, K.; Kikkawa, U.; Ogita, K.; Nishizuka, Y.: Two types of complementary DNAs of rat brain protein kinase C. Heterogeneity determined by alternative splicing. FEBS Lett., 206, 347–352 (1986)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Knopf, J.L.; Lee, M.H.; Sultzman, L.A.; Kriz, R.W.; Loomis, C.R.; Hewick, R.M.; Bell, R.M.: Cloning and expression of multiple protein kinase C cDNAs. Cell, 46, 491–502 (1986)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Le Good, J.A.; Ziegler, W.H.; Parekh, D.B.; Alessi, D.R.; Cohen, P.; Parker, P.J.: Protein kinase C isotypes controlled by phosphoinositide 3-kinase through the protein kinase PDK1. Science, 281, 2042–2045 (1998)

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Zhang, G.; Kazanietz, M.G.; Blumberg, P.M.; Hurley, J.H.: Crystal structure of the cys2 activator-binding domain of protein kinase C δ in complex with phorbol ester. Cell, 81, 917–924 (1995)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Mizuno, K.; Kubo, K.; Saido, T.C.; Akita, Y.; Osada, S.; Kuroki, T.; Ohno, S.; Suzuki, K.: Structure and properties of a ubiquitously expressed protein kinase C, nPKC d. Eur. J. Biochem., 202, 931–940 (1991)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Mischak, H.; Bodenteich, A.; Kolch, W.; Goodnight, J.; Hofer, F.; Mushinski, J.F.: Mouse protein kinase C-δ, the major isoform expressed in mouse hemopoietic cells: sequence of the cDNA, expression patterns, and characterization of the protein. Biochemistry, 30, 7925–7931 (1991)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Zhang, Q.H.; Ye, M.; Wu, X.Y.; et al.: Cloning and functional analysis of cDNAs with open reading frames for 300 previously undefined genes expressed in CD34+ hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells. Genome Res., 10, 1546–1560 (2000)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Hao, C.M.; Breyer, R.M.; Davis, L.S.; Breyer, M.D.: Intrarenal distribution of rabbit PKC z. Kidney Int., 51, 1831–1837 (1997)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Hayashi, A.; Seki, N.; Hattori, A.; Kozuma, S.; Saito, T.: PKCnu, a new member of the protein kinase C family, composes a fourth subfamily with PKCmu. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1450, 99–106 (1999)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Nishizuka, Y.: The molecular heterogeneity of protein kinase C and its implications for cellular regulation. Nature, 334, 661–665 (1988)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Parker, P.J.; Coussens, L.; Totty, N.; Rhee, L.; Young, S.; Chen, E.; Stabel, S.; Waterfield, M.D.; Ullrich, A.: The complete primary structure of protein kinase C — the major phorbol ester receptor. Science, 233, 853–859 (1986)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Coussens, L.; Parker, P.J.; Rhee, L.; Yang-Feng, T.L.; Chen, E.; Waterfield, M.D.; Francke, U.; Ullrich, A.: Multiple, distinct forms of bovine and human protein kinase C suggest diversity in cellular signaling pathways. Science, 233, 859–866 (1986)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Dryja, T.P.; McEvoy, J.; McGee, T.L.; Berson, E.L.: No mutations in the coding region of the PRKCG gene in three families with retinitis pigmentosa linked to the RP11 locus on chromosome 19q. Am. J. Hum. Genet., 65, 926–928 (1999)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Al-Maghtheh, M.; Vithana, E.N.; Inglehearn, C.F.; Moore, T.; Bird, A.C.; Bhattacharya, S.S.: Segregation of a PRKCG mutation in two RP11 families. Am. J. Hum. Genet., 62, 1248–1252 (1998)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Kochs, G.; Hummel, R.; Meyer, D.; Hug, H.; Marme, D.; Sarre, T.F.: Activation and substrate specificity of the human protein kinase C α and ζ isoenzymes. Eur. J. Biochem., 216, 597–606 (1993)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Rosenthal, A.; Rhee, L.; Yadegari, R.; Paro, R.; Ullrich, A.; Goeddel, D.V.: Structure and nucleotide sequence of a Drosophila melanogaster protein kinase C gene. EMBO J., 6, 433–441 (1987)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Ono, Y.; Fujii, T.; Igarashi, K.; Kikkawa, U.; Ogita, K.; Nishizuka, Y.: Nucleotide sequences of cDNAs for α and γ subspecies of rat brain protein kinase C. Nucleic Acids Res., 16, 5199–5200 (1988)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Kikkawa, U.; Ogita, K.; Ono, Y.; Asaoka, Y.; Shearman, M.S.; Fujii, T.; Ase, K.; Sekiguchi, K.; Igarashi, K.; Nishizuka, Y.: The common structure and activities of four subspecies of rat brain protein kinase C family. FEBS Lett., 223, 212–216 (1987)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Xu, R.X.; Pawelczyk, T.; Xia, T.H.; Brown, S.C.: NMR structure of a protein kinase C-γ phorbol-binding domain and study of protein-lipid micelle interactions. Biochemistry, 36, 10709–10717 (1997)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Bowers, B.J.; Parham, C.L.; Sikela, J.M.; Wehner, J.M.: Isolation and sequence of a mouse brain cDNA coding for protein kinase C-γ isozyme. Gene, 123, 263–265 (1993)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Chen, K.H.; Widen, S.G.; Wilson, S.H.; Huang, K.P.: Characterization of the 5′-flanking region of the rat protein kinase C γ gene. J. Biol. Chem., 265, 19961–19965 (1990)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Loftus, B.J.; Kim, U.J.; Sneddon, V.P.; Kalush, F.; Brandon, R.; Fuhrmann, J.; Mason, T.; Crosby, M.L.; Barnstead, M.; Cronin, L.; Deslattes Mays, A.; Cao, Y.; Xu, R.X.; Kang, H.L.; Mitchell, S.; Eichler, E.E.; Harris, P.C.; Venter, J.C.; Adams, M.D.: Genome duplications and other features in 12 Mb of DNA sequence from human chromosome 16p and 16q. Genomics, 60, 295–308 (1999)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Mahajna, J.; King, P.; Parker, P.; Haley, J.: Autoregulation of cloned human protein kinase C β and γ gene promoters in U937 cells. DNA Cell Biol., 14, 213–222 (1995)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Obeid, L.M.; Blobe, G.C.; Karolak, L.A.; Hannun, Y.A.: Cloning and characterization of the major promoter of the human protein kinase C β gene. Regulation by phorbol esters. J. Biol. Chem., 267, 20804–20810 (1992)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Kubo, K.; Ohno, S.; Suzuki, K.: Nucleotide sequence of the 3′ portion of a human gene for protein kinase C β I/β II. Nucleic Acids Res., 15, 7179–7180 (1987)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Kubo, K.; Ohno, S.; Suzuki, K.: Primary structures of human protein kinase C β I and β II differ only in their C-terminal sequences. FEBS Lett., 223, 138–142 (1987)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Coussens, L.; Rhee, L.; Parker, P.J.; Ullrich, A.: Alternative splicing increases the diversity of the human protein kinase C family. DNA, 6, 389–394 (1987)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Ohno, S.; Kawasaki, H.; Imajoh, S.; Suzuki, K.; Inagaki, M.; Yokokura, H.; Sakoh, T.; Hidaka, H.: Tissue-specific expression of three distinct types of rabbit protein kinase C. Nature, 325, 161–166 (1987)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Ueyama, T.; Ren, Y.; Ohmori, S.; Sakai, K.; Tamaki, N.; Saito, N.: cDNA cloning of an alternative splicing variant of protein kinase C δ (PKC δIII), a new truncated form of PKCδ, in rats. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 269, 557–563 (2000)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Kurkinen, K.M.; Keinanen, R.A.; Karhu, R.; Koistinaho, J.: Genomic structure and chromosomal localization of the rat protein kinase Cδ-gene. Gene, 242, 115–123 (2000)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Pappa, H.; Murray-Rust, J.; Dekker, L.V.; Parker, P.J.; McDonald, N.Q.: Crystal structure of the C2 domain from protein kinase C-δ. Structure, 6, 885–894 (1998)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Garcia-Paramio, P.; Cabrerizo, Y.; Bornancin, F.; Parker, P.J.: The broad specificity of dominant inhibitory protein kinase C mutants infers a common step in phosphorylation. Biochem. J., 333, 631–636 (1998)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Ono, Y.; Fujii, T.; Ogita, K.; Kikkawa, U.; Igarashi, K.; Nishizuka, Y.: The structure, expression, and properties of additional members of the protein kinase C family. J. Biol. Chem., 263, 6927–6932 (1988)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Ono, Y.; Fujii, T.; Ogita, K.; Kikkawa, U.; Igarashi, K.; Nishizuka, Y.: Identification of three additional members of rat protein kinase C family: δ-, ε-and ζ-subspecies. FEBS Lett., 226, 125–128 (1987)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Ono, Y.; Fujii, T.; Ogita, K.; Kikkawa, U.; Igarashi, K.; Nishizuka, Y.: Protein kinase C zeta subspecies from rat brain: its structure, expression, and properties. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 86, 3099–3103 (1989)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Ohno, S.; Kawasaki, H.; Konno, Y.; Inagaki, M.; Hidaka, H.; Suzuki, K.: A fourth type of rabbit protein kinase C. Biochemistry, 27, 2083–2087 (1988)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Ohno, S.; Akita, Y.; Konno, Y.; Imajoh, S.; Suzuki, K.: A novel phorbol ester receptor/protein kinase, nPKC, distantly related to the protein kinase C family. Cell, 53, 731–741 (1988)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Schaeffer, E.; Smith, D.; Mardon, G.; Quinn, W.; Zuker, C.: Isolation and characterization of two new Drosophila protein kinase C genes, including one specifically expressed in photoreceptor cells. Cell, 57, 403–412 (1989)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Wang, Q.J.; Acs, P.; Goodnight, J.; Blumberg, P.M.; Mischak, H.; Mushinski, J.F.: The catalytic domain of PKC-ε, in reciprocal PKC-δ and-ε chimeras, is responsible for conferring tumorgenicity to NIH3T3 cells, whereas both regulatory and catalytic domains of PKC-ε contribute to in vitro transformation. Oncogene, 16, 53–60 (1998)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Schaap, D.; Parker, P.J.; Bristol, A.; Kriz, R.; Knopf, J.: Unique substrate specificity and regulatory properties of PKC-ε: a rationale for diversity. FEBS Lett., 243, 351–357 (1989)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. McSwine-Kennick, R.L.; McKeegan, E.M.; Johnson, M.D.; Morin, M.J.: Phorbol diester-induced alterations in the expression of protein kinase C isozymes and their mRNAs. Analysis in wild-type and phorbol diesterresistant HL-60 cell clones. J. Biol. Chem., 266, 15135–15143 (1991)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Finkenzeller, G.; Marme, D.; Hug, H.: Sequence of human protein kinase C α. Nucleic Acids Res., 18, 2183 (1990)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Staudinger, J.; Zhou, J.; Burgess, R.; Elledge, S.J.; Olson, E.N.: PICK1: a perinuclear binding protein and substrate for protein kinase C isolated by the yeast two-hybrid system. J. Cell Biol., 128, 263–271 (1995)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Megidish, T.; Mazurek, N.: A mutant protein kinase C that can transform fibroblasts. Nature, 342, 807–811 (1989)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Rose-John, S.; Dietrich, A.; Marks, F.: Molecular cloning of mouse protein kinase C (PKC) cDNA from Swiss 3T3 fibroblasts. Gene, 74, 465–471 (1988)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Osada, S.; Mizuno, K.; Saido, T.C.; Akita, Y.; Suzuki, K.; Kuroki, T.; Ohno, S.: A phorbol ester receptor/protein kinase, nPKC eta, a new member of the protein kinase C family predominantly expressed in lung and skin. J. Biol. Chem., 265, 22434–22440 (1990)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Baymiller, J.; McCullough, J.E.: Saccharomyces cerevisiae cell lysis mutations cly5 and cly7 define temperature-sensitive alleles of PKC1, the gene encoding yeast protein kinase C. Yeast, 13, 305–312 (1997)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Obermaier, B.; Gassenhuber, J.; Piravandi, E.; Domdey, H.: Sequence analysis of a 78.6 kb segment of the left end of Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome II. Yeast, 11, 1103–1112 (1995)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Levin, D.E.; Fields, F.O.; Kunisawa, R.; Bishop, J.M.; Thorner, J.: A candidate protein kinase C gene, PKC1, is required for the S. cerevisiae cell cycle. Cell, 62, 213–224 (1990)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Palmer, R.H.; Ridden, J.; Parker, P.J.: Identification of multiple, novel, protein kinase C-related gene products. FEBS Lett., 356, 5–8 (1994)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Bacher, N.; Zisman, Y.; Berent, E.; Livneh, E.: Isolation and characterization of PKC-L, a new member of the protein kinase C-related gene family specifically expressed in lung, skin, and heart. Mol. Cell. Biol., 12, 1404 (1992)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Bacher, N.; Zisman, Y.; Berent, E.; Livneh, E.: Isolation and characterization of PKC-L, a new member of the protein kinase C-related gene family specifically expressed in lung, skin, and heart. Mol. Cell. Biol., 11, 126–133 (1991)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Sano, T.; Tabuse, Y.; Nishiwaki, K.; Miwa, J.: The tpa-1 gene of Caenorhabditis elegans encodes two proteins similar to Ca(2+)-independent protein kinase Cs: evidence by complete genomic and complementary DNA sequences of the tpa-1 gene. J. Mol. Biol., 251, 477–485 (1995)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Tabuse, Y.; Nishiwaki, K.; Miwa, J.: Mutations in a protein kinase C homolog confer phorbol ester resistance on Caenorhabditis elegans. Science, 243, 1713–1716 (1989)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Land, M.; Islas-Trejo, A.; Freedman, J.H.; Rubin, C.S.: Structure and expression of a novel, neuronal protein kinase C (PKC1B) from Caenorhabditis elegans. PKC1B is expressed selectively in neurons that receive, transmit, and process environmental signals. J. Biol. Chem., 269, 9234–9244 (1994)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Toda, T.; Shimanuki, M.; Yanagida, M.: Two novel protein kinase C-related genes of fission yeast are essential for cell viability and implicated in cell shape control. EMBO J., 12, 1987–1995 (1993)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Ding, D.Q.; Tomita, Y.; Yamamoto, A.; Chikashige, Y.; Haraguchi, T.; Hiraoka, Y.: Large-scale screening of intracellular protein localization in living fission yeast cells by the use of a GFP-fusion genomic DNA library. Genes Cells, 5, 169–190 (2000)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Mazzei, G.J.; Schmid, E.M.; Knowles, J.K.; Payton, M.A.; Maundrell, K.G.: A Ca(2+)-independent protein kinase C from fission yeast. J. Biol. Chem., 268, 7401–7406 (1993)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Mazzarella, R.; Ciccodicola, A.; Esposito, T.; Arcucci, A.; Migliaccio, C.; Jones, C.; Schlessinger, D.; D’Urso, M.; D’Esposito, M.: Human protein kinase C iota gene (PRKCI) is closely linked to the BTK gene in Xq21.3. Genomics, 26, 629–631 (1995)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Selbie, L.A.; Schmitz-Peiffer, C.; Sheng, Y.; Biden, T.J.: Molecular cloning and characterization of PKC iota, an atypical isoform of protein kinase C derived from insulin-secreting cells. J. Biol. Chem., 268, 24296–24302 (1993)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Paravicini, G.; Mendoza, A.; Antonsson, B.; Cooper, M.; Losberger, C.; Payton, M.A.: The Candida albicans PKC1 gene encodes a protein kinase C homolog necessary for cellular integrity but not dimorphism. Yeast, 12, 741–756 (1996)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Morawetz, R.; Lendenfeld, T.; Mischak, H.; Muhlbauer, M.; Gruber, F.; Goodnight, J.; de Graaff, L.H.; Visser, J.; Mushinski, J.F.; Kubicek, C.P.: Cloning and characterisation of genes (pkc1 and pkcA) encoding protein kinase C homologues from Trichoderma reesei and Aspergillus niger. Mol. Gen. Genet., 250, 17–28 (1996)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Basta, P.; Strickland, M.B.; Holmes, W.; Loomis, C.R.; Ballas, L.M.; Burns, D.J.: Sequence and expression of human protein kinase C-ε. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1132, 154–160 (1992)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Goodnight, J.; Kazanietz, M.G.; Blumberg, P.M.; Mushinski, J.F.; Mischak, H.: The cDNA sequence, expression pattern and protein characteristics of mouse protein kinase C-zeta. Gene, 122, 305–311 (1992)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Chang, J.D.; Xu, Y.; Raychowdhury, M.K.; Ware, J.A.: Molecular cloning and expression of a cDNA encoding a novel isoenzyme of protein kinase C (nPKC). A new member of the nPKC family expressed in skeletal muscle, megakaryoblastic cells, and platelets. J. Biol. Chem., 268, 14208–14214 (1993)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Baier, G.; Telford, D.; Giampa, L.; Coggeshall, K.M.; Baier-Bitterlich, G.; Isakov, N.; Altman, A.: Molecular cloning and characterization of PKC theta, a novel member of the protein kinase C (PKC) gene family expressed predominantly in hematopoietic cells. J. Biol. Chem., 268, 4997–5004 (1993)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Barbee, J.L.; Deutscher, S.L.; Loomis, C.R.; Burns, D.J.: The cDNA sequence encoding human protein kinase C-zeta. Gene, 132, 305–306 (1993)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Nomoto, S.; Watanabe, Y.; Ninomiya-Tsuji, J.; Yang, L.X.; Nagai, Y.; Kiuchi, K.; Hagiwara, M.; Hidaka, H.; Matsumoto, K.; Irie, K.: Functional analyses of mammalian protein kinase C isozymes in budding yeast and mammalian fibroblasts. Genes Cells, 2, 601–614 (1997)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Aris, J.P.; Basta, P.V.; Holmes, W.D.; Ballas, L.M.; Moomaw, C.; Rankl, N.B.; Blobel, G.; Loomis, C.R.; Burns, D.J.: Molecular and biochemical characterization of a recombinant human PKC-δ family member. Biochim. Biophys. Acta., 1174, 171–181 (1993)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Johannes, F.J.; Prestle, J.; Eis, S.; Oberhagemann, P.; Pfizenmaier, K.: PKCu is a novel, atypical member of the protein kinase C family. J. Biol. Chem., 269, 6140–6148 (1994)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Palmer, R.H.; Ridden, J.; Parker, P.J.: Cloning and expression patterns of two members of a novel protein-kinase-C-related kinase family. Eur. J. Biochem., 227, 344–351 (1995)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Mukai, H.; Ono, Y.: A novel protein kinase with leucine zipper-like sequences: its catalytic domain is highly homologous to that of protein kinase C. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 199, 897–904 (1994)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Pepio, A.M.; Fan, X.; Sossin, W.S.: The role of C2 domains in Ca2+-activated and Ca2+-independent protein kinase Cs in aplysia. J. Biol. Chem., 273, 19040–19048 (1998)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Sossin, W.S.; Diaz-Arrastia, R.; Schwartz, J.H.: Characterization of two isoforms of protein kinase C in the nervous system of Aplysia californica. J. Biol. Chem., 268, 5763–5768 (1993)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Kruger, K.E.; Sossin, W.S.; Sacktor, T.C.; Bergold, P.J.; Beushausen, S.; Schwartz, J.H.: Cloning and characterization of Ca2+-dependent and Ca2+-independent PKCs expressed in Aplysia sensory cells. J. Neurosci., 11, 2303–2313 (1991)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. Pepio, A.M.; Sossin, W.S.: The C2 domain of the Ca2+-independent protein kinase C Apl II inhibits phorbol ester binding to the C1 domain in a phosphatidic acid-sensitive manner. Biochemistry., 37, 1256–1263 (1998)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Sossin, W.S.; Schwartz, J.H.: Ca2+-independent protein kinase Cs contain an amino-terminal domain similar to the C2 consensus sequence. Trends Biochem. Sci., 18, 207–208 (1993)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. Akimoto, K.; Mizuno, K.; Osada, S.; Hirai, S.; Tanuma, S.; Suzuki, K.; Ohno, S.: A new member of the third class in the protein kinase C family, PKC λ, expressed dominantly in an undifferentiated mouse embryonal carcinoma cell line and also in many tissues and cells. J. Biol. Chem., 269, 12677–12683 (1994)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. Morrice, N.A.; Gabrielli, B.; Kemp, B.E.; Wettenhall, R.E.: A cardiolipin-activated protein kinase from rat liver structurally distinct from the protein kinases C. J. Biol. Chem., 269, 20040–20046 (1994)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. Dekker, L.V.; Parker, P.J.; McIntyre, P.: Biochemical properties of rat protein kinase C-h expressed in COS cells. FEBS Lett., 312, 195–199 (1992)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. Choi, B.H.; Chae, H.D.; Park, T.J.; Oh, J.; Lim, J.; Kang, S.S.; Ha, H.; Kim, K.T.: Protein kinase C regulates the activity and stability of serotonin N-acetyltransferase. J. Neurochem., 90, 442–454 (2004)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. Beltowski, J.; Marciniak, A.; Jamroz-Wisniewska, A.; Borkowska, E.; Wojcicka, G.: Bidirectional regulation of renal cortical Na+,K+-ATPase by protein kinase C. Acta Biochim. Pol., 51, 757–772 (2004)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. Barman, S.A.; Zhu, S.; White, R.E.: Protein kinase C inhibits BKCa channel activity in pulmonary arterial smooth muscle. Am. J. Physiol., 286, L149–155 (2004)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  101. Meyer, M.C.; Kell, P.J.; Creer, M.H.; McHowat, J.: Calcium-independent phospholipase A2 is regulated by a novel protein kinase C in human coronary artery endothelial cells. Am. J. Physiol., 288, C475–482 (2005)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. Bain, J.; McLauchlan, H.; Elliott, M.; Cohen, P.: The specificities of protein kinase inhibitors: an update. Biochem. J., 371, 199–204 (2003)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  103. Tan, S.-L.; Parker, P.J.: Emerging and diverse roles of protein kinase C in immune cell signalling. Biochem. J., 376, 545–552 (2003)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  104. Duran, M.-J.; Pierre, S.V.; Carr, D.L.; Pressley, T.A.: The isoform-specific region of the Na, K-ATPase catalytic subunit: role in enzyme kinetics and regulation by protein kinase C. Biochemistry, 43, 16174–16183 (2004)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  105. Yang, J.H.; Derr-Yellin, E.C.; Kodavanti, P.R.: Alterations in brain protein kinase C isoforms following developmental exposure to a polychlorinated biphenyl mixture. Brain Res. Mol. Brain Res., 111, 123–135 (2003)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  106. Hung, A.C.; Chu, Y.J.; Lin, Y.H.; Weng, J.Y.; Chen, H.B.; Au, Y.C.; Sun, S.H.: Roles of protein kinase C in regulation of P2X7 receptor-mediated calcium signalling of cultured type-2 astrocyte cell line, RBA-2. Cell. Signal., 17, 1384–1396 (2005)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  107. Guo, B.; Su, T.T.; Rawlings, D.J.: Protein kinase C family functions in B-cell activation. Curr. Opin. Immunol., 16, 367–373 (2004)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  108. Geeraert, V.; Dupont, J.-L.; Grant, N.J.; Huvet, C.; Chasserot-Golaz, S.; Janoshazi, A.; Procksch, O.; de Barry, J.: F-actin does not modulate the initial steps of the protein kinase C activation process in living nerve cells. Exp. Cell Res., 289, 222–236 (2003)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  109. Poole, D.P.; Hunne, B.; Robbins, H.L.; Furness, J.B.: Protein kinase C isoforms in the enteric nervous system. Histochem. Cell Biol., 120, 51–61 (2003)

    Google Scholar 

  110. Violin, J.D.; Newton, A.C.: Pathway illuminated: visualizing protein kinase C signaling. IUBMB Life, 55, 653–660 (2003)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  111. Matsubara, M.; Hayashi, N.; Jing, T.; Titani, K.: Regulation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase by protein kinase C. J. Biochem., 133, 773–781 (2003)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  112. Crosby, D.; Poole, A.W.: Physical and functional interaction between protein kinase C δ and Fyn tyrosine kinase in human platelets. J. Biol. Chem., 278, 24533–24541 (2003)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  113. Helliwell, P.A.; Rumsby, M.G.; Kellett, G.L.: Intestinal sugar absorption is regulated by phosphorylation and turnover of protein kinase C βII mediated by phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-and mammalian target of rapamycin-dependent pathways. J. Biol. Chem., 278, 28644–28650 (2003)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  114. Ananthanarayanan, B.; Stahelin, R.V.; Digman, M.A.; Cho, W.: Activation mechanisms of conventional protein kinase C isoforms are determined by the ligand affinity and conformational flexibility of their C1 domains. J. Biol. Chem., 278, 46886–46894 (2003)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  115. Chen, J.-S.; Exton, J.H.: Regulation of phospholipase D2 activity by protein kinase Cα. J. Biol. Chem., 279, 22076–22083 (2004)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  116. Uchino, M.; Sakai, N.; Kashiwagi, K.; Shirai, Y.; Shinohara, Y.; Hirose, K.; Iino, M.; Yamamura, T.; Saito, N.: Isoform-specific phosphorylation of metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 by protein kinase C (PKC) blocks Ca2+ oscillation and oscillatory translocation of Ca2+-dependent PKC. J. Biol. Chem., 279, 2254–2261 (2004)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  117. Becker, K.P.; Hannun, Y.A.: Isoenzyme-specific translocation of protein kinase C (PKC)βII and not PKCβI to a juxtanuclear subset of recycling endosomes: involvement of phospholipase D. J. Biol. Chem., 279, 28251–28256 (2004)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  118. Ranganathan, S.; Liu, C.X.; Migliorini, M.M.; Von Arnim, C.A.; Peltan, I.D.; Mikhailenko, I.; Hyman, B.T.; Strickland, D.K.: Serine and threonine phosphorylation of the low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein by protein kinase Ca regulates endocytosis and association with adaptor molecules. J. Biol. Chem., 279, 40536–40544 (2004)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  119. Kawakami, Y.; Nishimoto, H.; Kitaura, J.; Maeda-Yamamoto, M.; Kato, R.M.; Littman, D.R.; Rawlings, D.J.; Kawakami, T.: Protein kinase C βII regulates Akt phosphorylation on Ser-473 in a cell type-and stimulusspecific fashion. J. Biol. Chem., 279, 47720–47725 (2004)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  120. Johnson, L.A.; Guptaroy, B.; Lund, D.; Shamban, S.; Gnegy, M.E.: Regulation of amphetamine-stimulated dopamine efflux by protein kinase C β. J. Biol. Chem., 280, 10914–10919 (2005)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  121. Tsuda, K.; Tsuda, S.; Nishio, I.: Role of protein kinase C in the regulation of acetylcholine release in the central nervous system of spontaneously hypertensive rats. J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol., 41 Suppl 1, S57–60 (2003)

    Google Scholar 

  122. Gu, J.L.; Lu, W.; Xia, C.; Wu, X.; Liu, M.: Regulation of hematopoietic-specific G-protein Gα15 and Gα16 by protein kinase C. J. Cell. Biochem., 88, 1101–1111 (2003)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  123. Chaube, R.; Joy, K.P.: Cyclic AMP-protein kinase A and protein kinase C mediate in vitro T activation of brain tyrosine hydroxylase in the female catfish Heteropneustes fossilis. J. Neuroendocrinol., 17, 91–96 (2005)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  124. Nozawa, Y.; Nishihara, K.; Akizawa, Y.; Orimoto, N.; Nakano, M.; Uji, T.; Ajioka, H.; Kanda, A.; Matsuura, N.; Kiniwa, M.: Protein kinase C activation by Helicobacter pylori in human gastric epithelial cells limits interleukin-8 production through suppression of extracellular signal-regulated kinase. J. Pharmacol. Sci., 94, 233–239 (2004)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  125. Bayer, A.L.; Heidkamp, M.C.; Patel, N.; Porter, M.; Engman, S.; Samarel, A.M.: Alterations in protein kinase C isoenzyme expression and autophosphorylation during the progression of pressure overload-induced left ventricular hypertrophy. Mol. Cell. Biochem., 242, 145–152 (2003)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  126. Spitaler, M.; Cantrell, D.A.: Protein kinase C and beyond. Nat. Immunol., 5, 785–790 (2004)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  127. Larsen, G.A.; Berg-Johnsen, J.; Moe, M.C.; Vinje, M.L.: Calcium-dependent protein kinase C activation in acutely isolated neurons during oxygen and glucose deprivation. Neurochem. Res., 29, 1931–1937 (2004)

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  128. Kamimura, K.; Hojo, H.; Abe, M.: Characterization of expression of protein kinase C isozymes in human B-cell lymphoma: Relationship between its expression and prognosis. Pathol. Int., 54, 224–230 (2004)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  129. Bazan-Tejeda, M.L.; Argueello-Garcia, R.; Bermudez-Cruz, R.M.; Robles-Flores, M.; Ortega-Pierres, G.: Protein kinase C isoforms from Giardia duodenalis: identification and functional characterization of a β-like molecule during encystment. Arch. Microbiol., 187, 55–66 (2007)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  130. Harper, M.T.; Poole, A.W.: Isoform-specific functions of protein kinase C: the platelet paradigm. Biochem. Soc. Trans., 35, 1005–1008 (2007)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  131. Budas, G.R.; Koyanagi, T.; Churchill, E.N.; Mochly-Rosen, D.: Competitive inhibitors and allosteric activators of protein kinase C isoenzymes: a personal account and progress report on transferring academic discoveries to the clinic. Biochem. Soc. Trans., 35, 1021–1026 (2007)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  132. Grodsky, N.; Li, Y.; Bouzida, D.; Love, R.; Jensen, J.; Nodes, B.; Nonomiya, J.; Grant, S.: Structure of the catalytic domain of human protein kinase C β II complexed with a bisindolylmaleimide inhibitor. Biochemistry, 45, 13970–13981 (2006)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  133. Abeyweera, T.P.; Rotenberg, S.A.: Design and characterization of a traceable protein kinase Cα. Biochemistry, 46, 2364–2370 (2007)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  134. Los, A.P.; de Widt, J.; Topham, M.K.; van Blitterswijk, W.J.; Divecha, N.: Protein kinase C inhibits binding of diacylglycerol kinase-zeta to the retinoblastoma protein. Biochim. Biophys. Acta., 1773, 352–357 (2007)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  135. Baldeiras, I.E.; Santos, R.M.; Rosario, L.M.: Protein kinase C isoform specificity of cholinergic potentiation of glucose-induced pulsatile 5-HT/insulin release from mouse pancreatic islets. Biol. Res., 39, 531–539 (2006)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  136. Abeywickrama, C.; Rotenberg, S.A.; Baker, A.D.: Inhibition of protein kinase C by dequalinium analogues: structure-activity studies on head group variations. Bioorg. Med. Chem., 14, 7796–7803 (2006)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  137. Mahmmoud, Y.A.: Modulation of protein kinase C by curcumin; inhibition and activation switched by calcium ions. Br. J. Pharmacol., 150, 200–208 (2007)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  138. Curia, G.; Aracri, P.; Colombo, E.; Scalmani, P.; Mantegazza, M.; Avanzini, G.; Franceschetti, S.: Phosphorylation of sodium channels mediated by protein kinase-C modulates inhibition by topiramate of tetrodotoxin-sensitive transient sodium current. Br. J. Pharmacol., 150, 792–797 (2007)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  139. Popp, R.L.; Velasquez, O.; Bland, J.; Hughes, P.: Characterization of protein kinase C isoforms in primary cultured cerebellar granule cells. Brain Res., 1083, 70–84 (2006)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  140. Li, J.; Qu, Y.; Zu, P.; Han, S.; Gao, G.; Xu, Q.; Fang, L.: Increased isoform-specific membrane translocation of conventional and novel protein kinase C in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells following prolonged hypoxia. Brain Res., 1093, 25–32 (2006)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  141. Xu, T.R.; He, G.; Dobson, K.; England, K.; Rumsby, M.: Phosphorylation at Ser729 specifies a Golgi localisation for protein kinase C ε (PKCε) in 3T3 fibroblasts. Cell. Signal., 19, 1986–1995 (2007)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  142. Grossoni, V.C.; Falbo, K.B.; Mauro, L.V.; Krasnapolski, M.A.; Kazanietz, M.G.; Bal De Kier Joffe, E.D.; Urtreger, A.J.: Protein kinase C δ inhibits the production of proteolytic enzymes in murine mammary cells. Clin. Exp. Metastasis, 24, 513–520 (2007)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  143. Beaudry, H.; Gendron, L.; Guimond, M.O.; Payet, M.D.; Gallo-Payet, N.: Involvement of protein kinase C α (PKC α) in the early action of angiotensin II type 2 (AT2) effects on neurite outgrowth in NG108-15 cells: AT2-receptor inhibits PKC a and p21ras activity. Endocrinology., 147, 4263–4272 (2006)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  144. Villanueva-Garcia, D.; Wang, K.T.; Nielsen, H.C.; Ramadurai, S.M.: Expression of specific protein kinase C (PKC) isoforms and ligand-specific activation of PKCα in late gestation fetal lung. Exp. Lung Res., 33, 185–196 (2007)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  145. Eun, S.Y.; Kim, E.H.; Kang, K.S.; Kim, H.J.; Jo, S.A.; Kim, S.J.; Jo, S.H.; Kim, S.J.; Blackshear, P.J.; Kim, J.: Cell type-specific upregulation of myristoylated alanine-rich C kinase substrate and protein kinase C−α, −β I, −β II, and −δ in microglia following kainic acid-induced seizures. Exp. Mol. Med., 38, 310–319 (2006)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  146. Chwae, Y.J.; Lee, J.M.; Kim, E.J.; Lee, S.T.; Soh, J.W.; Kim, J.: Activationinduced upregulation of inhibitory killer Ig-like receptors is regulated by protein kinase C. Immunol. Cell Biol., 85, 220–228 (2007)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  147. Saraiva, L.; Silva, R.D.; Pereira, G.; Goncalves, J.; Corte-Real, M.: Specific modulation of apoptosis and Bcl-xL phosphorylation in yeast by distinct mammalian protein kinase C isoforms. J. Cell Sci., 119, 3171–3181 (2006)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  148. Alvarez-Arias, D.A.; Campbell, K.S.: Protein kinase C regulates expression and function of inhibitory killer cell Ig-like receptors in NK cells. J. Immunol., 179, 5281–5290 (2007)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  149. Bowley, K.A.; Linley, J.E.; Robins, G.G.; Kopanati, S.; Hunter, M.; Sandle, G.I.: Role of protein kinase C in aldosterone-induced non-genomic inhibition of basolateral potassium channels in human colonic crypts. J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol., 104, 45–52 (2007)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  150. Nawaratne, R.; Gray, A.; Jorgensen, C.H.; Downes, C.P.; Siddle, K.; Sethi, J.K.: Regulation of insulin receptor substrate 1 pleckstrin homology domain by protein kinase C: role of serine 24 phosphorylation. Mol. Endocrinol., 20, 1838–1852 (2006)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  151. Sampson, S.R.; Cooper, D.R.: Specific protein kinase C isoforms as transducers and modulators of insulin signaling. Mol. Genet. Metab., 89, 32–47 (2006)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  152. Cerda, S.R.; Mustafi, R.; Little, H.; Cohen, G.; Khare, S.; Moore, C.; Majumder, P.; Bissonnette, M.: Protein kinase C δ inhibits Caco-2 cell proliferation by selective changes in cell cycle and cell death regulators. Oncogene, 25, 3123–3138 (2006)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  153. Kocanova, S.; Hornakova, T.; Hritz, J.; Jancura, D.; Chorvat, D.; Mateasik, A.; Ulicny, J.; Refregiers, M.; Maurizot, J.C.; Miskovsky, P.: Characterization of the interaction of hypericin with protein kinase C in U-87 MG human glioma cells. Photochem. Photobiol., 82, 720–728 (2006)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2009 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

(2009). Protein kinase C. In: Schomburg, D., Schomburg, I., Chang, A. (eds) Class 2 Transferases. Springer Handbook of Enzymes, vol S3. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-85699-3_13

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics