Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Heart

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Pathology of Solid Organ Transplantation

  • 1221 Accesses

Abstract

The aim of this chapter is to present the pathology of cardiac allograft rejection along with a brief historical background and summary of the clinical context and recent controversies. The intended audience is primarily pathologists, though it is also intended as a resource for heart failure/transplant investigators, clinicians, and surgeons seeking to better understand allograft biopsy interpretation. Different patterns of rejection are illustrated with emphasis on the most recent ISHLT working formulation classification schemes for cellular and antibody mediated rejection. An extensive discussion of immunopathology is also included. Nonrejection pathology encountered in transplant endomyocardial biopsies is addressed, including cardiac allograft vasculopathy. A brief section on the use of molecular pathology in rejection surveillance concludes the chapter.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Ackermann, D.M., Edwards, W.D.: Anatomic basis for tomographic analysis of the pediatric heart at autopsy. Perspect. Pediatr. Pathol. 12, 44–68 (1988)

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Akhter, S.A., McGinty, J., Konys, J.J., Giesting, R.M., Merrill, W.H., Wagoner, L.E.: Recurrent primary cardiac malignant fibrous histiocytoma following orthotopic heart transplantation. J. Heart Lung Transplant. 23(12), 1447–1450 (2004)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Alkofer, B.J., Chiche, L., Khayat, A., Deshayes, J.P., Lepage, A., Saloux, E., Reznik, Y.: Liver transplant combined with heart transplant in severe heterozygous hypercholesterolemia: report of the first case and review of the literature. Transplant. Proc. 37(5), 2250–2252 (2005)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Baldwin 3rd, W.M., Samaniego-Picota, M., Kasper, E.K., Clark, A.M., Czader, M., Rohde, C., Zachary, A.A., Sanfilippo, F., Hruban, R.H.: Complement deposition in early cardiac transplant biopsies is associated with ischemic injury and subsequent rejection episodes. Transplantation 68(6), 894–900 (1999)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Barnard, C.N.: Human cardiac transplantation. An evaluation of the first two operations performed at the Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town. Am. J. Cardiol. 22(4), 584–596 (1968)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Bayliss, J., Bailey, M., Leet, A., Stein, A.N., Thomson, N.M., McLean, C.A.: Late onset antibody-mediated rejection and endothelial localization of vascular endothelial growth factor are associated with development of cardiac allograft vasculopathy. Transplantation 86(7), 991–997 (2008)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Billingham, M.E.: Diagnosis of cardiac rejection by endomyocardial biopsy. J. Heart Transplant. 1, 25–30 (1982)

    Google Scholar 

  8. Billingham, M.E.: The postsurgical heart. The pathology of cardiac transplantation. Am. J. Cardiovasc. Pathol. 1(3), 319–334 (1988)

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Billingham, M.E.: Endomyocardial biopsy diagnosis of acute rejection in cardiac allografts. Prog. Cardiovasc. Dis. 33(1), 11–18 (1990)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Billingham, M.E.: Dilemma of variety of histopathologic grading systems for acute cardiac allograft rejection by endomyocardial biopsy. J. Heart Transplant. 9(3 Pt 2), 272–276 (1990)

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Billingham, M.E.: Histopathology of graft coronary disease. J. Heart Lung Transplant. 11(3 Pt 2), S38–S44 (1992)

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Billingham, M.E., Cary, N.R., Hammond, M.E., Kemnitz, J., Marboe, C., McCallister, H.A., Snovar, D.C., Winters, G.L., Zerbe, A.: A working formulation for the standardization of nomenclature in the diagnosis of heart and lung rejection: Heart Rejection Study Group. The International Society for Heart Transplantation. J. Heart Transplant. 9(6), 587–593 (1990)

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Billingham, M.E., Caves, P.K., Dong Jr., E., Shumway, N.E.: The diagnosis of canine orthotopic cardiac allograft rejection by transvenous endomyocardial biopsy. Transplant. Proc. 5(1), 741–743 (1973)

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Bonnaud, E.N., Lewis, N.P., Masek, M.A., Billingham, M.E.: Reliability and usefulness of immunofluorescence in heart transplantation. J. Heart Lung Transplant. 14(1 Pt 1), 163–171 (1995)

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Book, W.M., Kelley, L., Gravanis, M.B.: Fulminant mixed humoral and cellular rejection in a cardiac transplant recipient: a review of the histologic findings and literature. J. Heart Lung Transplant. 22(5), 604–607 (2003)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Botas, J., Pinto, F.J., Chenzbraun, A., Liang, D., Schroeder, J.S., Oesterle, S.N., Alderman, E.L., Popp, R.L., Yeung, A.C.: Influence of preexistent donor coronary artery disease on the progression of transplant vasculopathy. An intravascular ultrasound study. Circulation 92(5), 1126–1132 (1995)

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Boucek, M.M., Aurora, P., Edwards, L.B., Taylor, D.O., Trulock, E.P., Christie, J., Dobbels, F., Rahmel, A.O., Keck, B.M., Hertz, M.I.: Registry of the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation: tenth official pediatric heart transplantation report–2007. J. Heart Lung Transplant. 26(8), 796–807 (2007)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Bradshaw, S.H., Kennedy, L., Dexter, D.F., Veinot, J.P.: A practical method to rapidly dissolve metallic stents. Cardiovasc. Pathol. 18(3), 127–133 (2009)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Bray, R.A., Nickerson, P.W., Kerman, R.H., Gebel, H.M.: Evolution of HLA antibody detection: technology emulating biology. Immunol. Res. 29(1–3), 41–54 (2004)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Campos, S.V., Strabelli, T.M., Amato Neto, V., Silva, C.P., Bacal, F., Bocchi, E.A., Stolf, N.A.: Risk factors for Chagas’ disease reactivation after heart transplantation. J. Heart Lung Transplant. 27(6), 597–602 (2008)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Cardiac Transplantation: The Columbia University Medical Center/New York-Presbyterian Hospital Manual. Humana Press, Totowa, NJ. (2004)

    Google Scholar 

  22. Caves, P.K., Stinson, E.B., Billingham, M.E., Shumway, N.E.: Serial transvenous biopsy of the transplanted human heart. Improved management of acute rejection episodes. Lancet 1(7862), 821–826 (1974)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Cherry, R., Nielsen, H., Reed, E., Reemtsma, K., Suciu-Foca, N., Marboe, C.C.: Vascular (humoral) rejection in human cardiac allograft biopsies: relation to circulating anti-HLA antibodies. J. Heart Lung Transplant. 11(1 Pt 1), 24–29 (1992). discussion 30

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Chu, K.E., Ho, E.K., de la Torre, L., Vasilescu, E.R., Marboe, C.C.: The relationship of nodular endocardial infiltrates (Quilty lesions) to survival, patient age, anti-HLA antibodies, and coronary artery disease following heart transplantation. Cardiovasc. Pathol. 14(4), 219–224 (2005)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Colvin, R.B.: Antibody-mediated renal allograft rejection: diagnosis and pathogenesis. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 18(4), 1046–1056 (2007)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Cooper, D.K.: Clinical survey of heart transplantation between ABO blood group-incompatible recipients and donors. J. Heart Transplant. 9(4), 376–381 (1990)

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Cooper, L.T., Baughman, K.L., Feldman, A.M., Frustaci, A., Jessup, M., Kuhl, U., Levine, G.N., Narula, J., Starling, R.C., Towbin, J., Virmani, R.: The role of endomyocardial biopsy in the management of cardiovascular disease: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association, the American College of Cardiology, and the European Society of Cardiology. Circulation 116(19), 2216–2233 (2007)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Cooper Jr., L.T., Hare, J.M., Tazelaar, H.D., Edwards, W.D., Starling, R.C., Deng, M.C., Menon, S., Mullen, G.M., Jaski, B., Bailey, K.R., Cunningham, M.W., Dec, G.W.: Usefulness of immunosuppression for giant cell myocarditis. Am. J. Cardiol. 102(11), 1535–1539 (2008)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Costa, C., Touscoz, G.A., Bergallo, M., Terlizzi, M.E., Astegiano, S., Sidoti, F., Sinesi, F., Segoloni, G.P., Cavallo, R.: Non-organ-specific and anti-endothelial antibodies in relation to CMV infection and acute rejection in renal transplant recipients. Clin. Transplant. 19(4), e129–133(2009)

    Google Scholar 

  30. Costanzo, M.R., Haas, G.S.: Post-transplant care/medical complications. In: Young, J.B., Suki, W.N. (eds.) Primer on Transplantation, pp. 445–458. American Society of Transplant Physicians, Thorofare (1998)

    Google Scholar 

  31. Costanzo, M.R., Naftel, D.C., Pritzker, M.R., Heilman 3rd, J.K., Boehmer, J.P., Brozena, S.C., Dec, G.W., Ventura, H.O., Kirklin, J.K., Bourge, R.C., Miller, L.W.: Heart transplant coronary artery disease detected by coronary angiography: a multiinstitutional study of preoperative donor and recipient risk factors. Cardiac Transplant Research Database. J. Heart Lung Transplant. 17(8), 744–753 (1998)

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Costanzo-Nordin, M.R., Heroux, A.L., Radvany, R., Koch, D., Robinson, J.A.: Role of humoral immunity in acute cardiac allograft dysfunction. J. Heart Lung Transplant. 12(2), S143–S146 (1993)

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Curtil, A., Robin, J., Tronc, F., Ninet, J., Boissonnat, P., Champsaur, G.: Malignant neoplasms following cardiac transplantation. Eur. J. Cardiothorac. Surg. 12(1), 101–106 (1997)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. De Santo, L.S., Amarelli, C., Romano, G., Della Corte, A., Maiello, C., Giannolo, B., Marra, C., De Feo, M., Scardone, M., Cotrufo, M.: High-risk heart grafts: effective preservation with Celsior solution. Heart Vessels 21(2), 89–94 (2006)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Del Rio, M.J.: Transplantation in complex congenital heart disease. Prog. Pediatr. Cardiol. 11, 107–113 (2000)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Deng, M.C., Eisen, H.J., Mehra, M.R., Billingham, M., Marboe, C.C., Berry, G., Kobashigawa, J., Johnson, F.L., Starling, R.C., Murali, S., Pauly, D.F., Baron, H., Wohlgemuth, J.G., Woodward, R.N., Klingler, T.M., Walther, D., Lal, P.G., Rosenberg, S., Hunt, S.: Noninvasive discrimination of rejection in cardiac allograft recipients using gene expression profiling. Am. J. Transplant. 6(1), 150–160 (2006)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Derouin, F., Pelloux, H.: Prevention of toxoplasmosis in transplant patients. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. 14(12), 1089–1101 (2008)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Diaz, J.A., Booth, A.J., Lu, G., Wood, S.C., Pinsky, D.J., Bishop, D.K.: Critical role for IL-6 in hypertrophy and fibrosis in chronic cardiac allograft rejection. Am. J. Transplant. 9(8), 1773–1783 (2009)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Diez, M., Favaloro, L., Bertolotti, A., Burgos, J.M., Vigliano, C., Lastra, M.P., Levin, M.J., Arnedo, A., Nagel, C., Schijman, A.G., Favaloro, R.R.: Usefulness of PCR strategies for early diagnosis of Chagas’ disease reactivation and treatment follow-up in heart transplantation. Am. J. Transplant. 7(6), 1633–1640 (2007)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Dubrey, S.W., Burke, M.M., Khaghani, A., Hawkins, P.N., Yacoub, M.H., Banner, N.R.: Long term results of heart transplantation in patients with amyloid heart disease. Heart 85(2), 202–207 (2001)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Edwards, W.D.: Anatomic basis for tomographic analysis of the heart at autopsy. Cardiol. Clin. 2(4), 485–506 (1984)

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Eisen, H.J., Kobashigawa, J., Keogh, A., Bourge, R., Renlund, D., Mentzer, R., Alderman, E., Valantine, H., Dureau, G., Mancini, D., Mamelok, R., Gordon, R., Wang, W., Mehra, M., Constanzo, M.R., Hummel, M., Johnson, J.: Three-year results of a randomized, double-blind, controlled trial of mycophenolate mofetil versus azathioprine in cardiac transplant recipients. J. Heart Lung Transplant. 24(5), 517–525 (2005)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Estorch, M., Camprecios, M., Flotats, A., Mari, C., Berna, L., Catafau, A.M., Ballester, M., Narula, J., Carrio, I.: Sympathetic reinnervation of cardiac allografts evaluated by 123I-MIBG imaging. J. Nucl. Med. 40(6), 911–916 (1999)

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Fan, X., Ang, A., Pollock-Barziv, S.M., Dipchand, A.I., Ruiz, P., Wilson, G., Platt, J.L., West, L.J.: Donor-specific B-cell tolerance after ABO-incompatible infant heart transplantation. Nat. Med. 10(11), 1227–1233 (2004)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Fearon, W.F., Potena, L., Hirohata, A., Sakurai, R., Yamasaki, M., Luikart, H., Lee, J., Vana, M.L., Cooke, J.P., Mocarski, E.S., Yeung, A.C., Valantine, H.A.: Changes in coronary arterial dimensions early after cardiac transplantation. Transplantation 83(6), 700–705 (2007)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Feucht, H.E., Felber, E., Gokel, M.J., Hillebrand, G., Nattermann, U., Brockmeyer, C., Held, E., Riethmuller, G., Land, W., Albert, E.: Vascular deposition of complement-split products in kidney allografts with cell-mediated rejection. Clin. Exp. Immunol. 86(3), 464–470 (1991)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Forbes, R.D., Rowan, R.A., Billingham, M.E.: Endocardial infiltrates in human heart transplants: a serial biopsy analysis comparing four immunosuppression protocols. Hum. Pathol. 21(8), 850–855 (1990)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Funch, D.P., Walker, A.M., Schneider, G., Ziyadeh, N.J., Pescovitz, M.D.: Ganciclovir and acyclovir reduce the risk of post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder in renal transplant recipients. Am. J. Transplant. 5(12), 2894–2900 (2005)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Gao, S.Z., Alderman, E.L., Schroeder, J.S., Silverman, J.F., Hunt, S.A.: Accelerated coronary vascular disease in the heart transplant patient: coronary arteriographic findings. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 12(2), 334–340 (1988)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Gao, S.Z., Chaparro, S.V., Perlroth, M., Montoya, J.G., Miller, J.L., DiMiceli, S., Hastie, T., Oyer, P.E., Schroeder, J.: Post-transplantation lymphoproliferative disease in heart and heart-lung transplant recipients: 30–year experience at Stanford University. J. Heart Lung Transplant. 22(5), 505–514 (2003)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Gareau, A., Hirsch, G.M., Lee, T.D., Nashan, B.: Contribution of B cells and antibody to cardiac allograft vasculopathy. Transplantation 88(4), 470–477 (2009)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Garlicki, M.: May preservation solution affect the incidence of graft vasculopathy in transplanted heart? Ann. Transplant. 8(1), 19–24 (2003)

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Grauhan, O.: Criteria for the assessment of the donor heart. Transplant. Proc. 35(6), 2111–2112 (2003)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Hammond, E.H., Hansen, J.K., Spencer, L.S., Jensen, A., Riddell, D., Craven, C.M., Yowell, R.L.: Vascular rejection in cardiac transplantation: histologic, immunopathologic, and ultrastructural features. Cardiovasc. Pathol. 2(1), 21–34 (1993)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  55. Hammond, E.H., Menlove, R.L., Yowell, R.L., Anderson, J.L.: Vascular HLA-DR expression correlates with pathologic changes suggestive of ischemia in idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. Clin. Immunol. Immunopathol. 68(2), 197–203 (1993)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Hammond, M.E.H., Renlund, D.G.: Cardiac allograft vascular (microvascular) rejection. Curr. Opin. Organ Transplant. 7(3), 233–239 (2002)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  57. Hammond, M.E., Stehlik, J., Snow, G., Renlund, D.G., Seaman, J., Dabbas, B., Gilbert, E.M., Stringham, J.C., Long, J.W., Kfoury, A.G.: Utility of histologic parameters in screening for antibody-mediated rejection of the cardiac allograft: a study of 3, 170 biopsies. J. Heart Lung Transplant. 24(12), 2015–2021 (2005)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Hammond, E.H., Wittwer, C.T., Greenwood, J., Knape, W.A., Yowell, R.L., Menlove, R.L., Craven, C., Renlund, D.G., Bristow, M.R., DeWitt, C.W., et al.: Relationship of OKT3 sensitization and vascular rejection in cardiac transplant patients receiving OKT3 rejection prophylaxis. Transplantation 50(5), 776–782 (1990)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Hammond, E.H., Yowell, R.L.: Ultrastructural findings in cardiac transplant recipients. Ultrastruct. Pathol. 18(1–2), 213–220 (1994)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Hammond, E.A., Yowell, R.L., Greenwood, J., Hartung, L., Renlund, D., Wittwer, C.: Prevention of adverse clinical outcome by monitoring of cardiac transplant patients for murine monoclonal CD3 antibody (OKT3) sensitization. Transplantation 55(5), 1061–1063 (1993)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Hammond, E.H., Yowell, R.L., Nunoda, S., Menlove, R.L., Renlund, D.G., Bristow, M.R., Gay Jr., W.A., Jones, K.W., O’Connell, J.B.: Vascular (humoral) rejection in heart transplantation: pathologic observations and clinical implications. J. Heart Transplant. 8(6), 430–443 (1989)

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Harris, N.L., Swerdlow, S.H., Frizzera, G., Knowles, D.M., et al.: Post transplant lymphoproliferative disorders. In: Jaffe, E.S. (ed.) Pathology & Genetics of Tumors of Haematopoietic and Lymphoid Tissues, pp. 264–269. IARC, Lyon (2001)

    Google Scholar 

  63. Hertz, M.I., Aurora, P., Christie, J.D., Dobbels, F., Edwards, L.B., Kirk, R., Kucheryavaya, A.Y., Rahmel, A.O., Rowe, A.W., Taylor, D.O.: Registry of the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation: a quarter century of thoracic transplantation. J. Heart Lung Transplant. 27(9), 937–942 (2008)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Heublein, B., Haverich, A., Borst, H.G.: Long-term follow-up after o rthotopic heart transplantation. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. 38(5), 285–290 (1990)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Higuchi, M.L., Benvenuti, L.A., Demarchi, L.M., Libby, P.: Histological evidence of concomitant intramyocardial and epicardial vasculitis in necropsied heart allografts: a possible relationship with graft coronary arteriosclerosis. Transplantation 67(12), 1569–1576 (1999)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Holt, D.B., Liapis, H., Mohanakumar, T., Phelan, D.R., Gandi, S.K., Huddleston, C.B., Canter, C.E.: Complement fragment C4d and C3d deposition in pediatric heart recipients with a positive crossmatch. J. Heart Lung Transplant. 27(10), 1073–1078 (2008)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Hsu, R.B., Fang, C.T., Chang, S.C., Chou, N.K., Ko, W.J., Wang, S.S., Chu, S.H.: Infectious complications after heart transplantation in Chinese recipients. Am. J. Transplant. 5(8), 2011–2016 (2005)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Huddleston, C.B., Rosenbloom, M., Goldstein, J.A., Pasque, M.K.: Biopsy-induced tricuspid regurgitation after cardiac transplantation. Ann. Thorac. Surg. 57(4), 832–836 (1994). discussion 836–837

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Imakita, M., Billingham, M.E.: Endocardial infiltrates: the “Quilty” effect. J. Heart Lung Transplant. 7, 57 (1988)

    Google Scholar 

  70. Johnson, D.E., Gao, S.Z., Schroeder, J.S., DeCampli, W.M., Billingham, M.E.: The spectrum of coronary artery pathologic findings in human cardiac allografts. J. Heart Transplant. 8(5), 349–359 (1989)

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Joshi, A., Masek, M.A., Brown Jr., B.W., Weiss, L.M., Billingham, M.E.: “Quilty” revisited: a 10-year perspective. Hum. Pathol. 26(5), 547–557 (1995)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Jurcevic, S., Ainsworth, M.E., Pomerance, A., Smith, J.D., Robinson, D.R., Dunn, M.J., Yacoub, M.H., Rose, M.L.: Antivimentin antibodies are an independent predictor of transplant-associated coronary artery disease after cardiac transplantation. Transplantation 71(7), 886–892 (2001)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Kaczmarek, I., Deutsch, M.A., Kauke, T., Beiras-Fernandez, A., Schmoeckel, M., Vicol, C., Sodian, R., Reichart, B., Spannagl, M., Ueberfuhr, P.: Donor-specific HLA alloantibodies: long-term impact on cardiac allograft vasculopathy and mortality after heart transplant. Exp. Clin. Transplant. 6(3), 229–235 (2008)

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Kass, M., Allan, R., Haddad, H.: Diagnosis of graft coronary artery disease. Curr. Opin. Cardiol. 22(2), 139–145 (2007)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Kemnitz, J., Cohnert, T., Schafers, H.J., Helmke, M., Wahlers, T., Herrmann, G., Schmidt, R.M., Haverich, A.: A classification of cardiac allograft rejection. A modification of the classification by Billingham. Am. J. Surg. Pathol. 11(7), 503–515 (1987)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Kfoury, A.G., Renlund, D.G., Snow, G.L., Stehlik, J., Folsom, J.W., Fisher, P.W., Reid, B.B., Clayson, S.E., Gilbert, E.M., Everitt, M.D., Bader, F.M., Singhal, A.K., Hammond, M.E.: A clinical correlation study of severity of antibody-mediated rejection and cardiovascular mortality in heart transplantation. J. Heart Lung Transplant. 28(1), 51–57 (2009)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Kfoury, A.G., Stehlik, J., Renlund, D.G., Snow, G., Seaman, J.T., Gilbert, E.M., Stringham, J.S., Long, J.W., Hammond, M.E.: Impact of repetitive episodes of antibody-mediated or cellular rejection on cardiovascular mortality in cardiac transplant recipients: defining rejection patterns. J. Heart Lung Transplant. 25(11), 1277–1282 (2006)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Klingenberg, R., Koch, A., Schnabel, P.A., Zimmermann, R., Sack, F.U., Haass, M., Dengler, T.J.: Allograft rejection of ISHLT grade >/=3A occurring late after heart transplantation–a distinct entity? J. Heart Lung Transplant. 22(9), 1005–1013 (2003)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Labarrere, C.A.: Relationship of fibrin deposition in microvasculature to outcomes in cardiac transplantation. Curr. Opin. Cardiol. 14(2), 133–139 (1999)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Lacy, M.Q., Dispenzieri, A., Hayman, S.R., Kumar, S., Kyle, R.A., Rajkumar, S.V., Edwards, B.S., Rodeheffer, R.J., Frantz, R.P., Kushwaha, S.S., Clavell, A.L., Dearani, J.A., Sundt, T.M., Daly, R.C., McGregor, C.G., Gastineau, D.A., Litzow, M.R., Gertz, M.A.: Autologous stem cell transplant after heart transplant for light chain (Al) amyloid cardiomyopathy. J. Heart Lung Transplant. 27(8), 823–829 (2008)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Latif, N., Rose, M.L., Yacoub, M.H., Dunn, M.J.: Association of pretransplantation antiheart antibodies with clinical course after heart transplantation. J. Heart Lung Transplant. 14(1 Pt 1), 119–126 (1995)

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Leprince, P., Fretz, C., Dorent, R., Boudifa, A., Jourdan, J., Youssoub, J.J., Bors, V., Nataf, P., Pavie, A., Gandjbakhch, I.: Posttransplantation cytotoxic immunoglobulin G is associated with a high rate of acute allograft dysfunctions in heart transplant recipients. Am. Heart J. 138(3 Pt 1), 586–592 (1999)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Lloveras, J.J., Escourrou, G., Delisle, M.B., Fournial, G., Cerene, A., Bassanetti, I., Durand, D.: Evolution of untreated mild rejection in heart transplant recipients. J. Heart Lung Transplant. 11(4 Pt 1), 751–756 (1992)

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Luk, A., Ahn, E., Lee, A., Ross, H.J., Butany, J.: Recurrent cardiac amyloidosis following previous heart transplantation. Cardiovasc. Pathol. (2009)

    Google Scholar 

  85. Mahle, W.T., Vincent, R.N., Berg, A.M., Kanter, K.R.: Pravastatin therapy is associated with reduction in coronary allograft vasculopathy in pediatric heart transplantation. J. Heart Lung Transplant. 24(1), 63–66 (2005)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Marboe, C.C., Billingham, M., Eisen, H., Deng, M.C., Baron, H., Mehra, M., Hunt, S., Wohlgemuth, J., Mahmood, I., Prentice, J., Berry, G.: Nodular endocardial infiltrates (Quilty lesions) cause significant variability in diagnosis of ISHLT Grade 2 and 3A rejection in cardiac allograft recipients. J. Heart Lung Transplant. 24(7 Suppl), S219–S226 (2005)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. Marie, P.Y., Carteaux, J.P., Angioi, M., Marwan, N.S., Tzvetanov, K., Escanye, J.M., David, N., Mattei, S., Danchin, N., Karcher, G., Bertrand, A., Villemot, J.P.: Detection and prediction of acute heart transplant rejection: preliminary results on the clinical use of a“black blood” magnetic resonance imaging sequence. Transplant. Proc. 30(5), 1933–1935 (1998)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. Martin, S., Brenchley, P.E., O’Donoghue, D.J., Dyer, P.A., Mallick, N.P., Johnson, R.W.: The identification of allo- and auto-lymphocytotoxic antibodies in serum, in the presence of rabbit antithymocyte globulin. Tissue Antigens 31(1), 26–32 (1988)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. McAllister Jr., H.A.: Histologic grading of cardiac allograft rejection: a quantitative approach. J. Heart Transplant. 9(3 Pt 2), 277–282 (1990)

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  90. McGovern, P.C., Blumberg, E.A.: Differentiation between infection and rejection in the management of cardiac transplant patients. Curr. Infect. Dis. Rep. 3(4), 328–332 (2001)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. Michaels, P.J., Espejo, M.L., Kobashigawa, J., Alejos, J.C., Burch, C., Takemoto, S., Reed, E.F., Fishbein, M.C.: Humoral rejection in cardiac transplantation: risk factors, hemodynamic consequences and relationship to transplant coronary artery disease. J. Heart Lung Transplant. 22(1), 58–69 (2003)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. Milano, A., Caforio, A.L., Livi, U., Bauce, B., Angelini, A., Casarotto, D., Thiene, G.: Evolution of focal moderate (International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation grade 2) rejection of the cardiac allograft. J. Heart Lung Transplant. 15(5), 456–460 (1996)

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  93. Miller, L.W., Wesp, A., Jennison, S.H., Graham, M.A., Martin, T.W., McBride, L.R., Pennington, D.G., Peigh, P.: Vascular rejection in heart transplant recipients. J. Heart Lung Transplant. 12(2), S147–S152 (1993)

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  94. Moloney, E.D., Egan, J.J., Kelly, P., Wood, A.E., Cooper Jr., L.T.: Transplantation for myocarditis: a controversy revisited. J. Heart Lung Transplant. 24(8), 1103–1110 (2005)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  95. Montoya, J.G., Giraldo, L.F., Efron, B., Stinson, E.B., Gamberg, P., Hunt, S., Giannetti, N., Miller, J., Remington, J.S.: Infectious complications among 620 consecutive heart transplant patients at Stanford University Medical Center. Clin. Infect. Dis. 33(5), 629–640 (2001)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  96. Morrell, C.N., Murata, K., Swaim, A.M., Mason, E., Martin, T.V., Thompson, L.E., Ballard, M., Fox-Talbot, K., Wasowska, B., Baldwin 3rd, W.M.: In vivo platelet-endothelial cell interactions in response to major histocompatibility complex alloantibody. Circ. Res. 102(7), 777–785 (2008)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  97. Orens, J.B., Shearon, T.H., Freudenberger, R.S., Conte, J.V., Bhorade, S.M., Ardehali, A.: Thoracic organ transplantation in the United States, 1995–2004. Am. J. Transplant. 6(5 Pt 2), 1188–1197 (2006)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  98. Pahl, E., Naftel, D.C., Canter, C.E., Frazier, E.A., Kirklin, J.K., Morrow, W.R.: Death after rejection with severe hemodynamic compromise in pediatric heart transplant recipients: a multi-institutional study. J. Heart Lung Transplant. 20(3), 279–287 (2001)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  99. Palma, J.H., Guilhen, J.C., Gaia, D.F., Teles, A., Teles, C.A., Branco, J.N., Buffolo, E.: Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease presenting as a mass in the left ventricle in a heart transplant recipient at long-term follow-up. J. Heart Lung Transplant. 28(2), 206–208 (2009)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  100. Parfitt, J.R., Jayakumar, S., Driman, D.K.: Mycophenolate mofetil-related gastrointestinal mucosal injury: variable injury patterns, including graft-versus-host disease-like changes. Am. J. Surg. Pathol. 32(9), 1367–1372 (2008)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  101. Pham, S.M., Kormos, R.L., Landreneau, R.J., Kawai, A., Gonzalez-Cancel, I., Hardesty, R.L., Hattler, B.G., Griffith, B.P.: Solid tumors after heart transplantation: lethality of lung cancer. Ann. Thorac. Surg. 60(6), 1623–1626 (1995)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  102. Pierre-Louis, B., Kumar, A., Frishman, W.H.: Fabry disease: cardiac manifestations and therapeutic options. Cardiol. Rev. 17(1), 31–35 (2009)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  103. Pilato, E., Dell’Amore, A., Botta, L., Arpesella, G.: Combined heart and liver transplantation for familial amyloidotic neuropathy. Eur. J. Cardiothorac. Surg. 32(1), 180–182 (2007)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  104. Platt, J.L., Fischel, R.J., Matas, A.J., Reif, S.A., Bolman, R.M., Bach, F.H.: Immunopathology of hyperacute xenograft rejection in a swine-to-primate model. Transplantation 52(2), 214–220 (1991)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  105. Radovancevic, B., McGiffin, D.C., Kobashigawa, J.A., Cintron, G.B., Mullen, G.M., Pitts, D.E., O’Donnell, J., Thomas, C., Bourge, R.C., Naftel, D.C.: Retransplantation in 7,290 primary transplant patients: a 10-year multi-institutional study. J. Heart Lung Transplant. 22(8), 862–868 (2003)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  106. Rahmani, M., Cruz, R.P., Granville, D.J., McManus, B.M.: Allograft vasculopathy versus atherosclerosis. Circ. Res. 99(8), 801–815 (2006)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  107. Raichlin, E., Bae, J.H., Khalpey, Z., Edwards, B.S., Kremers, W.K., Clavell, A.L., Rodeheffer, R.J., Frantz, R.P., Rihal, C., Lerman, A., Kushwaha, S.S.: Conversion to sirolimus as primary immunosuppression attenuates the progression of allograft vasculopathy after cardiac transplantation. Circulation 116(23), 2726–2733 (2007)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  108. Raichlin, E., Edwards, B.S., Kremers, W.K., Clavell, A.L., Rodeheffer, R.J., Frantz, R.P., Pereira, N.L., Daly, R.C., McGregor, C.G., Lerman, A., Kushwaha, S.S.: Acute cellular rejection and the subsequent development of allograft vasculopathy after cardiac transplantation. J. Heart Lung Transplant. 28(4), 320–327 (2009)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  109. Raichlin, E., Khalpey, Z., Kremers, W., Frantz, R.P., Rodeheffer, R.J., Clavell, A.L., Edwards, B.S., Kushwaha, S.S.: Replacement of calcineurin-inhibitors with sirolimus as primary immunosuppression in stable cardiac transplant recipients. Transplantation 84(4), 467–474 (2007)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  110. Reed, E.F., Demetris, A.J., Hammond, E., Itescu, S., Kobashigawa, J.A., Reinsmoen, N.L., Rodriguez, E.R., Rose, M., Stewart, S., Suciu-Foca, N., Zeevi, A., Fishbein, M.C.: Acute antibody-mediated rejection of cardiac transplants. J. Heart Lung Transplant. 25(2), 153–159 (2006)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  111. Rippstein, P., Black, M.K., Boivin, M., Veinot, J.P., Ma, X., Chen, Y.X., Human, P., Zilla, P., O’Brien, E.R.: Comparison of processing and sectioning methodologies for arteries containing metallic stents. J. Histochem. Cytochem. 54(6), 673–681 (2006)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  112. Rodriguez, E.R., Skojec, D.V., Tan, C.D., Zachary, A.A., Kasper, E.K., Conte, J.V., Baldwin 3rd, W.M.: Antibody-mediated rejection in human cardiac allografts: evaluation of immunoglobulins and complement activation products C4d and C3d as markers. Am. J. Transplant. 5(11), 2778–2785 (2005)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  113. Rose, A.U.: Pathology of acute rejection. In: Cooper, D.L. (ed.) Heart Transplant, pp. 157–176. MTP, Lancaster (1984)

    Google Scholar 

  114. Rose, A.G.: Understanding the pathogenesis and the pathology of hyperacute cardiac rejection. Cardiovasc. Pathol. 11(3), 171–176 (2002)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  115. Rose, A.G., Cooper, D.K.: A histopathologic grading system of hyperacute (humoral, antibody-mediated) cardiac xenograft and allograft rejection. J. Heart Lung Transplant. 15(8), 804–817 (1996)

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  116. Rose, A.G., Cooper, D.K., Human, P.A., Reichenspurner, H., Reichart, B.: Histopathology of hyperacute rejection of the heart: experimental and clinical observations in allografts and xenografts. J. Heart Lung Transplant. 10(2), 223–234 (1991)

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  117. Santise, G., D’Ancona, G., Falletta, C., Pirone, F., Sciacca, S., Turrisi, M., Biondo, D., Pilato, M.: Donor pharmacological hemodynamic support is associated with primary graft failure in human heart transplantation. Interact. Cardiovasc. Thorac. Surg. 9(3), 476–479 (2009)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  118. Sattar, H.A., Husain, A.N., Kim, A.Y., Krausz, T.: The presence of a CD21+ follicular dendritic cell network distinguishes invasive Quilty lesions from cardiac acute cellular rejection. Am. J. Surg. Pathol. 30(8), 1008–1013 (2006)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  119. Seo, Y.L., Choi, C.S., Yoon, D.Y., Yun, E.J., Lee, Y.J., Park, S.J., Moon, J.H., Cho, S.J., Lee, S., Han, H., Kim, S.S., Lee, J.Y.: Benign breast diseases associated with cyclosporine therapy in renal transplant recipients. Transplant. Proc. 37(10), 4315–4319 (2005)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  120. Shimizu, A., Colvin, R.B.: Pathological features of antibody-mediated rejection. Curr. Drug Targets Cardiovasc. Haematol. Disord. 5(3), 199–214 (2005)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  121. Shimizu, A., Hisashi, Y., Kuwaki, K., Tseng, Y.L., Dor, F.J., Houser, S.L., Robson, S.C., Schuurman, H.J., Cooper, D.K., Sachs, D.H., Yamada, K., Colvin, R.B.: Thrombotic microangiopathy associated with humoral rejection of cardiac xenografts from alpha1, 3-galactosyltransferase gene-knockout pigs in baboons. Am. J. Pathol. 172(6), 1471–1481 (2008)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  122. Smith, J.D., Hamour, I.M., Banner, N.R., Rose, M.L.: C4d fixing, luminex binding antibodies - a new tool for prediction of graft failure after heart transplantation. Am. J. Transplant. 7(12), 2809–2815 (2007)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  123. Stahl, R.D., Karwande, S.V., Olsen, S.L., Taylor, D.O., Hawkins, J.A., Renlund, D.G.: Tricuspid valve dysfunction in the transplanted heart. Ann. Thorac. Surg. 59(2), 477–480 (1995)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  124. Stehlik, J., Starling, R.C., Movsesian, M.A., Fang, J.C., Brown, R.N., Hess, M.L., Lewis, N.P., Kirklin, J.K.: Utility of long-term surveillance endomyocardial biopsy: a multi-institutional analysis. J. Heart Lung Transplant. 25(12), 1402–1409 (2006)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  125. Stewart, T., Tsai, S.C., Grayson, H., Henderson, R., Opelz, G.: Incidence of de-novo breast cancer in women chronically immunosuppressed after organ transplantation. Lancet 346(8978), 796–798 (1995)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  126. Stewart, S., Winters, G.L., Fishbein, M.C., Tazelaar, H.D., Kobashigawa, J., Abrams, J., Andersen, C.B., Angelini, A., Berry, G.J., Burke, M.M., Demetris, A.J., Hammond, E., Itescu, S., Marboe, C.C., McManus, B., Reed, E.F., Reinsmoen, N.L., Rodriguez, E.R., Rose, A.G., Rose, M., Suciu-Focia, N., Zeevi, A., Billingham, M.E.: Revision of the 1990 working formulation for the standardization of nomenclature in the diagnosis of heart rejection. J. Heart Lung Transplant. 24(11), 1710–1720 (2005)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  127. Tan, C.D., Baldwin 3rd, W.M., Rodriguez, E.R.: Update on cardiac transplantation pathology. Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med. 131(8), 1169–1191 (2007)

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  128. Tan, C.D., Sokos, G.G., Pidwell, D.J., Smedira, N.G., Gonzalez-Stawinski, G.V., Taylor, D.O., Starling, R.C., Rodriguez, E.R.: Correlation of donor-specific antibodies, complement and its regulators with graft dysfunction in cardiac antibody-mediated rejection. Am. J. Transplant. 9(9), 2075–2084 (2009)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  129. Taylor, D.O., Edwards, L.B., Boucek, M.M., Trulock, E.P., Aurora, P., Christie, J., Dobbels, F., Rahmel, A.O., Keck, B.M., Hertz, M.I.: Registry of the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation: twenty-fourth official adult heart transplant report–2007. J. Heart Lung Transplant. 26(8), 769–781 (2007)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  130. Taylor, D.O., Yowell, R.L., Kfoury, A.G., Hammond, E.H., Renlund, D.G.: Allograft coronary artery disease: clinical correlations with circulating anti-HLA antibodies and the immunohistopathologic pattern of vascular rejection. J. Heart Lung Transplant. 19(6), 518–521 (2000)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  131. Tazelaar, H.D.: Spectrum and diagnosis of myocardial rejection. Cardiol. Clin. 8(1), 119–139 (1990)

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  132. Tazelaar, H.D., Edwards, W.D.: Pathology of cardiac transplantation: recipient hearts (chronic heart failure) and donor hearts (acute and chronic rejection). Mayo Clin. Proc. 67(7), 685–696 (1992)

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  133. Uber, W.E., Self, S.E., Van Bakel, A.B., Pereira, N.L.: Acute antibody-mediated rejection following heart transplantation. Am. J. Transplant. 7(9), 2064–2074 (2007)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  134. Uehara, S., Chase, C.M., Cornell, L.D., Madsen, J.C., Russell, P.S., Colvin, R.B.: Chronic cardiac transplant arteriopathy in mice: relationship of alloantibody, C4d deposition and neointimal fibrosis. Am. J. Transplant. 7(1), 57–65 (2007)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  135. Valantine, H.A.: The role of viruses in cardiac allograft vasculopathy. Am. J. Transplant. 4(2), 169–177 (2004)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  136. Veinot, J.P., Ascah, K., Davies, R.A., Smith, S.: Coronary artery-posterior interventricular vein fistula after endomyocardial biopsy in a heart transplant patient. Can. J. Cardiol. 18(2), 193–194 (2002)

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  137. Waller, B.F., Taliercio, C.P., Slack, J.D., Orr, C.M., Howard, J., Smith, M.L.: Tomographic views of normal and abnormal hearts: the anatomic basis for various cardiac imaging techniques. Part I. Clin. Cardiol. 13(11), 804–812 (1990)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  138. Waller, B.F., Taliercio, C.P., Slack, J.D., Orr, C.M., Howard, J., Smith, M.L.: Tomographic views of normal and abnormal hearts: the anatomic basis for various cardiac imaging techniques. Part II. Clin. Cardiol. 13(12), 877–884 (1990)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  139. Wang, S.S.: Treatment and prophylaxis of cardiac allograft vasculopathy. Transplant. Proc. 40(8), 2609–2610 (2008)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  140. Warraich, R.S., Pomerance, A., Stanley, A., Banner, N.R., Dunn, M.J., Yacoub, M.H.: Cardiac myosin autoantibodies and acute rejection after heart transplantation in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy. Transplantation 69(8), 1609–1617 (2000)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  141. West, L.J., Karamlou, T., Dipchand, A.I., Pollock-BarZiv, S.M., Coles, J.G., McCrindle, B.W.: Impact on outcomes after listing and transplantation, of a strategy to accept ABO blood group-incompatible donor hearts for neonates and infants. J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. 131(2), 455–461 (2006)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  142. West, L.J., Pollock-Barziv, S.M., Lee, K.J., Dipchand, A.I., Coles, J.G., Ruiz, P.: Graft accommodation in infant recipients of ABO-incompatible heart transplants: donor ABH antigen expression in graft biopsies. J. Heart Lung Transplant. 20(2), 222 (2001)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  143. Williams, J.M., Holzknecht, Z.E., Plummer, T.B., Lin, S.S., Brunn, G.J., Platt, J.L.: Acute vascular rejection and accommodation: divergent outcomes of the humoral response to organ transplantation. Transplantation 78(10), 1471–1478 (2004)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  144. Winters, G.L., Loh, E., Schoen, F.J.: Natural history of focal moderate cardiac allograft rejection. Is treatment warranted? Circulation 91(7), 1975–1980 (1995)

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  145. Winters, G.L., McManus, B.M.: Consistencies and controversies in the application of the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation working formulation for heart transplant biopsy specimens. Rapamycin Cardiac Rejection Treatment Trial Pathologists. J. Heart Lung Transplant. 15(7), 728–735 (1996)

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  146. Wu, Y.W., Yen, R.F., Lee, C.M., Ho, Y.L., Wang, S.S., Hsu, R.B., Chou, N.K., Huang, P.J.: Usefulness of progressive inhomogeneity of myocardial perfusion and chronotropic incompetence in detecting cardiac allograft vasculopathy: evaluation with dobutamine thallium-201 myocardial SPECT. Cardiology 104(3), 156–161 (2005)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  147. Yager, J.E., Hernandez, A.F., Steenbergen, C., Persing, B., Russell, S.D., Milano, C., Felker, G.M.: Recurrence of cardiac sarcoidosis in a heart transplant recipient. J. Heart Lung Transplant. 24(11), 1988–1990 (2005)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  148. Yeoh, T.K., Frist, W.H., Eastburn, T.E., Atkinson, J.: Clinical significance of mild rejection of the cardiac allograft. Circulation 86(5 Suppl), II267–II271 (1992)

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  149. Yeung, A.C., Davis, S.F., Hauptman, P.J., Kobashigawa, J.A., Miller, L.W., Valantine, H.A., Ventura, H.O., Wiedermann, J., Wilensky, R.: Incidence and progression of transplant coronary artery disease over 1 year: results of a multicenter trial with use of intravascular ultrasound. Multicenter Intravascular Ultrasound Transplant Study Group. J. Heart Lung Transplant. 14(6 Pt 2), S215–S220 (1995)

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  150. Zerbe, T.R., Arena, V.: Diagnostic reliability of endomyocardial biopsy for assessment of cardiac allograft rejection. Hum. Pathol. 19(11), 1307–1314 (1988)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  151. Zhang, Y., Zhang, X.D., Ma, L.L., Guan, D.L.: Relationship between platelet activation and acute rejection after renal transplantation. Transplant. Proc. 41(5), 1547–1551 (2009)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Intermountain Central Lab, 5252 South Intermountain Drive, Salt Lake City, UT, 84157, USA

    Dylan V. Miller

  2. Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA

    Hannah Krigman

  3. Saint Louis Children’s Hospital, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA

    Charles Canter

Authors
  1. Dylan V. Miller
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Hannah Krigman
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Charles Canter
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Dylan V. Miller .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. School of Medicine, Dept. Pathology & Immunology, Washington University, S. Euclid Ave. 660, St.Louis, 63110, Missouri, USA

    Helen Liapis

  2. , Dept. of Pathology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Beverly Blvd. 8700, Los Angeles, 90048, California, USA

    Hanlin L. Wang

Appendix 1 Gross Pathology Record for Cardiac Explants

Appendix 1 Gross Pathology Record for Cardiac Explants

figure a_9

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2009 Springer Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Miller, D.V., Krigman, H., Canter, C. (2009). Heart. In: Liapis, H., Wang, H. (eds) Pathology of Solid Organ Transplantation. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-79343-4_9

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-79343-4_9

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-540-79342-7

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-540-79343-4

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation