Skip to main content

Severe Staphylococcal Cutaneous Infections and Toxic Shock Syndrome

  • Chapter
Life-Threatening Dermatoses and Emergencies in Dermatology

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 109.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 149.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Noble WC, Valkenburg HA, Wolters CHL (1967) Carriage of Staphylococcus aureus in random samples of a normal population. J Hyg (Lond) 65:567–573

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Casewell MW, Hill RLR (1986) The carrier state: methicil-lin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. J Antimicrob Chemother 18 (Suppl A):1–12

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Lowy FD (1998) Staphylococcus aureus infections. N Engl J Med 339:520–532

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Chambers HF (2001) The changing epidemiology of Stapylococcus aureus. Emerg Infect Dis 7 (2):178–182

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Jevons MP (1961) Celbenin-resistant staphylococci (Letter). BMJ 5219:124–125

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Benner EJ, Kayser FH (1968) Growing clinical significance of methicillin-resistant S. Aureus. Lancet 2:741–744

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Townsend DE, Ashdown N, Bolton N (1987) The international spread of methicillin-resistant S. aureus. J Hosp Infect 9:60–71

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Diekema DJ, Pfaller MA, Schmitz FJ (2001) Survey of infections due to Staphylococcus species: frequency of occurrence and antimicrobial susceptibility of isolates collected in the United States, Canada, Latin America, Europe and the Western Pacific region for the SENTRY antimicrobial surveillance program 1997–1999. Clin Infect Dis 32:S114–S132

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Simor AE (2001) Containing methicillin-resistant S aureus. Surveillance, control, and treatment methods. Postgrad Med 110 (4):43–48

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Stefani S, Varaldo PE (2003) Epidemiology of methicillin-resistant staphylococci in Europe. Clin Microbiol Infect 9 (12):1179–1186

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Hiramatsu K, Aritaka H, Hanaki H et al (1997) Dissemination in Japanese hospitals of strains of Staphylococcus aureus het-erogeneously resistant to vancomycin. Lancet 350:1670–1673

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Saravolatz LD, Markowitz N, Arking L et al (1982) Methicillin-resistant Staphlococcus aureus: epidemiology observations during a community-acquired out break. Ann Intern Med 96:11–16

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Rybak MJ, LaPlante KL (2002) Community-associated methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus: a review. Pharmacotherapy 25:74–85

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Eguia JM, Chambers HF (2003) Community-acquired meth-icillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus: epidemiology and potential virulence factors. Curr Infect Dis Rep 5:459–466

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Diep BA, Sensabaugh GF, Somboona NS et al (2004) Widespread skin and soft-tissue infections due to two methi-cillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains harboring the genes for Panton- Valentice leucocidin. J Clin Microbiol 42:2080–2084

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Purcell K, Fergie JE (2002) Exponential increase in community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections in South Texas children. Pediatr Infect Dis J 21:988–989

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Okuma K, Iwakawa K, Turnidge JD et al (2002) Dissemination of new methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus clones in the community. J Clin Microbiol 40:4289–4294

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Naimi TS, LeDell KH, Como-Sabetti K (2003) Comparison of CA- and HA-MRSA infection. JAMA 290:2976–2984

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Ma XX, Ito T, Tiensasitorn C, Jamklang M et al (2002) Novel type of staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec identified in community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 46:1147–1152

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Baggett HC, Hennessy TW, Rudolph K et al (2004) Community-onset methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus associated with antibiotic use and the cytotoxin Panton-Valentine Leukocidin during a furunculosis outbreak in rural Alaska. J Infect Dis 189:1565–1573

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Frazee BW, Lynn J, Charlebois ED et al (2005) High prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in emergency departments and soft tissue infections. Ann Emerg Med 45 (3):311–320

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. McDougal LK, Steward CD, Killgore GE et al (2003) Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis typing of oxacillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates from the United States: establishing a national database. J Clin Microbiol 41:5113–5120

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. King MD, Humphrey BJ, Wang YF et al (2006) Emergence of community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus USA 300 clone as the predominant cause of skin and soft-tissue infections. Ann Intern Med 144:309–317

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Herwaldt LA (1999) Control of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in the hospital setting. Am J Med 106:11S–18S, 48S–52S

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Outbreaks of community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus skin infections — Los Angeles County, California 2002–2003. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2003; 52: 88

    Google Scholar 

  26. Kazakova SV, Hageman JC, Matava M et al (2005) A clone of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus among professional football players. N Eng J Med 352:468–475

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Zinderman CE, Conner B, Malakooti MA et al (2004) Community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus among military recruits. Emerg Infect Dis 10:941–944

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Graham PL III, Lin SX, Larson EL (2006) A US population-based survey of Staphylococcus aureus colonization. Ann Intern Med 144:318–325

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Cook HA, Furuya E Y, Larson E et al (2007) Heterosexual transmisión of community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Clin Infect Dis 44 (1):410–413

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. van Duijkeren E, Wolfhagen MJ, Heck ME, Wannet WJ (2005) Transmission of a Panton-Valentine leucocidin-positive, meth-icillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strain between humans and a dog. J Clin Microbiol 43 (12): 6209–6211

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Kitai S, Shimizu A, Kawano J et al (2005) Characterization of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolated from retail raw chicken meat in Japan. J Vet Med Sci 67 (1):107–110

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Fridkin SK, Hageman JC, Morrison M et al (2005) Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus disease in three communities. N Eng J Med 352:1436–1444

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Healy CM, Hulten KG, Palazzi DL et al (2004) Emergence of new strains of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in a neonatal intensive care unit. Clin Infect Dis 39:1460–1466

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Saiman L, O'Keefe M, Graham PL III et al (2003) Hospital transmission of community-acquired methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus among postpartum women. Clin Infect Dis 37:1313–1319

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Eckhardt C, Halvosa JS, Ray SM, Blumberg HM (2003) Transmission of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in the neonatal intensive care unit from a patient with community-acquired disease. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 24:460–461

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Lessens O, Hansmann Y, Brannigan E et al (2005) Healthcare associated Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia and the risk for methicillin resistance: is the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention definition for community-acquired bacteremia still appropriate? Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 26:204–209

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. Banthia S, Meka VG, Pillai S et al (2005) A fatal case of necrotizing pneumonia caused by community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Infect Dis Clin Pract 13:132–138

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. Adem PV, Montgomery CP, Husain AN et al (2005) Staphylococcus aureus sepsis and the Waterhouse—Friderichsen syndrome in children. N Engl J Med 353:1245–1251

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Moellering RC (2006) The growing menace of Community-Acquired Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Editorial. Ann Intern Med 144 (5):368–369

    Google Scholar 

  40. Wong CH, Chang HC, Pasupathy S et al (2003) Necrotizing fasciitis: clinical presentation, microbiology, and determinants of mortality. J Bone Joint Surg Am 85:1454–1460

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Elliot D, Kufera JA, Myers RA (2000) The microbiology of necrotizing soft tissue infections. Am J Surg 179:361–366

    Article  Google Scholar 

  42. Miller LG, Perdreau-Remington F, Rieg G et al (2005) Necrotizing fasciitis caused by community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Los Angeles. N Eng J Med 352:1445–1453

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Imamura Y, Kudo Y, Ishii Y et al (1995) A case of subacute necrotizing fasciitis. J Dermatol 22:960–963

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Roth A, Fuhrmann R, Lange M et al (2003) Overwhelming septic infection with a multiresistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) after total knee replacement. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg 123:429–432

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Pannaraj PS, Hulten KG, Gonzalez BE et al (2006) Infective pyomyosisits and myositis in children in the era of community-acquired, methicillin-resitant Staphylococcus aureus infection. Clin Infect Dis 43 (8):953–960

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Ameh EA (1999) Pyomyositis in children: analysis of 31 cases. Ann Trop Paediatr 19:263–265

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Adamski GB, Garin EH, Ballinger WE, Shulman ST (1980) Generalized non-suppurative myositis with staphylococcal septicemia. J Pediatr 96:694–697

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Acland KM, Darvay A, Griffin C et al (1999) Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome in an adult associated with methicil-lin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Br J Dermatol 140:518–520

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Von Rittershain GR (1878) Die exfoliative Dermatitis jun-gerer Säuglinge. Central Zeitung Kinderheilk 2: 3–23

    Google Scholar 

  50. Amagai M, Yamaguchi T, Hanakawa Y et al (2002) Staphylococcal exfoliative toxin B specifically cleaves des-moglein 1. J Invest Dermatol 118 (5):845–850

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Beers B, Wilson B (1990) Adult staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome. Int J Dermatol 29:428–429

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Donohue D, Robinson B, Goldberg NS (1991) Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome in a woman with chronic renal failure exposed to human immunodeficiency virus. Cutis 47:317–318

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Hardwick N, Parry CM, Sharpe GR (1995) Staphylococcal scalded skin in an adult. Influence of immune and renal factors. Br J Dermatol 132:468–471

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Patel GK, Finlay AY (2003) Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome: diagnosis and management. Am J Clin Dermatol 4 (3):165–175

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Ito Y, Funabashi YM, Tda K et al (2002) Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome in an adult due to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. J Infect Chemother 8 (3):256–261

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Richardson JF, Quoraishi AHM, Francis BJ et al (1990) Betalactamase negative, methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus in a newbornn nursery: report of an outbreak and laboratory investigations. J Hosp Inf 16:109–121

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Yokota S, Imagawa T, Katakura S et al (1996) Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome caused by exfoliative toxin B-producing methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (Letter). Eur J Pediatr 155:722

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Elston DM (2007) Community-acquired methicillin-resis-tant Staphylococcus aureus. J Am Acad Dermatol 56:1–16

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Mangili A, Bica I, Snydman DR, Hamer DH (2005) Daptomycin resistant, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia. Clin Infect Dis 40:1058–1060

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Luh KT, Hsueh PR, Teng LJ et al (2000) Quinupristin-dalfopristin resistance among Gram-positive bacteria in Taiwan. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 44:3374–3380

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Imamura H, Ohtake N, Jona H et al (2001) Dicationic dithio-carbamate cabapenems with anti MRSA activity. Bioorg Med Chem 9:1571–1578

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Kobayashi Y (2005) Study of synergism between carbapen-ems and vancomycin or teicoplanin against MRSA, focusing on S-4661 a carbapenem newly developed in Japan. J Infect Chemother 11:259–261

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Machado AR, Ams Cda C, Follador W, Guerra A (2005) Cost-effectiveness of linezolid versus vancomycin in mechanical ventilation-associated nosocomial pneumonia caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Braz J Infect Dis 9:191–200

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Fritsche TR, Sader HS, Stilwell MG et al (2005) Potency and spectrum of tigecycline tested against an international collection of bacterial pathogens associated with skin and soft tissue infections (2000–2004). Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 52:195–201

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Bogdanovic T, Ednie LM, Shapiro S, Appelbaum PC (2005) Antistaphylococcal activity of ceftobiprole, a new broad spectrum cephalosporin. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 49:4210–4219

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Vaudaux P, Gijnovci A, Bento M et al (2005) Intensive therapy with ceftobiprole medocaril of experimental foreign-body infection by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 49:3789–3793

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Cohen PR, Grossman ME (2004) Management of cutaneous lesions associated with an emerging epidemic: community acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus skin infections. J Am Acad Dermatol 51:132–135

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Faden H (2004) Staphylococcal skin infections [Letter]. Pediatr Infect Dis J 23:690

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Siberry GK, Tekle T, Carroll K, Dick J (2003) Failure of clin-damycin treatment of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus expressing inducible clindamycin resistance in vitro. Clin Infect Dis 37:1257–1260

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Martinez-Aguilar G, Hammerman WA, Mason EO Jr, Kaplan SL (2003) Clindamycin treatment of invasive infections caused by community-acquired, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in children. Pediatr Infect Dis J 22:593–598

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Sabol KE, Echevarria KL, Lewis JS II (2006) Community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: new bug, old drugs. Ann Pharmacother 40:1125–1133

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Weber SG, Gold HS, Hooper DC et al (2003) Fluoroquinolones and the risk for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in hospitalized patients. Emerg Infect Dis 9:1415–1422

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. MacDougall C, Harpe SE, Powell JP et al (2005) Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus and fluoroquinole use. Emerg Infect Dis 11:1197–1204

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Moran GJ, Krishnadasan A, Gorwittz RJ et al (2006) Methicillin-resistant S. aureus infections among patients in the Emergency department. N Eng J Med 355:666–674

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Chen CJ, Huang YC, Chiu CH et al (2005) Clinical features and genotyping analysis of community-acquired methicil-lin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections in Taiwanese children. Pediatr Infect Dis J 24:40–45

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. O'Donoghue MM, Boost MV (2004) The prevalence and source of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in the community in Hong Kong. Epidemiol Infect 132:1091–1097

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Tomic V, Svetina SP, Trinkaus D et al (2004) Sorli J, Widmer AF, Trampuz A. Comprehensive strategy to prevent nosoco-mial spread of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in a highly endemic setting. Arch Intern Med 164 (18):2038–2043

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Siegel MD (2006) A 48-year old woman with pneumonia, shock and rash. Chest 129:1724–1727

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Schlivert PM, Tripp TJ, Peterson ML (2004) Reemergence of staphylococcal toxic shock syndrome in Minneapolis—St. Paul, Minnesota, during the 2000–2003 surveillance period. J Clin Microbiol 42:2875–2876

    Article  Google Scholar 

  80. Wolf JE, Rabinowitz LG (1995) Streptococcal toxic shocklike syndrome. Arch Dermatol 131:73–77

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Tofte RW, Williams DN (1982) Clinical and laboratory manifestations of toxic shock syndrome. Ann Intern Med 96 (6Pt2):843–847

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Lauter CB (1994) Recent advances ion toxic shock syndrome. Contemp Intern Med 6 (6):11–16, 19–22

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Parsonett J (1989) Mediators in the pathogenesis of toxic shock syndrome:overview. Rev Infect Dis 11 (Suppl 1):S263–S269

    Google Scholar 

  84. Kass EH, Parsonnet J (1987) On the pathogenesis of toxic shock syndrome. Rev Infect Dis 9 (S5):S482–S489

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Herzer C (2001) Toxic shock syndrome: broadening the differential diagnosis. J Am Fam Pact 14:131–136

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Stevens DL (1992) Invasive group A streptococcus infections. Clin Infect Dis 14:2–13

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Demers B, Simor AE, Vellend H et al (1993) Severe invasive group A streptococcal infections in Ontario, Canada: 1987– 1991. Clin Infect Dis 16:792–800

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Chesney PJ (1989) Clinical aspects and spectrum of illness of toxic shock syndrome: overview. Rev Infect Dis 11 (Suppl 1):S1–S7

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. Chesney PJ, Davis JP, Purdy WK et al (1981) Clinical manifestations of toxic shock syndrome. JAMA 246:741–748

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Turgeon AF, Hutton B, Fergusson DA et al (2007) Meta-analysis: intravenous immunoglobulin in critically ill adult patients with sepsis. Ann Intern Med 146 (3):193–203

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2009 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Valencia, I.C., Kerdel, F.A. (2009). Severe Staphylococcal Cutaneous Infections and Toxic Shock Syndrome. In: Revuz, J., Roujeau, JC., Kerdel, F.A., Valeyrie-Allanore, L. (eds) Life-Threatening Dermatoses and Emergencies in Dermatology. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-79339-7_7

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-79339-7_7

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-540-79338-0

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-540-79339-7

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics