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Security in Northeast Asia: Time for New Architecture?

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Northeast Asia

Part of the book series: The Political Economy of the Asia Pacific ((PEAP))

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Notes

  1. 1.

    We would like to express our appreciation for the comments and editorial assistance of Jonathan Chow, Edward Fogarty, and Kristi Govella.

  2. 2.

    For an explanation based on culture, history, and identity, see Hemmer and Katzenstein 2002, 575–607.

  3. 3.

    For examples, see Frost 2008, Chap. 7–9.

  4. 4.

    See the introduction to this volume.

  5. 5.

    “China Edging out U.S. for APEC leadership,” Associated Press, 16 November 2005.

  6. 6.

    Kurlantzick 2007.

  7. 7.

    Sutter 2005.

  8. 8.

    Kikuchi 2002, 1–23; Bowles 2002, 230–56; and Kahler 2000, 661–84.

  9. 9.

    Emmerson 2005, 1–21.

  10. 10.

    Rubin 2005.

  11. 11.

    Leifer 1999, 104.

  12. 12.

    International Herald Tribune, 17 April 1998, 6.

  13. 13.

    Ba 2005, 637.

  14. 14.

    Pan 2006.

  15. 15.

    Chee 2006.

  16. 16.

    Ravenhill 2005, Chap. 7.

  17. 17.

    Kruger and Fuyuno 2002, 28–34.

  18. 18.

    The Nelson Report, 9 May 2007.

  19. 19.

    Pekkanen 2004, 17.

  20. 20.

    “China's Rivals Slow to Grasp Export Might: Beijing Building Trade Powerhouse,” Washington Post, 25 May 2002.

  21. 21.

    Arase 1994, 171–200.

  22. 22.

    “The Sun and the Dragon: The Fantasy of Sino-Japanese Enmity,” The American Conservative, 2 August 2004, 9.

  23. 23.

    Korea International Trade Association 2004.

  24. 24.

    Snyder 2004.

  25. 25.

    “China ‘Looming Large’ in South Korea as Biggest Player, Replacing the U.S.,” New York Times, 3 January 2003.

  26. 26.

    “Korea's China Play,” BusinessWeek, 29 March 2004, 32.

  27. 27.

    Kim Chang-gyu, “Korean banks race into China market,” JoongAng Ilbo, 1 July 2004.

  28. 28.

    Mainichi Shimbun, “Japan adopts new defense policy guidelines,” December 8, 2004. Available from <http://mdn.mainichi.co.jp/news/20041210p2a00m0fp009000c.html>

  29. 29.

    Heginbotham and Samuels 2003, 99.

  30. 30.

    Ibid. 112.

  31. 31.

    Available from <http://www.mofa.go.jp/policy/un/disarmament/policy/index.html>

  32. 32.

    “Bomb by Bomb, Japan Sheds Military Restraints,” New York Times, 23 July 2007, A9.

  33. 33.

    Private communication, 4 October 2005.

  34. 34.

    Heginbotham and Samuels 2003, 98.

  35. 35.

    “Yasuo Fukuda, a moderate, is chosen to lead Japan,” International Herald Tribune, 23 September 2007. Available from <http://www.iht.com/articles/2007/ 09/23/asia/japan.php>.

  36. 36.

    Samuels 2007, 14.

  37. 37.

    Pekkanen 2004, 1.

  38. 38.

    Pempel 2005, 19.

  39. 39.

    Ibid., 19.

  40. 40.

    On multilateral institutions in Asia, see Frost 2008; Acharya 2003, 210–240; and Pearson 1999, 207–234.

  41. 41.

    See Acharya 2001; Ravenhill 2001; Rozman 2004; Katzenstein 2005; and Krauss and Pempel 2004.

  42. 42.

    Brunei joined ASEAN in 1984; Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar (Burma) and Vietnam — the so-called “CLMV” group — joined in the 1990s.

  43. 43.

    Alagappa 1998; and Acharya 2001.

  44. 44.

    Acharya 2004, 239–75; and Ball 1995, 44–74.

  45. 45.

    Johnson 1982; Haggard 1990; and Woo 1990.

  46. 46.

    Brekcon 2003.

  47. 47.

    “Envisioning a Single Asian Currency,” Bloomberg, 28 March 2006.

  48. 48.

    Asian Development Bank 2004.

  49. 49.

    Wu 1998, 115. For extended discussion, see Johnston and Ross 1999.

  50. 50.

    Treaty of Amity and Cooperation in Southeast Asia, Chap. 1, Article 2, Section E. Available from <http://www.aseansec.org/1217.htm>. See also East Asia Study Group 2002, 79; and ASEAN—China Expert Group on Economic Cooperation 2001.

  51. 51.

    Declaration on the Conduct of Parties in the South China Sea, signed at the Eighth ASEAN Summit in Phnom Penh, November 2002. Available from <http:// www.aseansec.org>. For an assessment of the details of the agreement, see Guan 2004, 6; Thao 2003, 279–285; and Buszynski 2003, 343–62.

  52. 52.

    Frost 2008, especially Chaps. 4 and 5.

  53. 53.

    Hatch and Yamamura 1996.

  54. 54.

    “Asia rides wave of Korean pop culture invasion,” Chicago Tribune, 23 December 2005; and Leheny 2006.

  55. 55.

    For example, see Wessels 1997, 267–99.

  56. 56.

    Henning 2004, 4–5.

  57. 57.

    The 21 APEC members are Australia, Brunei, Canada, China, Chile, Hong Kong, Indonesia, Japan, (South) Korea, Malaysia, Mexico, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, Peru, Philippines, Russia, Singapore, Taiwan, Thailand, the United States, and Vietnam.

  58. 58.

    For a comprehensive analysis, see Feinberg 2003.

  59. 59.

    Lincoln 2004.

  60. 60.

    For a summary of arguments against including security issues in APEC, see Sopiee 1997, 207–209.

  61. 61.

    Financial Times, 14 November 2005, 17.

  62. 62.

    For an outstanding, in-depth survey, see Rozman 2004. Rozman argues that the prime culprit in the failure to achieve regionalism is modernization with insufficient globalization.

  63. 63.

    Kang and Lee 2006.

  64. 64.

    Blair 2002.

  65. 65.

    In 2006 the office of the UN High Commissioner for Refugees listed 8.4 million refugees. Available from <http://www.unhcr.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/basics/opendoc.htm?tbl=BASICS&id=3b028097c>. North Korea's population is estimated at 23 million.

  66. 66.

    “Doubting U.S., Chian is Wary of Korea Role,” New York Times, 19 February 2005.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. National Defense University, Washington, DC, USA

    Ellen L. Frost

  2. Dartmouth University, Hanover, NH, USA

    David C. Kang

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Berkeley Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation Study Center (BASC), University of California, 802 Barrows Hall, Berkeley, CA, 94720-1970, USA

    Vinod K. Aggarwal  & Vinod K. Aggarwal  & 

  2. Dept. of Public Administration, Yonsei University, 134 Shinchon-dong, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 120-749, Korea

    Min Gyo Koo

  3. Dept. of Political Science, Chung-Ang University, 221 Heukseok-dong, Dongjak-ku, Seoul, 156-756, Korea

    Seungjoo Lee

  4. Dept. of Political Science, Yonsei University, 134 Sinchon-dong, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 120-749, Korea

    Chung-in Moon

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Frost, E.L., Kang, D.C. (2009). Security in Northeast Asia: Time for New Architecture?. In: Aggarwal, V.K., Koo, M.G., Lee, S., Moon, Ci. (eds) Northeast Asia. The Political Economy of the Asia Pacific. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-79594-0_7

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