Summary
This paper presents a continuous finite-element method for solving the resonance-line transfer problem in moving media. The algorithm is capable of dealing with three spatial dimensions, using unstructured grids which are adaptively refined by means of an a-posteriori error indicator. Application of the method to coherent isotropic scattering and complete redistribution gives a result of matrix structure which is discussed in the paper. The solution is obtained by way of an iterative procedure, which solves a succession of quasi-monochromatic radiative transfer problems. It is therefore immediately evident that any simulation of the extended frequency-dependent model requires a solution strategy for the elementary monochromatic transfer problem, which is fast as well as accurate. The present implementation is applicable to arbitrary model configurations with optical depths up to 103–104. Additionally, a combination of a discontinuous finite-element method with a superior preconditioning method is presented, which is designed to overcome the extremely poor convergence properties of the linear solver for optically thick and highly scattering media.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Adams, T.F.: The escape of resonance-line radiation from extremely opaque media. Astrophys. J., 174, 439 (1972)
Adams, M.L., Larsen, E.W.: Fast iterative methods for discrete-ordinates particle transport calculations. Prog. Nucl. Energy, 40, No. 1, 3–159 (2002)
Ahn, S.-H., Lee, H.-W., Lee, H.M.: Lyα line formation in starburst galaxies. I. Moderately thick, dustless and static H I media. Astrophys. J., 554, 604–614 (2001)
Ahn, S.-H., Lee, H.-W., Lee, H.M.: Lyα line formation in starburst galaxies. II. Extremely thick, dustless and static H I media. Astrophys. J., 567, 922–930 (2002)
Arnold, D.N.: An interior penalty finite element method with discontinuous elements. SIAM J. Numer. Anal., 19, 742–760 (1982)
Auer, L.H., Mihalas, D.: Non-LTE model atmospheres. III. a complete-linearization method. Astrophys. J., 158, 641 (1969)
Balsara, D.: Fast and accurate discrete ordinates methods for multi-dimensional radiative transfer. Part I, basic methods. J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer, 69, 671–707 (2001)
Becker, R., Rannacher, R.: An optimal control approach to a posteriori error estimation in finite element methods. Acta Numerica 2001, Cambridge University Press (2001), http://www.iwr.uni-heidelberg.de/sfb359/Preprints2001.html
Böttcher K.: Adaptive Schrittweitenkontrolle beim Unstetigen Galerkin-Verfahren für Gewöhnliche Differentialgleichungen. Diplomarbeit, Universität Heidelberg (1996)
Bohren, C.F., Huffman, D.R.: Absorption and Scattering of Light by Small Particles. Wiley, New York (1983)
Brantley, P.S., Larsen, E.W.: The simplified P 3 approximation. Nucl. Sci. Eng., 134, Part 1, 1–21 (2000)
Case, K.M., Zweiffel, P.F.: Linear Transport Theory. Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, Reading, Massachusetts (1967)
Chandrasekhar, S.: Radiative Transfer, Clarendon Press, Oxford (1950)
Chandrasekhar, S.: Radiative Transfer, Dover, New York (1960)
Dautray, R., Lions, J.-L.: Mathematical Analysis and Numerical Methods for Science and Technology. Vol. 6. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York (2000)
De Breuck, C., Röttgering, H., Miley, G., van Breugel, W., Best, P.: A statistical study of emission lines from high redshift radio galaxies. Astron. Astrophys., 362, 519–543 (2000)
Dullemond, C.P., Turolla, R.: An efficient algorithm for two-dimensional radiative transfer in axisymmetric circumstellar envelopes and disks. Astron. Astrophys., 360, 1187–1202 (2000)
Eddington, A.S.: The Internal Constitution of the Stars. Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge (1926)
Efimov, G.V., Waldenfels, W. von, Wehrse, R.: Analytic solution of the non-discretized radiative transfer equation for a slab of finite optical depth. J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer, 53, 59–74 (1995)
Efimov, G.V., Waldenfels, W. von, Wehrse, R. Mathematical aspects of the plane-parallel transfer equation. J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer, 58, 355 (1997)
Eriksson, K., Johnson, C.: Adaptive streamline diffusion finite element methods for stationary convection-diffusion problems. Math. Comput., 60, No. 201, 167–188 (1993)
Eriksson, K., Johnson, C., Thomée, C.: Time discretisation of parabolic problems by the discontinuous Galerkin method. RAIRO, Modélisation Math. Anal. Numér., 19, 611–643 (1985)
Eriksson, K., Johnson, C.: Error estimates and automatic time step control for nonlinear parabolic problems. I. SIAM J. Numer. Anal., 24, 12–23 (1987)
Eriksson, K., Johnson, C.: Adaptive finite element methods for parabolic problems. I: A linear model problem. SIAM J. Numer. Anal., 28, 43–77 (1991)
Eriksson, K., Estep, D., Hansbo, P., Johnson, C.: Introduction to adaptive methods for differential equations. Acta Numerica 1995, Cambridge University Press (1995)
Führer, C., Kanschat, G.: A posteriori error control in radiative transfer. Computing, 58, No. 4, 317–334 (1997)
Fynbo, J.U., Thomsen, B., Møller, P.: Lyα emission from a Lyman limit absorber at z=3.036. Astron. Astrophys., 353, 457–464 (2000)
Fynbo, J.U., Møller, P., Thomsen, B.: Probing the faint end of the galaxy luminosity function at z=3 with Lyα emission. Astron. Astrophys., 374, 443–453 (2001)
Gopalakrishnan, J., Kanschat, G.: A multilevel discontinuous Galerkin method, Numer. Math., 95, Vol. 3, 527–550 (2003)
Haardt, F., Maraschi, L.: A two-phase model for the X-ray emission from Seyfert galaxies. Astrophys. J., 380, L51–L54 (1991)
Habetler, G.J., Matkowsky, B.J.: Uniform asymptotic expansions in transport theory with small mean free paths, and the diffusion approximation. J. Math. Phys., 16, 846–854 (1975)
Hackbusch, W.: Multi-Grid Methods and Applications. Springer, Heidelberg (1985)
Hackbusch, W.: Iterative Lösung Grosser Schwachbesetzter Gleichungssysteme. Teubner, Stuttgart (1993)
Hippelein, H., Meisenheimer, K.: Imaging of a Lyman-α absorption cloud in front of the radio galaxy 4C41.17. Nature, 362, 224–226 (1993)
Hogerheijde, M.: The Molecular Environment of Low-Mass Protostars, Ph.D. Thesis, Rijks Universiteit Leiden (1998)
Hu, E.M., Cowie, L.L., McMahon, R.G.: The density of Ly-α emitters at very high redshift. Astrophys. J., 502, L99–L104 (1998)
Hubeny, I.: Accelerated lambda iteration: an overview. In: Hubeny I., Mihalas D., Werner K. (eds.) Stellar Atmosphere Modeling. ASP Conf. Ser. Vol. 288, San Francisco: Astronomical Society of the Pacific, 17–30 (2003)
Hulst, H.C. van de: Light Scattering by Small Particles. Wiley, New York (1957)
Hummer, D.G., Kunasz, P.B.: Energy loss by resonance line photons in an absorbing medium. Astrophys. J., 236, 609–618 (1980)
Johnson, C., Pitkäranta, J.: An analysis of the discontinuous Galerkin method for a scalar hyperbolic equation. Math. Comput., 46, 1–26 (1986)
Juvela, M.: Non-LTE radiative transfer in clumpy molecular clouds. Astron. Astrophys., 322, 943–961 (1997)
Kalkofen, W. (ed.): Numerical Radiative Transfer. Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge (1987)
Kanschat, G.: Parallel and Adaptive Galerkin Methods for Radiative Transfer Problems. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Heidelberg (1996), http://www.iwr.uni-heidelberg.de/sfb359/Preprints1996.html
Kanschat, G.: Solution of multi-dimensional radiative transfer problems on parallel computers. In: Björstad P. and Luskin M. (eds.) Parallel Solution of PDE, IMA Vol. in Math. and its Appl., 120, 85–96, Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York (2000)
Kanschat, G., Meinköhn, E.: Multi-model preconditioning for radiative transfer problems. SFB359 Preprints, University of Heidelberg (2004), http://www.iwr.uni-heidelberg.de/sfb359/Preprints2004.html
Kourganoff, V.: Basic Methods in Transfer Problems. Clarendon Press, Oxford (1952)
Kourganoff, V.: Basic Methods in Transfer Problems. Clarendon Press, Oxford (1963)
Krook, M.: On the solutions of the equations of transfer I. Astrophys. J., 122, 488–495 (1955)
Kudritzki, R.-P., Mendez, R.H., Feldmeier, J.J., et al., Discovery of nine Lyα emitters at redshift z∼3.1 using narrowband imaging and VLT spectroscopy. Astrophys. J., 536, 19–30 (2000)
Kunasz, P., Auer, L.H.: Short characteristic integration of radiative transfer problems - Formal solution in two-dimensional slabs. J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer, 39, 67–79 (1988)
Kurk, J.D., Pentericci, L., Röttgering, H.J.A., Miley, G.K.: Observations of radio galaxy MRC 1138-262: Merging galaxies embedded in a giant Lyα halo. In: Henney, W.J., Steffen, W., Raga, A.C., Binette, L. (eds) Emission Lines from Jet Flows. RMxAA (Serie de Conferencias), Vol. 13, 191–195 (2002)
Lamarsh, J.R.: Introduction to Nuclear Reactor Theory. Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, Reading, Massachusett (1965)
Larsen, E.W., Keller, J.B.: Asymptotic solution of neutron transport problems for small scale mean free paths. J. Math. Phys., 15, 75–81 (1974)
Larsen, E.W., Pomraning, G.C., Badham, V.C.: Asymptotic analysis of radiative transfer problems. J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer, 29, 285–310 (1983)
Larsen, E.W., Morel, J.E., Miller, W.F. jun.: Asymptotic solutions of numerical transport problems in optically thick, diffusive regimes. J. Comput. Phys., 69, 283–324 (1987)
Larsen, E.W.: Transport acceleration methods as two-level multigrid algorithms. Oper. Theory, Adv. Appl., 51, 34–47 (1991)
Larsen, E.W., Morel, J.E., McGhee, J.M.: Asymptotic derivation of the multigroup P 1 and simplified P N equations with anisotropic scattering. Nucl. Sci. Eng., 123, 328 (1996)
Larsen, E.W., Thömmes, G., Klar, A., Seaid, M., Götz, T.: Simplified P N approximations to the equations of radiative heat transfer and applications. J. Comput. Phys., 183, 652–675 (2002)
LeSaint, P., Raviart, P.-A.: On a finite element method for solving the neutron transport equation. In: de Boor (ed.) Mathematical Aspects of Finite Elements in Partial Differential Equations. Academic Press, New York, 89-123 (1974)
Meinköhn, E., Richling, S.: Radiative transfer with finite elements. II. Lyα line transfer in moving media. Astron. Astrophys., 392, 827–839 (2002)
Meinköhn, E.: Modeling Three-Dimensional Radiation Fields in the Early Universe. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Heidelberg (2002), http://www.iwr.uni-heidelberg.de/sfb359/Preprints2002.html
Mihalas, D.: Stellar Atmospheres. W.H. Freeman and Company, Second Edition, San Francisco (1978)
Mihalas, D., Weibel-Mihalas, B.: Foundation of Radiation Hydrodynamics. Oxford University Press, New York (1984)
Murray, S., Castor, J., Klein, R., McKee, C.: Accretion disk coronae in high-luminosity systems. Astrophys. J., 435, 631–646 (1994)
Neufeld, D.A.: The transfer of resonance-line radiation in static astrophysical media. Astrophys. J., 350, 216–241 (1990)
Papanicolaou, G.C.: Asymptotic analysis of transport processes. Bull. Am. Math. Soc., 81, 330–392 (1975)
Park, Y.-S., Hong, S.S.: Three-dimensional Non-LTE Radiative Transfer of CS in Clumpy Dense Cores. Astrophys. J., 494, 605 (1998)
Perron, O.: Die Lehre von den Kettenbrüchen, Band II. B.G. Teubner Verlagsgesellschaft, Stuttgart (1957)
Pozdniakov, L.A., Sobol, I.M., Suniaev, R.A.: The profile evolution of X-ray spectral lines due to Comptonization - Monte Carlo computations. Astron. Astrophys., 75, 214–222 (1979)
Rampp, M., Janka, H.-T.: Radiation hydrodynamics with neutrinos. Astron. Astrophys., 396, 361–392 (2002)
Rhoads, J.E., Malhotra, S., Dey, A.: First results from the large-area Lyman-α survey. Astrophys. J., 545, L85–L88 (2000)
Richling, S., Meinköhn, E., Kryzhevoi, N., Kanschat, G.: Radiative transfer with finite elements. I. Basic method and tests. Astron. Astrophys., 380, 776–788 (2001)
Schuster, A.: Radiation through a foggy atmosphere. ApJ 21, 1 (1905) Reprod. in: Menzel D.H. (ed.) Selected papers on the transfer of radiation. New York: Dover (1966)
Sleijpen, G.L.G., Fokkema, D.R.: Bicgstab(L) for linear equations involving unsymmetric matrices with complex spectrum. Electronic Transactions on Numerical Analysis, Vol. 1, 11–32 (1993), http://etna.mcs.kent.edu
Sonnhalter, C., Preibisch, T., Yorke, H.: Frequency dependent radiation transfer in protostellar disks. Astron. Astrophys., 299, 545 (1995)
Spaans, M.: Monte Carlo models of the physical and chemical properties of inhomogeneous interstellar clouds. Astron. Astrophys., 307, 271 (1996)
Steidel, C.C., Adelberger, K.L., Sharply, A.E., Pettini, M., Dickinson, M., Giavalisco, M.: Lyα Imaging of a Proto-Cluster Region at 〈z〉=3.09. Astrophys. J., 532, 170–182 (2000)
Stenholm, L.G., Störzer, H., Wehrse, R.: An efficient method for the solution of 3-D radiative transfer problems. J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer, 45, 47–56 (1991)
Turek, S.: An efficient solution technique for the radiative transfer equation. Imp. Comput. Sci. Eng., 5, No. 3, 201–214 (1993)
van Ojik, R., Röttgering, H.J.A., Carilli, C.L., Miley, G.K., Bremer, M.N., Macchetto, F.: A powerful radio galaxy at z=3.6 in a giant rotating Lyman-α halo. Astron. Astrophys., 313, 25–44 (1996)
van Ojik, R., Röttgering, H.J.A., Miley, G.K., Hunstead, R.W.: The nature of the extreme kinematics in the extended gas of high redshift radio galaxies. Astron. Astrophys., 317, 358–384 (1997)
Varga, R.S.: Matrix Iterative Analysis. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg (2000)
Villar-Martín, M., Binette, L., Fosbury, R.A.E.: The gaseous environments of radio galaxies in the early Universe: kinematics of the Lyman-α emission and spatially resolved H I absorption. Astron. Astrophys., 346, 7–12 (1999)
Verfürth, R.: A Review of A Posteriori Error Estimation and Adaptive Mesh Refinement Techniques. Wiley-Teubner, New York-Stuttgart (1996)
Warsa, J.S., Wareing, T.A., Morel, J.E.: Krylov iterative methods and the degraded effectiveness of diffusion synthetic acceleration for multidimensional S n calculations in problems with material discontinuities. Nucl. Sci. Eng., 147, 218–248 (2004)
Wehrse, R., Meinköhn, E., Kanschat, G.: A review of Heidelberg radiative transfer equation solutions. In: Stee P. (ed.) Radiative transfer and hydrodynamics in astrophysics. EAS Publication Series, Vol. 5, 13–30 (2002)
Wehrse, R., Baschek, B., von Waldenfels, W.: The diffusion of radiation in moving media: I. Basic assumptions and formulae. Astron. Astrophys., 359, 780–787 (2000)
Wolf, S., Henning, T., Stecklum, B.: Multidimensional self-consistent radiative transfer simulations based on the Monte-Carlo method. Astron. Astrophys., 349, 839–850 (1999)
Yorke, H., Bodenheimer, P., Laughlin, G.: The formation of protostellar disks. I - 1 M(solar). Astrophys. J., 411, 274–284 (1993)
Zheng, Z., Miralda-Escudé, J.: Monte Carlo simulation of Lyα scattering and application to damped Lyα systems. Astrophys. J., 578, 33–42 (2002)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2009 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this paper
Cite this paper
Meinköhn, E. (2009). A General-Purpose Finite Element Method for 3D Radiative Transfer Problems. In: Kanschat, G., Meinköhn, E., Rannacher, R., Wehrse, R. (eds) Numerical Methods in Multidimensional Radiative Transfer. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-85369-5_6
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-85369-5_6
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-540-85368-8
Online ISBN: 978-3-540-85369-5
eBook Packages: Mathematics and StatisticsMathematics and Statistics (R0)