History of Doping and Doping Control

Abstract

Although attempts to enhance athletic performance are probably much older, the word “doping” was first mentioned in 1889 in an English dictionary. It described originally a mixed remedy containing opium, which was used to “dope” horses. “Dope” was a spirit prepared from the residues of grapes, which Zulu warriors used as a “stimulant” at fights and religious procedures and which also reportedly was called “doop” in Afrikaans or Dutch. Later, the meaning of “dope” was extended in a broader sense to other beverages with stimulating properties. The expression was introduced into English Turf Sport about 1900 for illegal drugging of racehorses.

1 Appendix 1 Historical Definitions of Doping

1933 Beckmanns Sport Lexikon

Doping, the use of stimulating (performance enhancing) agents, which shall push the atlete beyond his/her normal limits of performance.

Used for this purpose are:

Adrenalin, extracts of testes, caffeine, digitalis, strychnine, camphor, nicotine, cocaine, colanine, heroin, morphine, arsenic, phosphorous, calcium, alcohol etc.

The application of doping agents is rejected for reasons of sports ethics and health and is sanctioned in many sport disciplines by dismissal and sanctions.

1952 Association of German Sport Physicians (Deutscher Sportärztebund)

The intake of any pharmaceutical – regardless its activity – with the intention to enhance performance during a competition is considered as doping.

1952 Keysers Sportlexikon

Doping: Administration of stimulating agents for the enhancement of performance in sport. Application before or during the competition causes disqualification.

1956 Lexikon des Sportes (Dictionary of Sport)

Doping: Attempts by artificial stimulants of any kind, to enhance the performance of the body beyond the natural limits.

1963 Council of Europe (Madrid)

If a necessary medical treatment carried out by any means, which by its nature is capable to enhance physical performance beyond the normal level, this is considered as doping and excludes the capability to compete.

1963 Council of Europe, Committee of General (Out-of-school) Education

Doping is the administration or the use of xenobiotic substances in each form and on each way or of physiological substances in abnormal form or by abnormal ways to healthy persons with the only aim of artificial and unfair enhancement of performance for competition. In addition, various psychological measures for performance enhancement of the athlete have to be considered as doping.

1965 Belgian Law

It is the intention of this Law that doping is considered as the use of substances or the application of methods for the artificial enhancement of performance of an athlete, who participates in a competition or prepares for a competition, if the use can be harmful for his physical or mental integrity.

The Anti-Doping Committee recommends that the Legislative should prepare such a list of substances and methods, including an adequate declaration of the prohibited doses of these substances.

1970 German Sports League (Deutscher Sportbund)

Doping is the attempt to obtain an increase of performance of athletes for competition by nonphysiological substances. Doping substances as defined by these Guidelines are phenylethylamine derivatives (strong central stimulants or “Weckamines”, ephedrines, adrenaline derivatives), narcotics, analeptics (camphor- and strychnine derivatives), sedatives, psychopharmaceuticals and alcohol.

1971 Medical Commission of the International Olympic Committee:

All substances, also if applied for therapeutic purposes, which influence performance by their composition or dosage, are doping agents, including in particular

• 1. Sympathomimetic amines (e.g. amphetamines, ephedrines, etc.)

• 2. Central stimulants (e.g. strychnine, analeptics, etc.)

• 3. Narcotic analgesics (e.g. morphine, methadone, etc.)

1971 German Track and Field Association (Deutscher Leichtathletik-Verband, DLV)

“Each athlete is prohibited to take part in a competition, if he/she is under the influence of pharmaceuticals on the prohibited list. The proof of doping is obtained by qualitative detection. Time, dosage and potential of the agent are irrelevant.”

1976 International Olympic Committee

A definition of doping is not introduced.

Doping comprises the application of the substances on the following list. This list contains 76 different agents.

• 1. Psychomotoric stimulants: amphetamines and derivatives. Sympathomimetic amines: ephedrine and derivatives. Central nervous stimulating substances: analeptics, strychnine

• 2. Narcotics and analgesics: morphine and derivatives

• 3. Vasodilatators: nitrites

• 4. Anabolic steroides

1977 German Association of Sport Physicians (Deutscher Sportärztebund)

• 1. Doping is the attempt at unphysiological enhancement of performance of an athlete by application (intake, injection or administration) of a doping substance by the athlete or an assisting person (e.g. team leader, coach, physician, nurse or physiotherapist) prior to a competition and, for the anabolic hormones, also during training.

• 2. Doping substances according to these guidelines are in particular: Phenylethylamine derivatives (“Weckamines”), ephedrines, adrenaline derivatives, narcotics, analeptics (camphor and strychnine derivatives) and anabolic hormones. In specific sports, additional substances can be prohibited as doping agents (e.g. alcohol, sedatives, psychopharmaceuticals).

1978 German Association of Sport Physicians

Doping is the use of substances from the prohibited classes of agents:

• (a) Psychomotoric stimulants

• (b) Sympathomimetic amines

• (c) Various stimulants of the Central Nervous System

• (d) Narcotis and analgesics

• (e) Anabolic steroids

1986 German Association of Sport Physicians

Doping is the use of substances belonging to the prohibited classes of agents, and the application of non-permitted measures like blood doping.

Five classes of substances are defined as doping agents:

• 1. Psychomotoric substances (stimulants)

• 2. Narcotics

• 3. Anabolic steroids

• 4. Beta-receptor blockers

• 5. Diuretics

1988 International Olympic Committee

Doping is the use of substances from the prohibited classes of agents and the use of prohibited methods.

List of prohibited classes of substances and methods

• I. Prohibited classes of substances

  • A. Stimulants

  • B. Narcotics

  • C. Anabolic steroids

  • D. Beta-receptor blockers

  • E. Diuretics

• II. Prohibited methods

  • A. Blood doping

  • B. Pharmacological, chemical and physical manipulation

• III. Substances, permitted with certain restrictions

  • A. Alcohol

  • B. Local aneasthetics

  • C. Corticosteroids

1989 Anti-Doping Convention of the Council of Europe

According to this Convention are defined

“Doping in sport” the administration to or the use of pharmacological doping agents or of doping methods by athletes.

• (a) Pharmacological doping agents or doping methods according to paragraph 2 are those doping agents or doping methods which have been prohibited by the respective international sport organisations and are included in lists, which according to article II.1b. are confirmed by the Monitoring Group,

• (b) “Athletes” are those persons who participate regularly in organised sporting activities.

Until the date when a list with the prohibited doping agents and methods has been confirmed by the Monitoring Group according to Article II.I.b., the list of agents and methods attached to this Convention is valid as List of Agents and Methods.

Doping in this sense means each attempt to enhance performance by means, which normally are not administrated to the organism, whereby the intention of stimulation is essential and the manner of administration is irrelevant.