Skip to main content

Cardiac Magnetic Resonance

  • Chapter
Learning Cardiac Imaging

Part of the book series: Learning Imaging ((LEARN))

  • 1664 Accesses

Abstract

Cardiovascular magnetic resonance has emerged as an important clinical tool in the last decade. Technical advances in cardiothoracic MR imaging have expanded from a primary tomographic imaging modality to a dynamic one. Today it is possible to acquire high-resolution imaging of ventricular function, valvular motion, and myocardial perfusion. In addition, cardiac MRI is now considered the “gold standard” for the assessment of regional and global ventricular function, myocardial infarction, delayed enchancement, and congenital heart disease.

Cardiac MR offers several advantages over other diagnostic imaging methods. First, it does not use ionizing radiation. Second, it provides additional diagnostic information about tissue characteristics. Finally, MRI provides three-dimensional (3D) images many desired plane.

In the past, cardiac MR was primarily a research tool, and scans for clinical purposes were rare and performed primarily for pathologies such as arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy and cardiac neoplasms.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Further Reading

Books

  • Clinical Cardiac MRI. Bogaert J,Dymarkowski S (2005) Springer, Berlin. ISBN-13: 9783540262176

    Google Scholar 

  • Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance. Warren J Manning, Dudley J Pennell (2002) Churchill Livingstone, London. ISBN-13: 044307519-0

    Google Scholar 

  • Cardiovascular MRI & MRA. Higgins Charles B, De Roos Albert (2006) Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia. ISBN-13: 0781762715

    Google Scholar 

  • Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Kwong Raymond Y (2008) Humana. ISBN-13: 97858829-673-3

    Google Scholar 

  • MRI in Practice. Westbrook C, Kaut Roth C (2005) Blackwell. ISBN-13: 9781405127875

    Google Scholar 

  • Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance. Nagel E, van Rossum A (2004) E. Fleck. ISBN-13: 379851402x

    Google Scholar 

  • Cardiovascular MRI. Lee VS (2006) Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN-13: 9780781779968

    Google Scholar 

  • Cardiac Imaging, The requisites. Miller S (2004) Mosby. ISBN-13: 032301755X

    Google Scholar 

  • Cardiovascular Imaging: A Handbook for Clinical Practice. Bax JJ, Kramer CM, Marwick TH, Wijns W (2005) Willey-Blackwell. ISBN-13: 978140513131

    Google Scholar 

  • Novel Techniques for Imaging the Heart: Cardiac MR and CT. Di Carli MF, Kwong RY (2008) Willey-Blackwell. ISBN-13: 978140517533-3

    Google Scholar 

Webs-Links

Articles

  1. Alfayoumi F, Gradman A, Traub D, Biedermann R. Evolving clinical application of cardiac MRI. Rev Cardiovasc Med 2007; 8:135–144

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Axel L. Assessment of pericardial disease by magnetic resonance and computed tomography. J Magn Reson Imaging 2004;19: 816–826

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Abdel-Aty H, Schulz-Menger J. Cardiovascular magnetic resonance T2-weighted imaging of myocardial edema in acute myocardial infarction. Recent Pat Cardiovasc Drug Discov 2007; 2:63–68

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Benza R, Biederman R, Murali S, Gupta H. Role of cardiac magnetic resonance imaging in the management of patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension. J Am Coll Cardiol 2008; 52:1683–1692

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Bluemke DA, Krupinski EA, Ovitt T, Gear K, Unger E, Axel L et al MR Imaging of arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomy-opathy: morphologic findings and interobserver reliability. Cardiology 2003; 99:153–162

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Bove CM, DiMaria JM, Voros S, Conaway MR, Kramer CM. Dobutamine response and myocardial infarct transmurality: functional improvement after coronary artery bypass grafting–initial experience. Radiology 2006; 240:835–841

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Buckberg G, Hoffman JI, Mahajan A, Saleh S, Coghlan C. Cardiac mechanics revisited: the relationship of cardiac architecture to ventricular function. Circulation 2008; 118:2571–2587

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Carlsson M, Arheden H, Higgins CB, Saeed M. Magnetic resonance imaging as a potential gold standard for infarct quan-tification. J Electrocardiol 2008; 41:614–620

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Chavhan GB, Babyn PS, Jankharia BG, Cheng HL, Shroff MM. Steady-state MR imaging sequences: physics, classification, and clinical applications. Radiographics 2008; 28:1147–1160

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Chughtai A, Kazerooni EA. CT and MRI of acute thoracic cardiovascular emergencies. Crit Care Clin 2007; 23:835–853; vii

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Constantine G, Shan K, Flamm SD, Sivananthan MU. Role of MRI in clinical cardiology. Lancet 2004; 363:2162–2171

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Cook AL, Hurwitz LM, Valente AM, Herlong JR. Right heart dilatation in adults: congenital causes. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2007; 189:592–601

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Crean A. Cardiovascular MR and CT in congenital heart disease. Heart 2007; 93:1637–1647

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Delfino JG, Johnson KR, Eisner RL, Eder S, Leon AR, Oshinski JN. Three-directional myocardial phase-contrast tissue velocity MR imaging with navigator-echo gating: in vivo and in vitro study. Radiology 2008; 246:917–925

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Dick AJ, Lederman RJ. MRI-guided myocardial cell therapy. Int J Cardiovasc Intervent 2005; 7:165–170

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Dill T. Contraindications to magnetic resonance imaging: non-invasive imaging. Heart 2008; 94:943–948

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Duerk JL, Wong EY, Lewin JS. A brief review of hardware for catheter tracking in magnetic resonance imaging. MAGMA 2002; 13:199–208

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Festa P, Ait AL, Bernabei M, De MD. The role of magnetic resonance imaging in the evaluation of the functionally single ventricle before and after conversion to the Fontan circulation. Cardiol Young 2005; 15(Suppl 3):51–56

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Finn JP, Nael K, Deshpande V, Ratib O, Laub G. Cardiac MR imaging: state of the technology. Radiology 2006; 241:338–354

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. gabiti-Rosei E, Muiesan ML, Salvetti M. New approaches to the assessment of left ventricular hypertrophy. Ther Adv Cardiovasc Dis 2007; 1:119–128

    Google Scholar 

  21. Gerber BL, Raman SV, Nayak K, Epstein FH, Ferreira P, Axel L et al Myocardial first-pass perfusion cardiovascular magnetic resonance: history, theory, and current state of the art. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 2008; 10:18

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Gershlick AH, de BM, Chambers J, Hackett D, Keal R, Kelion A et al Role of non-invasive imaging in the management of coronary artery disease: an assessment of likely change over the next 10 years. A report from the British Cardiovascular Society Working Group. Heart 2007; 93:423–431

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Gharib AM, Elagha A, Pettigrew RI. Cardiac magnetic resonance at high field: promises and problems. Curr Probl Diagn Radiol 2008; 37:49–56

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Gleeson TG, Mwangi I, Horgan SJ, Cradock A, Fitzpatrick P, Murray JG. Steady-state free-precession (SSFP) cine MRI in distinguishing normal and bicuspid aortic valves. J Magn Reson Imaging 2008; 28:873–878

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Hancock EW. Differential diagnosis of restrictive cardiomyopa-thy and constrictive pericarditis. Heart 2001; 86:343–349

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Hansen MW, Merchant N. MRI of hypertrophic cardiomyopa-thy: part I, MRI appearances. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2007; 189:1335–1343

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Harris SR, Glockner J, Misselt AJ, Syed IS, Araoz PA. Cardiac MR imaging of nonischemic cardiomyopathies. Magn Reson Imaging Clin North Am 2008;16:165–183; vii

    Google Scholar 

  28. Hartnell GG, Notarianni M. MRI and echocardiography: how do they compare in adults? Semin Roentgenol 1998; 33:252–261

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Hauser TH, Manning WJ. The promise of whole-heart coronary MRI. Curr Cardiol Rep 2008; 10:46–50

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Helm RH,Lardo AC. Cardiac magnetic resonance assessment of mechanical dyssynchrony. Curr Opin Cardiol 2008; 23: 440–446

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Jerosch-Herold M, Muehling O. Stress perfusion magnetic resonance imaging of the heart. Top Magn Reson Imaging 2008; 19:33–42

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Jerosch-Herold M, Kwong RY. Magnetic resonance imaging in the assessment of ventricular remodeling and viability. Curr Heart Fail Rep 2008; 5:5–10

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Jeudy J, White CS. Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging: techniques and principles. Semin Roentgenol 2008; 43:173–182

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Kaandorp TA, Lamb HJ, Bax JJ, van der Wall EE, de RA. Magnetic resonance imaging of coronary arteries, the ischemic cascade, and myocardial infarction. Am Heart J 2005; 149:200–208

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Kaandorp TA, Lamb HJ, van der Wall EE, de RA, Bax JJ. Cardiovascular MR to access myocardial viability in chronic ischaemic LV dysfunction. Heart 2005; 91:1359–1365

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Kalra MK, Abbara S. Imaging cardiac tumors. Cancer Treat Res 2008; 143:177–196

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Katoh M, Stuber M, Buecker A, Gunther RW, Spuentrup E. Spin-labeling coronary MR angiography with steady-state free precession and radial k-space sampling: initial results in healthy volunteers. Radiology 2005; 236:1047–1052

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Kelle S,Nagel E. Cardiovascular MRI at 3 T. Eur Radiol 2007; 17(Suppl 6):F42–F47

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Kim HW, Crowley AL, Kim RJ. A clinical cardiovascular magnetic resonance service: operational considerations and the basic examination. Cardiol Clin 2007; 25:1–13; v

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Knauth MA,Ordovas K,Higgins CB,Reddy GP. Magnetic resonance imaging in the adult with congenital heart disease. Semin Roentgenol 2008; 43 246–258

    Google Scholar 

  41. Kovacs G, Reiter G, Reiter U, Rienmuller R, Peacock A, Olschewski H. The emerging role of magnetic resonance imaging in the diagnosis and management of pulmonary hypertension. Respiration 2008; 76:458–470

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Krishnamurthy R. Pediatric cardiac MRI: anatomy and function. Pediatr Radiol 2008; 38(Suppl 2):S192–S199

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Kwong RY, Korlakunta H. Diagnostic and prognostic value of cardiac magnetic resonance imaging in assessing myocardial viability. Top Magn Reson Imaging 2008;19:15–24

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Laissy JP, Hyafil F, Feldman LJ, Juliard JM, Schouman-Claeys E, Steg PG et al Differentiating acute myocardial infarction from myocarditis: diagnostic value of early- and delayed-perfusion cardiac MR imaging. Radiology 2005; 237:75–82

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Lamb HJ,van der Meer RW,de RA,Bax JJ. Cardiovascular molecular MR imaging. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2007; 34(Suppl 1): S99–S104

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Lew CD, Alley MT, Bammer R, Spielman DM, Chan FP. Peak velocity and flow quantification validation for sensitivity-encoded phase-contrast MR imaging. Acad Radiol 2007; 14:258–269

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Lim RP, Srichai MB, Lee VS. Non-ischemic causes of delayed myocardial hyperenhancement on MRI. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2007; 188:1675–1681

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Lin D, Kramer CM. Late gadolinium-enhanced cardiac magnetic resonance. Curr Cardiol Rep 2008; 10:72–78

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Loewy J, Loewy A, Kendall EJ. Reconsideration of pacemakers and MR imaging. Radiographics 2004; 24:1257–1267

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Lohan DG, Saleh R, Tomasian A, Krishnam M, Finn JP. Current status of 3-T cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging. Top Magn Reson Imaging 2008; 19:3–13

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Maceira AM, Joshi J, Prasad SK, Moon JC, Perugini E, Harding I et al Cardiovascular magnetic resonance in cardiac amyloi-dosis. Circulation 2005; 111:186–193

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Malik TH, Bruce IA, Kaushik V, Willatt DJ, Wright NB, Rothera MP. The role of magnetic resonance imaging in the assessment of suspected extrinsic tracheobronchial compression due to vascular anomalies. Arch Dis Child 2006; 91:52–55

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Marcu CB, Beek AM, van Rossum AC. Clinical applications of cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging. CMAJ 2006; 175:911–917

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Masci PG,Dymarkowski S,Bogaert J. The role of cardiovascular magnetic resonance in the diagnosis and management of cardiomyopathies. J Cardiovasc Med (Hagerstown) 2008; 9: 435–449

    Google Scholar 

  55. Masci PG, Dymarkowski S, Rademakers FE, Bogaert J. Determination of regional ejection fraction in patients with myocardial infarction by using merged late gadolinium enhance ment and cine MR: feasibility study. Radiology 2009; 250:50–60

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. McVeigh ER, Guttman MA, Kellman P, Raval AN, Lederman RJ. Real-time, interactive MRI for cardiovascular interventions. Acad Radiol 2005; 12:1121–1127

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Mertens L, Ganame J, Eyskens B. What is new in pediatric cardiac imaging? Eur J Pediatr 2008; 167:1–8

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Moore P. MRI-guided congenital cardiac catheterization and intervention: the future? Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2005; 66: 1–8

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Nelson KH,Li T,Afonso L. Diagnostic approach and role of MRI in the assessment of acute myocarditis. Cardiol Rev 2009; 17: 24–30

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Nieman K, Shapiro MD, Ferencik M, Nomura CH, Abbara S, Hoffmann U et al Reperfused myocardial infarction: contrast-enhanced 64-section CT in comparison to MR imaging. Radiology 2008; 247:49–56

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. O'Regan DP, Schmitz SA. Establishing a clinical cardiac MRI service. Clin Radiol 2006; 61:211–224

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. O'Sullivan PJ, Gladish GW. Cardiac tumors. Semin Roentgenol 2008; 43:223–233

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Ordovas KG,Reddy GP,Higgins CB. MRI in nonischemic acquired heart disease. J Magn Reson Imaging 2008; 27: 1195–1213

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Ozturk C, Guttman M, McVeigh ER, Lederman RJ. Magnetic resonance imaging-guided vascular interventions. Top Magn Reson Imaging 2005; 16:369–381

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Pai VM, Axel L. Advances in MRI tagging techniques for determining regional myocardial strain. Curr Cardiol Rep 2006; 8:53–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Partridge JB, Anderson RH. Left ventricular anatomy: its nomenclature, segmentation, and planes of imaging. Clin Anat 2009; 22:77–84

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Pennell D. Cardiovascular magnetic resonance. Heart 2001; 85: 581–589

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Prasad SK, Assomull RG, Pennell DJ. Recent developments in non-invasive cardiology. BMJ 2004; 329:1386–1389

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Raman VK, Lederman RJ. Interventional cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging. Trends Cardiovasc Med 2007; 17:196–202

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Ramos M, Depasquale E, Coplan NL. Assessment of myocardial viability: review of the clinical significance. Rev Cardiovasc Med 2008; 9:225–231

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Reddy GP, Pujadas S, Ordovas KG, Higgins CB. MR imaging of ischemic heart disease. Magn Reson Imaging Clin North Am 2008; 16:201–12; viii

    Google Scholar 

  72. Rickers C, Wilke NM, Jerosch-Herold M, Casey SA, Panse P, Panse N et al Utility of cardiac magnetic resonance imaging in the diagnosis of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Circulation 2005; 112:855–861

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Rodriguez E, Soler R. New MR insights of cardiomyopathy. Eur J Radiol 2008; 67:392–400

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Roguin A, Schwitter J, Vahlhaus C, Lombardi M, Brugada J, Vardas P et al Magnetic resonance imaging in individuals with cardiovascular implantable electronic devices. Europace 2008; 10:336–346

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Sa MI, de RA, Westenberg JJ, Kroft LJ. Imaging techniques in cardiac resynchronization therapy. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging 2008; 24:89–105

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Sahn DJ,Vick GW III. Review of new techniques in echocardiog-raphy and magnetic resonance imaging as applied to patients with congenital heart disease. Heart 2001; 86(Suppl 2): II41–II53

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Sakuma H, Higgins CB. Magnetic resonance measurement of coronary blood flow. Acta Paediatr Suppl 2004; 93:80–85

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Salanitri J, Lisle D, Rigsby C, Slaughter R, Edelman R. Benign cardiac tumours: cardiac CT and MRI imaging appearances. J Med Imaging Radiat Oncol 2008; 52:550–558

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Sarwar A, Shapiro MD, Abbara S, Cury RC. Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging for the evaluation of ventricular function. Semin Roentgenol 2008; 43:183–192

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Saxena SK,Sharma M,Patel M,Oreopoulos D. Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis: an emerging entity. Int Urol Nephrol 2008; 40: 715–724

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Scott AD, Keegan J, Firmin DN. Motion in cardiovascular MR imaging. Radiology 2009; 250:331–351

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Sen-Chowdhry S,McKenna WJ. The utility of magnetic resonance imaging in the evaluation of arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy. Curr Opin Cardiol 2008; 23: 38–45

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Sena L. Cardiac MR imaging: from physics to protocols. Pediatr Radiol 2008; 38(Suppl 2):S185–S191

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Shapiro MD, Guarraia DL, Moloo J, Cury RC. Evaluation of acute coronary syndromes by cardiac magnetic resonance imaging. Top Magn Reson Imaging 2008; 19:25–32

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Shehata ML, Turkbey EB, Vogel-Claussen J, Bluemke DA. Role of cardiac magnetic resonance imaging in assessment of nonis-chemic cardiomyopathies. Top Magn Reson Imaging 2008; 19:43–57

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Shinbane JS, Colletti PM, Shellock FG. MR in patients with pacemakers and ICDs: defining the issues. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 2007; 9:5–13

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. Sklansky M. Advances in fetal cardiac imaging. Pediatr Cardiol 2004; 25:307–321

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Slomka PJ, Berman DS, Germano G. Applications and software techniques for integrated cardiac multimodality imaging. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther 2008; 6:27–41

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. Sparrow PJ, Kurian JB, Jones TR, Sivananthan MU. MR imaging of cardiac tumors. Radiographics 2005; 25:1255–1276

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  90. Steel KE, Kwong RY. Application of cardiac magnetic resonance imaging in cardiomyopathy. Curr Heart Fail Rep 2008; 5:128–135

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. Strach K, Meyer C, Schild H, Sommer T. Cardiac stress MR imaging with dobutamine. Eur Radiol 2006; 16:2728–2738

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Strzelczyk J, Attili A. Cardiac magnetic resonance evaluation of myocardial viability and ischemia. Semin Roentgenol 2008; 43:193–203

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  93. Taylor AM. Cardiac imaging: MR or CT? Which to use when. Pediatr Radiol 2008; 38(Suppl 3):S433–S438

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  94. Tomlinson DR, Becher H, Selvanayagam JB. Assessment of myo-cardial viability: comparison of echocardiography versus cardiac magnetic resonance imaging in the current era. Heart Lung Circ 2008; 17:173–185

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  95. van der Geest RJ, Lelieveldt BP, Reiber JH. Quantification of global and regional ventricular function in cardiac magnetic resonance imaging. Top Magn Reson Imaging 2000; 11:348–358

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  96. Varghese A, Keegan J, Pennell DJ. Cardiovascular magnetic resonance of anomalous coronary arteries. Coron Artery Dis 2005; 16:355–364

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  97. Weaver JC, McCrohon JA. Contrast-enhanced cardiac MRI in myocardial infarction. Heart Lung Circ 2008; 17:290–298

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  98. Weinsaft JW, Klem I, Judd RM. MRI for the assessment of myo-cardial viability. Cardiol Clin 2007; 25:35–56; v

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  99. White JA, Patel MR. The role of cardiovascular MRI in heart failure and the cardiomyopathies. Cardiol Clin 2007; 25:71–95; vi

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  100. Wieben O,Francois C,Reeder SB. Cardiac MRI of ischemic heart disease at 3 T: potential and challenges. Eur J Radiol 2008; 65: 15–28

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2010 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Vilanova, J.C., Luna, A., Morales, M., Albert, X., Barceló, J., Ribes, R. (2010). Cardiac Magnetic Resonance. In: Ribes, R., Kuschnir, P., Luna, A., Vilanova, J.C., Jimenez-Hoyuela, J.M. (eds) Learning Cardiac Imaging. Learning Imaging. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-79084-6_4

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-79084-6_4

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-540-79082-2

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-540-79084-6

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics