Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Buzzi F (1782) Nuovo sperienze fatte sull’ occhio umano. Opuscoli scelti di Milano 5:87
Soemmering S (1799) De Foramine Centralis limbo luteo cincto retinae humane. Soc Reg Sic Goetting 13:3
Gullstrand F (1906) Die farbe der Macula centralis retinae. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 62:1–72
Nordenson JW (1958) Neue Argumente zur der Frage der Makulafarbe. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 160:43–46
Snodderly DM, Auran JD, Delori FC (1984) The macular pigment. II. Spatial distribution in primate retinas. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 25:674–685
Snodderly DM, Brown PK, Delori FC, Auran JD (1984) The macular pigment. I. Absorbance spectra, localization, and discrimination from other yellow pigments in primate retinas. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 25:660–673
Trieschmann M, van Kuijk FJ, Alexander R, Hermans P, Luthert P, Bird AC, Pauleikhoff D (2008) Macular pigment in the human retina: histological evaluation of localization and distribution. Eye 22:132–137
Wald G (1945) Human vision and the spectrum. Science 101:653–658
Bone RA, Landrum JT, Fernandez L, Tarsis SL (1988) Analysis of the macular pigment by HPLC: retinal distribution and age study. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 29: 843–849
Bone RA, Landrum JT, Tarsis SL (1985) Preliminary identification of the human macular pigment. Vision Res 25:1531–1535
Bone RA, Landrum JT, Hime GW, Cains A, Zamor J (1993) Stereochemistry of the human macular carotenoids. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 34:2033–2040
Handelman GJ, Snodderly DM, Krinsky NI, Russett MD, Adler AJ (1991) Biological control of primate macular pigment. Biochemical and densitometric studies. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 32:257–267
Engles M, Wooten B, Hammond B (2007) Macular pigment: a test of the acuity hypothesis. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 48:2922–2931
McLellan JS, Marcos S, Prieto PM, Burns SA (2002) Imperfect optics may be the eye’s defence against chromatic blur. Nature 417:174–176
Schultze M (1866) Zur Anatomie und Physiologie der Retina. Arch Mickrosk Anat 2:165–286
Wooten BR, Hammond BR (2002) Macular pigment: influences on visual acuity and visibility. Prog Retin Eye Res 21:225–240
Hammond BR, Wooten BR, Snodderly DM (1998) PreserÂvation of visual sensitivity of older subjects: association with macular pigment density. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 39:397–406
Stringham JM, Hammond BR Jr (2007) The glare hypothesis of macular pigment function. Optom Vis Sci 84:859–864
Stringham JM, Hammond BR (2008) Macular pigment and visual performance under glare conditions. Optom Vis Sci 85:82–88
Weale RA (2007) Guest editorial: notes on the macular pigment. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 27:1–10
Seddon JM, Ajani UA, Sperduto RD, Hiller R, Blair N, Burton TC, Farber MD, Gragoudas ES, Haller J, Miller DT; Eye Disease Case-Control Study Group (1994) Dietary carotenoids, vitamins A, C, and E, and advanced age-related macular degeneration. JAMA 272:1413–1420
Davies NP, Morland AB (2004) Macular pigments: their characteristics and putative role. Prog Retin Eye Res 23:533–559
Attebo K, Mitchell P, Smith W (1996) Visual acuity and the causes of visual loss in Australia. The Blue Mountains Eye Study. Ophthalmology 103:357–364
Klaver CC, Wolfs RC, Vingerling JR, Hofman A, de Jong PTVM (1998) Age-specific prevalence and causes of blindness and visual impairment in an older population: the Rotterdam Study. Arch Ophthalmol 116:653–658
Tielsch JM, Javitt JC, Coleman A, Katz J, Sommer A (1995) The prevalence of blindness and visual impairment among nursing home residents in Baltimore. N Engl J Med 332:1205–1209
Bandello F, Lafuma A, Berdeaux G (2007) Public health impact of neovascular age-related macular degeneration treatments extrapolated from visual acuity. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 48:96–103
Covert D, Berdeaux G, Mitchell J, Bradley C, Barnes R (2007) Quality of life and health economic assessments of age-related macular degeneration. Surv Ophthalmol 52: S20–S25
Cruess A, Zlateva G, Xu X, Rochon S (2007) Burden of illness of neovascular age-related macular degeneration in Canada. Can J Ophthalmol 42
Gupta OP, Brown GC, Brown MM (2007) Age-related macular degeneration: the costs to society and the patient. [Miscellaneous]. Curr Opin Ophthalmol 18:201–205
Marback RF, Maia Junior OD, Morais FB, Takahashi WY (2007) Quality of life in patients with age-related macular degeneration with monocular and binocular legal blindness. Clinics 62:573–578
Soubrane G, Cruess A, Lotery A, Pauleikhoff D, Mones J, Xu X, Zlateva G, Buggage R, Conlon J, Goss TF (2007) Burden and health care resource utilization in neovascular age-related macular degeneration: findings of a multicountry study. Arch Ophthalmol 125:1249–1254
Evans JR (2007) Primary prevention of age related macular degeneration. BMJ 335:729
Bone RA, Landrum JT, Cains A (1992) Optical density spectra of the macular pigment in vivo and in vitro. Vision Res 32:105–110
DeMarco P, Pokorny J, Smith VC (1992) Full-spectrum cone sensitivity functions for X-chromosome-linked anomalous trichromats. J Opt Soc Am A 9:1465–1476
Sharpe LT, Stockman A, Knau H, Jägle H (1998) Macular pigment densities derived from central and peripheral spectral sensitivity differences. Vision Res 38:3233–3239
Vos JJ (1972) Literature review of human macular absorption in the visible and its consequence for the cone receptor primaries. Report Institute for Perception TNO 17
Landrum JT, Bone RA, Kilburn MD (1997) The macular pigment: a possible role in protection from age-related macular degeneration. Adv Pharmacol 38:537–556
Khachik F, Bernstein PS, Garland DL (1997) Identification of lutein and zeaxanthin oxidation products in human and monkey retinas. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 38:1802–1811
Izumi-Nagai K, Nagai N, Ohgami K, Satofuka S, Ozawa Y, Tsubota K, Umezawa K, Ohno S, Oike Y, Ishida S (2007) Macular pigment lutein is antiinflammatory in preventing choroidal neovascularization. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 27:2555–2562
Beatty S, Murray IJ, Henson DB, Carden D, Koh H, Boulton ME (2001) Macular pigment and risk for age-related macular degeneration in subjects from a Northern European population. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 42: 439–446
Beatty S, Stevenson M, Nolan JM, Woodside J, Chakravarthy U; The CARMA Study Group (2009) Longitudinal relationships between macular pigment and serum lutein in patients enrolled in the CARMA Clinical Trial (carotenoids and co-antioxidants in age-related maculopathy). Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 50:1719
Berendschot TTJM, Willemse-Assink JJM, Bastiaanse M, de Jong PTVM, van Norren D (2002) Macular pigment and melanin in age-related maculopathy in a general population. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 43:1928–1932
Bone RA, Landrum JT, Mayne ST, Gomez CM, Tibor SE, Twaroska EE (2001) Macular pigment in donor eyes with and without AMD: a case-control study. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 42:235–240
Carpentier S, Knaus M, Suh M (2009) Associations between lutein, zeaxanthin, and age-related macular degeneration: an overview. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 49:313–326
Cho E, Seddon JM, Rosner B, Willett WC, Hankinson SE (2004) Prospective study of intake of fruits, vegetables, vitamins, and carotenoids and risk of age-related maculopathy. Arch Ophthalmol 122:883–892
Chong EWT, Wong TY, Kreis AJ, Simpson JA, Guymer RH (2007) Dietary antioxidants and primary prevention of age related macular degeneration: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ 335:755–763
Delcourt C, Carriere I, Delage M, Barberger-Gateau P, Schalch W; The Pola Study Group (2006) Plasma lutein and zeaxanthin and other carotenoids as modifiable risk factors for age-related maculopathy and cataract: The POLA Study. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 47:2329–2335
Gale CR, Hall NF, Phillips DI, Martyn CN (2003) Lutein and zeaxanthin status and risk of age-related macular degeneration. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 44:2461–2465
Loane E, Kelliher C, Beatty S, Nolan JM (2008) The rationale and evidence base for a protective role of macular pigment in age-related maculopathy. Br J Ophthalmol 92:1163–1168
Mares-Perlman JA (1999) Too soon for lutein supplements. Am J Clin Nutr 70:431–432
Mares-Perlman JA, Millen AE, Ficek TL, Hankinson SE (2002) The body of evidence to support a protective role for lutein and zeaxanthin in delaying chronic disease. Overview. J Nutr 132:518S–524S
Mozaffarieh M, Sacu S, Wedrich A (2003) The role of the carotenoids, lutein and zeaxanthin, in protecting against age-related macular degeneration: a review based on controversial evidence. Nutrition J 2:20
Nolan JM, Stack J, O’ Donovan O, Loane E, Beatty S (2007) Risk factors for age-related maculopathy are associated with a relative lack of macular pigment. Exp Eye Res 84: 61–74
O’Connell ED, Nolan JM, Stack J, Greenberg D, Kyle J, Maddock L, Beatty S (2008) Diet and risk factors for age-related maculopathy. Am J Clin Nutr 87:712–722
Richer S, Stiles W, Statkute L, Pulido J, Franskowski J, Rudy D, Pei K, Tsipusrky M, Nyland J (2004) Double-masked, placebo-controlled, randomized trial of lutein and antioxidant supplementation in the intervention of atrophic age-related macular degeneration: the Veterans LAST study (Lutein Antioxidant Supplementation Trial). Optometry 75:216–230
Richer S, Devenport J, Lang JC (2007) LAST II: Differential temporal responses of macular pigment optical density in patients with atrophic age-related macular degeneration to dietary supplementation with xanthophylls. Optometry 78:213–219
Snellen EL, Verbeek AL, Van Den Hoogen GW, Cruysberg JR, Hoyng CB (2002) Neovascular age-related macular degeneration and its relationship to antioxidant intake. Acta Ophthalmol Scand 80:368–371
Tsika CI, Kontadakis G, Makridaki M, Plainis S, Moschandreas J, Pallikaris IG, Tsilimbaris MK (2009) Assessment of macular pigment optical density in patients with unilateral wet Amd. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 50:1720
Trumbo PR, Ellwood KC (2006) Lutein and zeaxanthin intakes and risk of age-related macular degeneration and cataracts: an evaluation using the Food and Drug Administration’s evidence-based review system for health claims. Am J Clin Nutr 84:971–974
Nussbaum JJ, Pruett RC, Delori FC (1981) Historic perspectives. Macular yellow pigment. The first 200 years. Retina 1:296–310
van de Kraats J, Kanis MJ, Genders SW, van Norren D (2008) Lutein and zeaxanthin measured separately in the living human retina with fundus reflectometry. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 49:5568–5573
Miles WR (1954) Comparison of functional and structural areas in human fovea. I. Method of entoptic plotting. J Neurophysiol 17:22–38
Maxwell JC (1856) On the unequal sensibility of the formanen centrale to light of different colours. Rep Brit Ass Adv Sci 2:12
Snodderly DM, Handelman GJ, Adler AJ (1991) Distribution of individual macular pigment carotenoids in central retina of macaque and squirrel monkeys. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 32:268–279
Bone RA, Landrum JT (1983) Dichroism of lutein: a possible basis for Haidinger’s brushes. Appl Opt 22:775–776
Hammond BR, Wooten BR, Snodderly DM (1997) Individual variations in the spatial profile of human macular pigment. J Opt Soc Am A 14:1187–1196
Berendschot TTJM, van Norren D (2006) Macular pigment shows ringlike structures. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 47:709–714
Delori FC, Goger DG, Keilhauer C, Salvetti P, Staurenghi G (2006) Bimodal spatial distribution of macular: evidence of a gender relationship. J Opt Soc Am 23:521–538
Kirby ML, Galea M, Loane E, Stack J, Beatty S, Nolan JM (2009) Foveal anatomic associations with the secondary peak and the slope of the macular pigment spatial profile. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 50:1383–1391
Trieschmann M, Spital G, Lommatzsch A, van Kuijk E, Fitzke F, Bird AC, Pauleikhoff D (2003) Macular pigment: quantitative analysis on autofluorescence images. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 241:1006–1012
Berendschot TTJM, van Norren D (2005) On the age dependency of the macular pigment optical density. Exp Eye Res 81:602–609
Ciulla TA, Hammond JR (2004) Macular pigment density and aging, assessed in the normal elderly and those with cataracts and age-related macular degeneration. Am J Ophthalmol 138:582–587
Liew SH, Gilbert CE, Spector TD, Mellerio J, van Kuijk FJ, Beatty S, Fitzke F, Marshall J, Hammond CJ (2006) Central retinal thickness is positively correlated with macular pigment optical density. Exp Eye Res 82:915–920
van der Veen RLP, Ostendorf S, Hendrikse F, Berendschot TTJM (2009) Macular pigment optical density relates to foveal thickness. Eur J Ophthalmol 19:836–841
Kanis MJ, Berendschot TTJM, van Norren D (2007) Interocular agreement in melanin and macular pigment optical density. Exp Eye Res 84:934–938
Nolan JM, Stringham JM, Beatty S, Snodderly DM (2008) Spatial profile of macular pigment and its relationship to foveal architecture. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 49:2134–2142
Neelam K, Nolan J, Loane E, Stack J, O’Donovan O, Au Eong KG, Beatty S (2006) Macular pigment and ocular biometry. Vision Res 46:2149–2156
Neuringer M, Sandstrom MM, Johnson EJ, Snodderly DM (2004) Nutritional manipulation of primate retinas, i: effects of lutein or zeaxanthin supplements on serum and macular pigment in xanthophyll-free rhesus monkeys. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 45:3234–3243
Charbel Issa P, Berendschot TTJM, Staurenghi G, Holz FG, Scholl HP (2008) Confocal blue reflectance imaging in type 2 idiopathic macular telangiectasia. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 49:1172–1177
Charbel Issa P, van der Veen RLP, Stijfs A, Holz FG, Scholl HPN, Berendschot TTJM (2009) Quantification of reduced macular pigment optical density in the central retina in macular telangiectasia type 2. Exp Eye Res 89: 25–31
Helb HM, Charbel Issa P, van der Veen RLP, Berendschot TTJM, Scholl HP, Holz FG (2008) Abnormal macular pigment distribution in type 2 idiopathic macular telangiectasia. Retina 28:808–816
Hammond BR, Johnson EJ, Russell RM, Krinsky NI, Yeum KJ, Edwards RB, Snodderly DM (1997) Dietary modification of human macular pigment density. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 38:1795–1801
Granado F, Olmedilla B, Herrero C, Perez-Sacristan B, Blanco I, Blazquez S (2006) Bioavailability of carotenoids and tocopherols from broccoli: in vivo and in vitro assessment. Exp Biol Med 231:1733–1738
Maiani G, Periago Caston MJ, Catasta G, Toti E, Cambrodon IG, Bysted A, Granado-Lorencio F, ÂOlmedilla-Alonso B, Knuthsen P, Valoti M, Bohm V, Mayer-Miebach E, Behsnilian D, Schlemmer U (2009) Carotenoids: actual knowledge on food sources, intakes, stability and bioavailability and their protective role in humans. Mol Nutr Food Res 53:S194–S218
Sommerburg O, Keunen JEE, Bird AC, Van Kuijk FJGM (1998) Fruits and vegetables that are sources for lutein and zeaxanthin: the macular pigment in human eyes. Br J Ophthalmol 82:907–910
Thurnham DI (2007) Macular zeaxanthins and lutein ? a review of dietary sources and bioavailability and some relationships with macular pigment optical density and age-related macular disease. Nutr Res Rev 20:163–179
Broekmans WMR, Berendschot TTJM, Klöpping WA, de Vries AJ, Goldbohm RA, Tijssen CC, Karplus M, van Poppel G (2002) Macular pigment density in relation to serum and adipose tissue concentrations of lutein and serum concentrations of zeaxanthin. Am J Clin Nutr 76: 595–603
Johnson EJ, Hammond BR, Yeum KJ, Qin J, Wang XD, Castaneda C, Snodderly DM, Russell RM (2000) Relation among serum and tissue concentrations of lutein and zeaxanthin and macular pigment density. Am J Clin Nutr 71:1555–1562
Johnson EJ, Neuringer M, Russell RM, Schalch W, Snodderly DM (2005) Nutritional manipulation of primate retinas, III: effects of lutein or zeaxanthin supplementation on adipose tissue and retina of xanthophyll-free monkeys. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 46:692–702
Landrum JT, Bone RA, Chen Y, Herrero C, Llerena CM, Twarowska E (1999) Carotenoids in the human retina. Pure Appl Chem 71:2237–2244
Loane E, Beatty S, Nolan JM (2009) The relationship between lutein, zeaxanthin, serum lipoproteins and macular pigment optical density. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 50:1710
Burke JD, Curran-Celentano J, Wenzel AJ (2005) Diet and serum carotenoid concentrations affect macular pigment optical density in adults 45 years and older. J Nutr 135:1208–1214
Chung HY, Rasmussen HM, Johnson EJ (2004) Lutein bioavailability is higher from lutein-enriched eggs than from supplements and spinach in men. J Nutr 134:1887–1893
Wenzel AJ, Gerweck C, Barbato D, Nicolosi RJ, Handelman GJ, Curran-Celentano J (2006) A 12-wk egg intervention increases serum zeaxanthin and macular pigment optical density in women. J Nutr 136:2568–2573
Berendschot TTJM, Goldbohm RA, Klöpping WA, van de Kraats J, van Norel J, van Norren D (2000) Influence of lutein supplementation on macular pigment, assessed with two objective techniques. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 41:3322–3326
Bhosale P, Zhao dY, Bernstein PS (2007) HPLC measurement of ocular carotenoid levels in human donor eyes in the lutein supplementation era. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 48:543–549
Bone RA, Landrum JT, Cao Y, Howard AN, varez-Calderon F (2007) Macular pigment response to a supplement containing meso-zeaxanthin, lutein and zeaxanthin. Nutr Metab (Lond) 4:12
Bone RA, Landrum JT, Guerra LH, Ruiz CA (2003) Lutein and zeaxanthin dietary supplements raise macular pigment density and serum concentrations of these carotenoids in humans. J Nutr 133:992–998
Johnson EJ, Chung HY, Caldarella SM, Snodderly DM (2008) The influence of supplemental lutein and docosahexaenoic acid on serum, lipoproteins, and macular pigmentation. Am J Clin Nutr 87:1521–1529
Köpcke W, Schalch W; LUXEA-Study Group (2005) Changes in macular pigment optical density following repeated dosing with lutein, zeaxanthin, or their combination in healthy volunteers – results of the LUXEA-study. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 46:1768
Landrum JT, Bone RA, Joa H, Kilburn MD, Moore LL, Sprague KE (1997) A one year study of the macular pigment: the effect of 140 days of a lutein supplement. Exp Eye Res 65:57–62
Rougier MB, Delyfer MN, Korobelnik JF (2008) [Measuring macular pigment in vivo]. J Fr Ophtalmol 31:445–453
Schalch W, Cohn W, Barker FM, Kopcke W, Mellerio J, Bird AC, Robson AG, Fitzke FF, van Kuijk FJ (2007) Xanthophyll accumulation in the human retina during supplementation with lutein or zeaxanthin – the LUXEA (LUtein Xanthophyll Eye Accumulation) study. Arch Biochem Biophys 458:128–135
Snodderly DM, Chung HC, Caldarella SM, Johnson EJ (2005) The influence of supplemental lutein and docosahexaenoic acid on their serum levels and on macular pigment. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 46:1766
Tanito M, Obana A, Okazaki S, Ohira A, Gellermann W (2009) Change of macular pigment density quantified with resonance Raman spectrophotometry and autofluorescence imaging in normal subjects supplemented with oral lutein or zeaxanthin. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 50:1716
Zeimer M, Hense HW, Heimes B, Austermann U, Fobker M, Pauleikhoff D (2009) [The macular pigment: short- and intermediate-term changes of macular pigment optical density following supplementation with lutein and zeaxanthin and co-antioxidants. The LUNA Study]. Ophthalmologe 106:29–36
Koh HH, Murray IJ, Nolan D, Carden D, Feather J, Beatty S (2004) Plasma and macular responses to lutein Âsupplement in subjects with and without age-related maculopathy: a pilot study. Exp Eye Res 79:21–27
Trieschmann M, Beatty S, Nolan JM, Hense HW, Heimes B, Austermann U, Fobker M, Pauleikhoff D (2007) Changes in macular pigment optical density and serum concentrations of its constituent carotenoids following supplemental lutein and zeaxanthin: the LUNA study. Exp Eye Res 84:718–728
Bone RA, Landrum JT, Friedes LM, Gomez CM, Kilburn MD, Menendez E, Vidal I, Wang W (1997) Distribution of lutein and zeaxanthin stereoisomers in the human retina. Exp Eye Res 64:211–218
Werner JS, Donnelly SK, Kliegl R (1987) Aging and human macular pigment density. Appended with translations from the work of Max Schultze and Ewald Hering. Vision Res 27:257–268
Delori FC, Goger DG, Hammond BR, Snodderly DM, Burns SA (2001) Macular pigment density measured by autofluorescence spectrometry: comparison with reflectometry and heterochromatic flicker photometry. J Opt Soc Am A 18:1212–1230
Ciulla TA, Curran-Celentano J, Cooper DA, Hammond BR, Danis RP, Pratt LM, Riccardi KA, Filloon TG (2001) Macular pigment optical density in a midwestern sample. Ophthalmology 108:730–737
Mellerio J, Ahmadi-Lari S, van Kuijk F, Pauleikhoff D, Bird A, Marshall J (2002) A portable instrument for measuring macular pigment with central fixation. Curr Eye Res 25:37–47
Hammond BR, Caruso-Avery M (2000) Macular pigment optical density in a Southwestern sample. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 41:1492–1497
Nolan J, O’Donovan O, Kavanagh H, Stack J, Harrison M, Muldoon A, Mellerio J, Beatty S (2004) Macular pigment and percentage of body fat. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 45:3940–3950
Nolan JM, Stack J, Mellerio J, Godhinio M, O’Donovan O, Neelam K, Beatty S (2006) Monthly consistency of macular pigment optical density and serum concentrations of lutein and zeaxanthin. Curr Eye Res 31:199–213
Davies NP, Morland AB (2002) Color matching in diabetes: optical density of the crystalline lens and macular pigments. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 43:281–289
Chen SF, Chang WuJC (2001) The spatial distribution of macular pigment in humans. Curr Eye Res 23:422–434
Zagers NPA (2004) Foveal reflection analyzer. On the spectral and directional reflectance of the retina. Utrecht University
Zagers NPA, van Norren D (2003) Photoreceptors act as spectrally flat reflectors. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 44:2873
Berendschot TTJM, van Norren D (2004) Objective determination of the macular pigment optical density using fundus reflectance spectroscopy. Arch Biochem Biophys 430:149–155
Jahn C, Wüstemeyer H, Brinkmann C, Trautmann S, Mößner A, Wolf S (2005) Macular pigment density in age-related maculopathy. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 243:222–227
Handelman GJ, Dratz EA, Reay CC, van Kuijk JG (1988) Carotenoids in the human macula and whole retina. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 29:850–855
Bernstein PS, Zhao DY, Sharifzadeh M, Ermakov IV, Gellermann W (2004) Resonance Raman measurement of macular carotenoids in the living human eye. Arch Biochem Biophys 430:163–169
Gellermann W, Bernstein PS (2004) Noninvasive detection of macular pigments in the human eye. J Biomed Opt 9:75–78
Gellermann W, Ermakov IV, Ermakova MR, McClane RW, Zhao DY, Bernstein PS (2002) In vivo resonant Raman measurement of macular carotenoid pigments in the young and the aging human retina. J Opt Soc Am A 19:1172–1186
Bernstein PS, Gellermann W (2003) Author response: assessment of the Raman method of measuring human macular pigment. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci [serial online] Available at http://www.iovs.org/cgi/eletters?lookup=by_date&days=9999#74. 15 Aug 2003
Bernstein PS, Gellermann W (2003) Author response: assessment of the Raman method of measuring human macular pigment (II). Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci [serial online] Available at http://www.iovs.org/cgi/eletters?lookup=by_date&days=9999#94. 30 Dec 2003
Wooten BR, Hammond BR (2003) Assessment of the Raman method of measuring human macular pigment. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci [serial online] Available at http://www.iovs.org/cgi/eletters?lookup=by_date&days=9999#73:August 15, 2003
Wooten BR, Hammond BR (2003) Assessment of the Raman method of measuring human macular pigment (II). Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci [serial online] Available at http://www.iovs.org/cgi/eletters?lookup=by_date&days=9999#92:December 30, 2003
Neelam K, O’Gorman N, Nolan J, O’Donovan O, Wong HB, Eong KGA, Beatty S (2005) Measurement of macular pigment: Raman spectroscopy versus heterochromatic Flicker photometry. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 46:1023–1032
Bone RA, Landrum JT (2004) Heterochromatic flicker photometry. Arch Biochem Biophys 430:137–142
Moreland JD (2004) Macular pigment assessment by motion photometry. Arch Biochem Biophys 430:143–148
van der Veen RLP, Berendschot TTJM, Hendrikse F, Carden D, Makridaki M, Murray IJ (2009) A new desktop instrument for measuring macular pigment optical density based on a novel technique for setting flicker thresholds. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 29:127–137
Berendschot TTJM, de Lint PJ, Norren D (2003) Fundus reflectance-historical and present ideas. Prog Retin Eye Res 22:171–200
Delori FC (2004) Autofluorescence method to measure macular pigment optical densities fluorometry and autofluorescence imaging. Arch Biochem Biophys 430:156–162
Bone RA, Landrum JT, Adams M, Gibert JC (2007) Validity of macular pigment optical density measurements by heterochromatic flicker photometry. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 48:2131
Gallaher KT, Mura M, Todd WA, Harris TL, Kenyon E, Harris T, Johnson KC, Satterfield S, Kritchevsky SB, Iannaccone A (2007) Estimation of macular pigment optical density in the elderly: Test-retest variability and effect of optical blur in pseudophakic subjects. Vision Res 47:1253–1259
Snodderly DM, Mares JA, Wooten BR, Oxton L, Gruber M, Ficek T (2004) Macular pigment measurement by heterochromatic Flicker photometry in older subjects: The Carotenoids and Age-Related Eye Disease Study. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 45:531–538
Hagen S, Krebs I, Glittenberg C, Binder S (2009) Repeated measures of macular pigment optical density to test reproducibility of heterochromatic flicker photometry. Acta Ophthalmol (in press)
Liou HL, Brennan NA (1997) Anatomically accurate, finite model eye for optical modeling. J Opt Soc Am A 14:1684–1695
Knighton RW, Baverez C, Bhattacharya A (1992) The directional reflectance of the retinal nerve fiber layer of the toad. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 33:2603–2611
Knighton RW, Huang XR (1999) Directional and spectral reflectance of the rat retinal nerve fiber layer. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 40:639–647
Knighton RW, Jacobson SG, Kemp CM (1989) The spectral reflectance of the nerve fiber layer of the macaque retina. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 30:2392–2402
Bour LJ, Koo L, Delori FC, Apkarian P, Fulton AB (2002) Fundus photography for measurement of macular pigment density distribution in children. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 43:1450–1455
Wüstemeyer H, Mößner A, Jahn C, Wolf S (2003) Macular pigment density in healthy subjects quantified with a Âmodified confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscope. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 241:647–651
Gorrand JM, Bacin F, Doly M (2009) Directionality of foveal cones and macular pigment optical density. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 50:1713
Zagers NPA, van ND (2004) Absorption of the eye lens and macular pigment derived from the reflectance of cone photoreceptors. J Opt Soc Am A Opt Image Sci Vis 21:2257–2268
van de Kraats J, Berendschot TTJM, van Norren D (1996) The pathways of light measured in fundus reflectometry. Vision Res 36:2229–2247
van de Kraats J, van Norren D (2008) Directional and nondirectional spectral reflection from the human fovea. J Biomed Opt 13:024010
van de Kraats J, Berendschot TTJM, Valen S, van Norren D (2006) Fast assessment of the central macular pigment density with natural pupil using the macular pigment reflectometer. J Biomed Opt 11:064031–064037
Delori FC, Dorey CK, Staurenghi G, Arend O, Goger DG, Weiter JJ (1995) In vivo fluorescence of the ocular fundus exhibits retinal pigment epithelium lipofuscin characteristics. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 36:718–729
Delori FC (1994) Spectrophotometer for noninvasive measurement of intrinsic fluorescence and reflectance of the ocular fundus. Appl Opt 33:7439–7452
Raman CV, Krishnan KS (1928) A new type of secondary radiation. Nature 121:501–502
Bernstein PS, Yoshida MD, Katz NB, McClane RW, Gellermann W (1998) Raman detection of macular carotenoid pigments in intact human retina. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 39:2003–2011
Zhao DY, Ermakov IV, Ermakova MR, McClane RW, Gellermann W, Wintch SW, Gregori NZ, Bernstein PS (2001) Resonance Raman spectroscopic measurement of macular carotenoids in normal and age-related macular degeneration subjects. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 42:S126
Zhao DY, Wintch SW, Ermakov IV, Gellermann W, Bernstein PS (2003) Resonance Raman measurement of macular carotenoids in retinal, choroidal, and macular dystrophies. Arch Ophthalmol 121:967–972
Hogg RE, Anderson RS, Stevenson MR, Zlatkova MB, Chakravarthy U (2007) In vivo macular pigment measurements: a comparison of resonance Raman spectroscopy and heterochromatic flicker photometry. Br J Ophthalmol 91:485–490
Hogg RE, Zlatkova MB, Chakravarthy U, Anderson RS (2007) Investigation of the effect of simulated lens yellowing, transparency loss and refractive error on in vivo resonance Raman spectroscopy. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 27:225–231
Hammond BR, Wooten BR, Smollon B (2005) Assessment of the validity of in vivo methods of measuring human macular pigment optical density. Optom Vis Sci 82:387–404
Loane E, Stack J, Beatty S, Nolan JM (2007) Measurement of macular pigment optical density using two different heterochromatic flicker photometers. Curr Eye Res 32:555–564
Trieschmann M, Heimes B, Hense HW, Pauleikhoff D (2006) Macular pigment optical density measurement in autofluorescence imaging: comparison of one- and two-wavelength methods. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 244:1565–1574
Wolf S (2006) Macular pigment measurements: which method should we use? Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 1–3
Berendschot TT, van der Veen RLP, Makridaki M, Carden D, Murray IJ (2009) A comparison of psychophysical and optical methods for determining the spatial profile of macular pigment. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 50:1725
Bone RA, Landrum JT, Gibert JC (2004) Macular pigment and the edge hypothesis of flicker photometry. Vision Res 44:3045–3051
Smollon WE, Wooten BR, Hammond BR (2005) Stimulus edge effects when measuring macular pigment using heterochromatic Flicker photometry. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 46:4569
Stringham JM, Hammond BR, Nolan JM, Wooten BR, Mammen A, Smollon W, Snodderly DM (2008) The utility of using customized heterochromatic flicker photometry (cHFP) to measure macular pigment in patients with age-related macular degeneration. Exp Eye Res 87: 445–453
Elsner AE, Burns SA, Delori FC, Webb RH (1990) Quantitative reflectometry with the SLO. In: Naseman JE, Burk ROW (eds) Laser scanning ophthalmoscopy and tomography. Quintessenz-Verlag, Munich, pp 109–121
Ossewaarde-Van Norel J, van den Biesen PR, van de Kraats J, Berendschot TTJM, van Norren D (2002) Comparison of fluorescence of sodium fluorescein in retinal angiography with measurements in vitro. J Biom Optics 7:190–198
Brinkmann CK, Rothenbuehler SP, Wolf-Schnurrbusch UEK, Wolf S (2009) Enhancement of Macular Pigment by Oral Lutein Supplementation Study (EMPOLS): first results. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 50:1708
Jahn C, Wüstemeyer H, Brinkmann C, Trautmann S, Moessner A, Wolf S (2005) Macular pigment density in age-related maculopathy. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 243:222–227
Liew SHM, Gilbert CE, Spector TD, Mellerio J, Marshall J, van Kuijk FJ, Beatty S, Fitzke F, Hammond CJ (2005) Heritability of macular pigment: a twin study. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 46:4430–4436
Robson AG, Harding G, Van Kuijk FJGM, Pauleikhoff D, Holder GE, Bird AC, Fitzke F, Moreland JD (2005) Comparison of fundus autofluorescence and minimum-motion measurements of macular pigment distribution profiles derived from identical retinal areas. Perception 34:1027–1032
Robson AG, Moreland JD, Pauleikhoff D, Morrissey T, Holder GE, Fitzke FW, Bird C, Van Kuijk FJGM (2003) Macular pigment density and distribution: comparison of fundus autofluorescence with minimum motion photometry. Vision Res 43:1765–1775
Trieschmann M, Heimes B, Hense HW, Pauleikhoff D (2006) Macular pigment optical density measurement in autofluorescence imaging: comparison of one- and two-wavelength methods. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 244:1565–1574
Van Kuijk EF, Moreland JD, Robson AG, Pauleikhoff D, Morrissey T, Holder GE, Fitzke FW, Bird AC (2003) In vivo evidence for reduced autofluorescence efficiency at the fovea: implications for assessment of macular pigment. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 44:U691
Van Kuijk EF, Robson AG, Pauleikhoff D, Harding G, Holder GE, Fitzke FW, Bird AC, Moreland JD (2004) Longitudinal studies of macular pigment distribution profiles assessed by minimum motion photometry and fundus autofluorescence. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 45:U532
Wolf-Schnurrbusch UE, Wolf S, Volker D, Brinkmann C, Rothenbuehler SP, Delori FC (2009) Spatial distribution of macular pigment and its relation to the fovea size. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 50:1724
Wüstemeyer H, Jahn C, Nestler A, Barth T, Wolf S (2002) A new instrument for the quantification of macular pigment density: first results in patients with AMD and healthy subjects. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 240:666–671
Delori FC, Goger DG, Keilhauer C, Salvetti P, Staurenghi G (2006) Bimodal spatial distribution of macular pigment: evidence of a gender relationship. J Opt Soc Am A Opt Image Sci Vis 23:521–538
Wolf-Schnurrbusch UEK, Roosli N, Weyermann E, Heldner MR, Hohne K, Wolf S (2007) Ethnic differences in macular pigment density and distribution. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 48:3783–3787
Sharifzadeh M, Bernstein PS, Gellermann W (2006) Nonmydriatic fluorescence-based quantitative imaging of human macular pigment distributions. J Opt Soc Am A Opt Image Sci Vis 23:2373–2387
Trieschmann M, Heimes B, Hense HW, Pauleikhoff D (2006) Macular pigment optical density measurement in autofluorescence imaging: comparison of one- and two-wavelength methods. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 244:1565–1574
Sharifzadeh M, Zhao DY, Bernstein PS, Gellermann W (2008) Resonance Raman imaging of macular pigment distributions in the human retina. J Opt Soc Am A Opt Image Sci Vis 25:947–957
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2010 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Berendschot, T.T.J.M. (2010). Imaging the Macular Pigment. In: Holz, F.G., Spaide, R. (eds) Medical Retina. Essentials in Ophthalmology. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-85540-8_6
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-85540-8_6
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-540-85539-2
Online ISBN: 978-3-540-85540-8
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)