Abstract
Radiation therapy for Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) has undergone major transformations over the last few decades and remains an important modality in the treatment of the disease. Some of the complications of radiation treatment described in the literature may not be entirely applicable to patients treated in the modern era. However, even as HL therapy evolves, it is imperative to continue the long-term follow-up of survivors with careful documentation of the types of late effects that may be associated with new treatments (both radiation therapy and chemotherapy). The contribution of other modifying factors, including genetic factors, environmental factors, and lifestyle choices may also have important implications for patient counseling and follow-up recommendations. An improved recognition and understanding of therapy-related complications can inform modifications in regimens to minimize exposures to cytotoxic agents. However, reduction of current treatments that have established efficacy should not be undertaken outside the context of clinical trials. Optimal treatments for HL will require careful balancing to continue to maximize efficacy while minimizing toxicity.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Adams MJ, Lipsitz SR, Colan SD et al (2004) Cardiovascular status in long-term survivors of Hodgkin’s disease treated with chest radiotherapy. J Clin Oncol 22:3139–3148
Advani R, Hoppe R, Rosenberg SA et al (2006) Incidence of secondary leukemia/myelodysplasia (AML/MDS) in Hodgkin’s disease (HD) with three generations of therapy at Stanford University. J Clin Oncol 24:426
Aleman BM, van den Belt-Dusebout AW, Klokman WJ et al (2003) Long-term cause-specific mortality of patients treated for Hodgkin’s disease. J Clin Oncol 21:3431–3439
Aleman BM, van den Belt-Dusebout AW, De Bruin ML et al (2007) Late cardiotoxicity after treatment for Hodgkin lymphoma. Blood 109:1878–1886
Anselmo AP, Cartoni C, Bellantuono P et al (1990) Risk of infertility in patients with Hodgkin’s disease treated with ABVD vs MOPP vs ABVD/MOPP. Haematologica 75:155–158
Arseneau JC, Sponzo RW, Levin DL et al (1972) Nonlymphomatous malignant tumors complicating Hodgkin’s disease. Possible association with intensive therapy. N Engl J Med 287:1119–1122
Aviles A, Neri N, Nambo JM et al (2005) Late cardiac toxicity secondary to treatment in Hodgkin’s disease. A study comparing doxorubicin, epirubicin and mitoxantrone in combined therapy. Leuk Lymphoma 46:1023–1028
Behringer K, Josting A, Schiller P et al (2004) Solid tumors in patients treated for Hodgkin’s disease: a report from the German Hodgkin Lymphoma Study Group. Ann Oncol 15:1079–1085
Behringer K, Breuer K, Reineke T et al (2005) Secondary amenorrhea after Hodgkin’s lymphoma is influenced by age at treatment, stage of disease, chemotherapy regimen, and the use of oral contraceptives during therapy: a report from the German Hodgkin’s Lymphoma Study Group. J Clin Oncol 23:7555–7564
Bhatia S, Ramsay NK, Bantle JP et al (1996) Thyroid abnormalities after therapy for Hodgkin’s disease in childhood. Oncologist 1:62–67
Boivin JF, Hutchison GB, Lubin JH et al (1992) Coronary artery disease mortality in patients treated for Hodgkin’s disease. Cancer 69:1241–1247
Bonadonna G, Bonfante V, Viviani S et al (2004) ABVD plus subtotal nodal versus involved-field radiotherapy in early-stage Hodgkin’s disease: long-term results. J Clin Oncol 22:2835–2841
Bowers DC, McNeil DE, Liu Y et al (2005) Stroke as a late treatment effect of Hodgkin’s Disease: a report from the Childhood Cancer Survivor Study. J Clin Oncol 23:6508–6515
Bucher JA, Fleming TJ, Fuller LM et al (1988) Preliminary observations on the effect of mantle field radiotherapy on salivary flow rates in patients with Hodgkin’s disease. J Dent Res 67:518–521
Carmel RJ, Kaplan HS (1976) Mantle irradiation in Hodgkin’s disease. An analysis of technique, tumor eradication, and complications. Cancer 37:2813–2825
Children’s Oncology Group (2008) Long-Term Follow-Up Guidelines for Survivors of Childhood, Adolescent, and Young Adult Cancers Version 3.0. www.survivorshipguidelines.org
Clifton DK, Bremner WJ (1983) The effect of testicular x-irradiation on spermatogenesis in man. A comparison with the mouse. J Androl 4:387–392
Constine LS, Donaldson SS, McDougall IR et al (1984) Thyroid dysfunction after radiotherapy in children with Hodgkin’s disease. Cancer 53:878–883
Cosset JM, Henry-Amar M, Pellae-Cosset B et al (1991) Pericarditis and myocardial infarctions after Hodgkin’s disease therapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 21:447–449
Das P, Ng AK, Earle CC et al (2006) Computed tomography screening for lung cancer in Hodgkin’s lymphoma survivors: decision analysis and cost-effectiveness analysis. Ann Oncol 17:785–793
De Bruin ML, Huisbrink J, Hauptmann M et al (2008) Treatment-related risk factors for premature menopause following Hodgkin lymphoma. Blood 111:101–108
Diehl V, Franklin J, Pfreundschuh M et al (2003) Standard and increased-dose BEACOPP chemotherapy compared with COPP-ABVD for advanced Hodgkin’s disease. N Engl J Med 348:2386–2395
Dores GM, Metayer C, Curtis RE et al (2002) Second malignant neoplasms among long-term survivors of Hodgkin’s disease: A population-based evaluation over 25 years. J Clin Oncol 20:3484–3494
Engert A, Schiller P, Josting A et al (2003) Involved-field radiotherapy is equally effective and less toxic compared with extended-field radiotherapy after four cycles of chemotherapy in patients with early-stage unfavorable Hodgkin’s lymphoma: results of the HD8 trial of the German Hodgkin’s Lymphoma Study Group. J Clin Oncol 21:3601–3608
Engert A, Diehl V, Franklin J et al (2009) Escalated-dose BEACOPP in the treatment of patients with advanced-stage Hodgkin’s lymphoma: 10 years of follow-up of the GHSG HD9 study. J Clin Oncol 27:4548–4554
Eriksson F, Gagliardi G, Liedberg A et al (2000) Long-term cardiac mortality following radiation therapy for Hodgkin’s disease: analysis with the relative seriality model. Radiother Oncol 55:153–162
Esik O, Csere T, Stefanits K et al (2003a) A review on radiogenic Lhermitte’s sign. Pathol Oncol Res 9:115–120
Esik O, Csere T, Stefanits K et al (2003b) Increased metabolic activity in the spinal cord of patients with long-standing Lhermitte’s sign. Strahlenther Onkol 179:690–693
Ferme C, Eghbali H, Meerwaldt JH et al (2007) Chemotherapy plus involved-field radiation in early-stage Hodgkin’s disease. N Engl J Med 357:1916–1927
Franklin J, Pluetschow A, Paus M et al (2006) Second malignancy risk associated with treatment of Hodgkin’s lymphoma: meta-analysis of the randomised trials. Ann Oncol 17:1749–1760
Friedman DL, Constine LS (2006) Late effects of treatment for Hodgkin lymphoma. J Natl Compr Canc Netw 4:249–257
Ghalibafian M, Beaudre A, Girinsky T (2008) Heart and coronary artery protection in patients with mediastinal Hodgkin lymphoma treated with intensity-modulated radiotherapy: dose constraints to virtual volumes or to organs at risk? Radiother Oncol 87:82–88
Girinsky T, Ghalibafian M (2005) Radiation treatment in non Hodgkin’s lymphomas: present and future directions. Cancer Radiother 9:422–426
Girinsky T, Pichenot C, Beaudre A et al (2006a) Is intensity-modulated radiotherapy better than conventional radiation treatment and three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy for mediastinal masses in patients with Hodgkin’s disease, and is there a role for beam orientation optimization and dose constraints assigned to virtual volumes? Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 64:218–226
Girinsky T, van der Maazen R, Specht L et al (2006b) Involved-node radiotherapy (INRT) in patients with early Hodgkin lymphoma: concepts and guidelines. Radiother Oncol 79:270–277
Glanzmann C, Kaufmann P, Jenni R et al (1998) Cardiac risk after mediastinal irradiation for Hodgkin’s disease. Radiother Oncol 46:51–62
Hancock SL, Cox RS, McDougall IR (1991) Thyroid diseases after treatment of Hodgkin’s disease. N Engl J Med 325:599–605
Hancock SL, Donaldson SS, Hoppe RT (1993a) Cardiac disease following treatment of Hodgkin’s disease in children and adolescents. J Clin Oncol 11:1208–1215
Hancock SL, Tucker MA, Hoppe RT (1993b) Factors affecting late mortality from heart disease after treatment of Hodgkin’s disease. JAMA 270:1949–1955
Heidenreich PA, Hancock SL, Lee BK et al (2003) Asymptomatic cardiac disease following mediastinal irradiation. J Am Coll Cardiol 42:743–749
Heidenreich PA, Hancock SL, Vagelos RH et al (2005) Diastolic dysfunction after mediastinal irradiation. Am Heart J 150:977–982
Heidenreich PA, Schnittger I, Strauss HW et al (2007) Screening for coronary artery disease after mediastinal irradiation for Hodgkin’s disease. J Clin Oncol 25:43–49
Henry-Amar M, Hayat M, Meerwaldt JH et al (1990) Causes of death after therapy for early stage Hodgkin’s disease entered on EORTC protocols. EORTC Lymphoma Cooperative Group. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 19:1155–1157
Hill DA, Gilbert E, Dores GM et al (2005) Breast cancer risk following radiotherapy for Hodgkin lymphoma: modification by other risk factors. Blood 106:3358–3365
Hirsch A, Vander EN, Straus DJ et al (1996) Effect of ABVD chemotherapy with and without mantle or mediastinal irradiation on pulmonary function and symptoms in early-stage Hodgkin’s disease. J Clin Oncol 14:1297–1305
Hodgson DC, Gilbert ES, Dores GM et al (2007a) Long-term solid cancer risk among 5-year survivors of Hodgkin’s lymphoma. J Clin Oncol 25:1489–1497
Hodgson DC, Pintilie M, Gitterman L et al (2007b) Fertility among female hodgkin lymphoma survivors attempting pregnancy following ABVD chemotherapy. Hematol Oncol 25:11–15
Hoppe RT (1997) Hodgkin’s disease: complications of therapy and excess mortality. Ann Oncol 8(Suppl 1):115–118
Horning SJ, Adhikari A, Rizk N et al (1994) Effect of treatment for Hodgkin’s disease on pulmonary function: results of a prospective study. J Clin Oncol 12:297–305
Hull MC, Morris CG, Pepine CJ et al (2003) Valvular dysfunction and carotid, subclavian, and coronary artery disease in survivors of hodgkin lymphoma treated with radiation therapy. JAMA 290:2831–2837
Kaldor JM, Day NE, Clarke EA et al (1990) Leukemia following Hodgkin’s disease. N Engl J Med 322:7–13
Keene HJ, Fleming TJ, Toth BB (1994) Cariogenic microflora in patients with Hodgkin’s disease before and after mantle field radiotherapy. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 78:577–582
Koh ES, Sun A, Tran TH et al (2006) Clinical dose-volume histogram analysis in predicting radiation pneumonitis in Hodgkin’s lymphoma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 66:223–228
Koh ES, Tran TH, Heydarian M et al (2007) A comparison of mantle versus involved-field radiotherapy for Hodgkin’s lymphoma: reduction in normal tissue dose and second cancer risk. Radiat Oncol 2:13
Lewanski CR, Sinclair JA, Stewart JS (2000) Lhermitte’s sign following head and neck radiotherapy. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol) 12:98–103
Lushbaugh CC, Casarett GW (1976) The effects of gonadal irradiation in clinical radiation therapy: a review. Cancer 37:1111–1125
Mauch P, Ng A, Aleman B et al (2005) Report from the Rockefellar Foundation Sponsored International Workshop on reducing mortality and improving quality of life in long-term survivors of Hodgkin’s disease: July 9–16, 2003, Bellagio, Italy. Eur J Haematol Suppl 75:68–76
Meistrich ML (1993) Effects of chemotherapy and radiotherapy on spermatogenesis. Eur Urol 23:136–141
National Comprehensive Cancer Network (2009) Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology. www.nccn.org
Ng AK, Bernardo MP, Weller E et al (2002a) Long-term survival and competing causes of death in patients with early-stage Hodgkin’s disease treated at age 50 or younger. J Clin Oncol 20:2101–2108
Ng AK, Bernardo MVP, Weller E et al (2002b) Second malignancy after Hodgkin disease treated with radiation therapy with or without chemotherapy: long-term risks and risk factors. Blood 100:1989–1996
Ogilvy-Stuart AL, Shalet SM (1993) Effect of radiation on the human reproductive system. Environ Health Perspect 101(Suppl 2):109–116
Rueffer U, Josting A, Franklin J et al (2001) Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma after primary Hodgkin’s disease in the German Hodgkin’s Lymphoma Study Group: incidence, treatment, and prognosis. J Clin Oncol 19:2026–2032
Saslow D, Boetes C, Burke W et al (2007) American Cancer Society guidelines for breast screening with MRI as an adjunct to mammography. CA Cancer J Clin 57:75–89
Schonfeld SJ, Gilbert ES, Dores GM et al (2006) Acute myeloid leukemia following Hodgkin lymphoma: a population-based study of 35, 511 patients. J Natl Cancer Inst 98:215–218
Sieniawski M, Reineke T, Nogova L et al (2008) Fertility in male patients with advanced Hodgkin lymphoma treated with BEACOPP: a report of the German Hodgkin Study Group (GHSG). Blood 111:71–76
Sklar C, Whitton J, Mertens A et al (2000) Abnormalities of the thyroid in survivors of Hodgkin’s disease: data from the Childhood Cancer Survivor Study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 85:3227–3232
Sklar CA, Mertens AC, Mitby P et al (2006) Premature menopause in survivors of childhood cancer: a report from the childhood cancer survivor study. J Natl Cancer Inst 98:890–896
Swerdlow AJ, Barber JA, Hudson GV et al (2000) Risk of second malignancy after Hodgkin’s disease in a collaborative British cohort: the relation to age at treatment. J Clin Oncol 18:498–509
Swerdlow AJ, Schoemaker MJ, Allerton R et al (2001) Lung cancer after Hodgkin’s disease: a nested case-control study of the relation to treatment. J Clin Oncol 19:1610–1618
Swerdlow AJ, Higgins CD, Smith P et al (2007) Myocardial infarction mortality risk after treatment for Hodgkin disease: a collaborative British cohort study. J Natl Cancer Inst 99:206–214
Tarbell NJ, Thompson L, Mauch P (1990) Thoracic irradiation in Hodgkin’s disease: disease control and long-term complications. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 18:275–281
Travis LB (2002) Therapy-associated solid tumors. Acta Oncol 41:323–333
Travis LB, Gospodarowicz M, Curtis RE et al (2002) Lung cancer following chemotherapy and radiotherapy for Hodgkin’s disease. J Natl Cancer Inst 94:182–192
Travis LB, Hill DA, Dores GM et al (2003) Breast cancer following radiotherapy and chemotherapy among young women with Hodgkin disease. JAMA – J Am Med Assoc 290:465–475
Tura S, Fiacchini M, Zinzani PL et al (1993) Splenectomy and the increasing risk of secondary acute leukemia in Hodgkin’s disease. J Clin Oncol 11:925–930
van der Kaaij MA, Heutte N, Le SN et al (2007) Gonadal function in males after chemotherapy for early-stage Hodgkin’s lymphoma treated in four subsequent trials by the European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer: EORTC Lymphoma Group and the Groupe d’Etude des Lymphomes de l’Adulte. J Clin Oncol 25:2825–2832
van Leeuwen FE, Somers R, Hart AA (1987) Splenectomy in Hodgkin’s disease and second leukaemias. Lancet 2:210–211
van Leeuwen FE, Chorus AM, Belt-Dusebout AW et al (1994) Leukemia risk following Hodgkin’s disease: relation to cumulative dose of alkylating agents, treatment with teniposide combinations, number of episodes of chemotherapy, and bone marrow damage. J Clin Oncol 12:1063–1073
van Leeuwen FE, Klokman WJ, Veer MB et al (2000) Long-term risk of second malignancy in survivors of Hodgkin’s disease treated during adolescence or young adulthood. J Clin Oncol 18:487–497
van Leeuwen FE, Klokman WJ, Stovall M et al (2003) Roles of radiation dose, chemotherapy, and hormonal factors in breast cancer following Hodgkin’s disease. J Natl Cancer Inst 95:971–980
van Rijswijk RE, Verbeek J, Haanen C et al (1987) Major complications and causes of death in patients treated for Hodgkin’s disease. J Clin Oncol 5:1624–1633
Viviani S, Santoro A, Ragni G et al (1985) Gonadal toxicity after combination chemotherapy for Hodgkin’s disease. Comparative results of MOPP vs ABVD. Eur J Cancer Clin Oncol 21:601–605
Wallace WH, Shalet SM, Hendry JH et al (1989) Ovarian failure following abdominal irradiation in childhood: the radiosensitivity of the human oocyte. Br J Radiol 62:995–998
Wallace WH, Thomson AB, Saran F et al (2005) Predicting age of ovarian failure after radiation to a field that includes the ovaries. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 62:738–744
Williams RS, Mendenhall N (1992) Laparoscopic oophoropexy for preservation of ovarian function before pelvic node irradiation. Obstet Gynecol 80:541–543
Williams RS, Littell RD, Mendenhall’ NP (1999) Laparoscopic oophoropexy and ovarian function in the treatment of Hodgkin disease. Cancer 86:2138–2142
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2011 Springer Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Ng, A.K., Travis, L.B. (2011). Acute and Long-Term Complications of Radiotherapy for Hodgkin Lymphoma. In: Specht, L., Yahalom, J. (eds) Radiotherapy for Hodgkin Lymphoma. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-78944-4_14
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-78944-4_14
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-540-78455-5
Online ISBN: 978-3-540-78944-4
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)