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Root Genomics pp 133–153Cite as

Mechanisms of Aluminum Tolerance

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Abstract

Aluminum (Al) toxicity limits agricultural productivity over much of the world’s arable land by inhibiting root growth and development. Affected plants have difficulty in acquiring adequate water and nutrition from their soil environments and thus have stunted shoot development and diminished yield. Al toxicity is due to soil acidity and is largely a natural problem; however, it can also result due to excessive use of ammonia-based fertilizers. Many plants utilize Al tolerance mechanisms that depend upon excluding Al from the root tip, which is the most sensitive part of the root system to Al toxicity. Al exclusion is often mediated by citrate or malate release from roots by Al-activated transporters. Recently, major Al tolerance loci have been cloned and represent citrate (Alt SB from Sorghum) or malate (TaALMT1) from wheat transporters. While other Al tolerance mechanisms have some support, systems biology approaches are making good progress to describe them more fully. Thus, it is an exciting time to study the mechanisms of Al tolerance and apply this knowledge to crop improvement via marker-assisted breeding and translational genomics.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA

    Owen A. Hoekenga

  2. Embrapa Maize and Sorghum, Rod. MG 424 Km 65, 35701-970, Sete Lagoas, Minas Gerais, Brazil

    Jurandir V. Magalhaes

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  1. Owen A. Hoekenga
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  2. Jurandir V. Magalhaes
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Correspondence to Owen A. Hoekenga .

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  1. Centro de Genômica e, Fitomelhoramento (CGF), Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel), Pelotas, 96001-970, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil

    Antonio Costa de Oliveira

  2. ICRISAT, Centre of Excellence in Genomics (CEG), Patancheru, 502 324, Andra Pradesh, India

    Rajeev K. Varshney

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Hoekenga, O.A., Magalhaes, J.V. (2011). Mechanisms of Aluminum Tolerance. In: Costa de Oliveira, A., Varshney, R. (eds) Root Genomics. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-85546-0_6

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