Skip to main content

Pathophysiology of Inflammation in the Surgically Failed Sinus Cavity

  • Chapter
Revision Sinus Surgery

Abstract

• Chronic rhinosinusitis with or without polyps is an inflammatory disease. Treatment should always consist of a sandwich of optimal medical treatment, if necessary followed by surgery and than always followed by a (sometimes extensive) period of medical treatment.

• Both extrinsic and intrinsic patient factors may be associated with an unfavourable outcome after endoscopic sinus surgery.

• A careful assessment of these factors may serve as a helpful prognostic indicator of the outcome of endoscopic sinus surgery.

• Optimising the management of underlying systemic disease is vital in order to achieve a satisfactory outcome, especially in revision surgery.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

eBook
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Fokkens W, Lund V, Mullol J; European Position Paper on Rhinosinusitis and Nasal Polyps Group (2007) European position paper on rhinosinusitis and nasal polyps 2007. Rhinol Suppl. (20):1–136

    Google Scholar 

  2. Bhattacharyya N (2004) Clinical outcomes after revision endoscopic sinus surgery. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 130:975–978

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Bachert C, Van Cauwenberge PB (1997) Inflammatory mechanisms in chronic sinusitis. Acta Otorhinolaryngol Belg 51:209–217

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Hamilos DL, Leung DY, Wood R, Bean DK, Song YL, Schotman E, et al. (1996) Eosinophil infiltration in nonallergic chronic hyperplastic sinusitis with nasal polyposis (CHS/NP) is associated with endothelial VCAM-1 upregulation and expression of TNF-alpha. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 15:443–450

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Berger G, Kattan A, Bernheim J, Ophir D (2002) Polypoid mucosa with eosinophilia and glandular hyperplasia in chronic sinusitis: a histopathological and immunohistochemical study. Laryngoscope 112:738–745

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Jones NS, Carney AS, Davis A (1998) The prevalence of allergic rhinosinusitis: a review. J Laryngol Otol 112:1019–1030

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Slavin RG (1988) Sinusitis in adults and its relation to allergic rhinitis, asthma, and nasal polyps. J Allergy Clin Immunol 82:950–956

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Rachelefsky GS, Goldberg M, Katz RM, Boris G, Gyepes MT, Shapiro MJ, et al. (1978) Sinus disease in children with respiratory allergy. J Allergy Clin Immunol 61:310–314

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Robinson S, Douglas R, Wormald PJ (2006) The relationship between atopy and chronic rhinosinusitis. Am J Rhinol 20:625–628

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Gutman M, Torres A, Keen KJ, Houser SM (2004) Prevalence of allergy in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 130:545–552

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Emanuel IA, Shah SB (2000) Chronic rhinosinusitis: allergy and sinus computed tomography relationships. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 123:687–691

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Lane AP, Pine HS, Pillsbury HC 3rd (2001) Allergy testing and immunotherapy in an academic otolaryngology practice: a 20-year review. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 124:9–15

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Kennedy DW (1992) Prognostic factors, outcomes and staging in ethmoid sinus surgery. Laryngoscope 102:1–18

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Dixon AE, Kaminsky DA, Holbrook JT, Wise RA, Shade DM, Irvin CG (2006) Allergic rhinitis and sinusitis in asthma: differential effects on symptoms and pulmonary function. Chest 130:429–435

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Bachert C, Gevaert P, Holtappels G, Johansson SG, van CP (2001) Total and specific IgE in nasal polyps is related to local eosinophilic inflammation. J Allergy Clin Immunol 107:607–614

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Bateman ND, Shahi A, Feeley KM, Woolford TJ (2005) Activated eosinophils in nasal polyps: a comparison of asthmatic and non-asthmatic patients. Clin Otolaryngol 30:221–225

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Dhong HJ, Kim HY, Cho DY (2005) Histopathologic characteristics of chronic sinusitis with bronchial asthma. Acta Otolaryngol 125:169–176

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Haruna S, Nakanishi M, Otori N, Moriyama H (2004) Histopathological features of nasal polyps with asthma association: an immunohistochemical study. Am J Rhinol 18:165–172

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Jankowski R, Bouchoua F, Coffinet L, Vignaud JM (2002) Clinical factors influencing the eosinophil infiltration of nasal polyps. Rhinology 40:173–178

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Kowalski ML, Lewandowska-Polak A, Wozniak J, Ptasinska A, Jankowski A, Wagrowska-Danilewicz M, et al. (2005) Association of stem cell factor expression in nasal polyp epithelial cells with aspirin sensitivity and asthma. Allergy 60:631–637

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Ragab A, Clement P, Vincken W (2006) Correlation between the cytology of the nasal middle meatus and BAL in chronic rhinosinusitis. Rhinology 43:11–17

    Google Scholar 

  22. Olze H, Forster U, Zuberbier T, Morawietz L, Luger EO (2006) Eosinophilic nasal polyps are a rich source of eotaxin, eotaxin-2 and eotaxin-3. Rhinology 44:145–150

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Senior BA, Kennedy DW (1996) Management of sinusitis in the asthmatic patient. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 77:6–15

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Dunlop G, Scadding GK, Lund VJ (1999) The effect of endoscopic sinus surgery on asthma: management of patients with chronic rhinosinusitis, nasal polyposis, and asthma. Am J Rhinol 13:261–265

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Ikeda K, Tanno N, Tamura G, Suzuki H, Oshima T, Shimomura A, et al. (1999) Endoscopic sinus surgery improves pulmonary function in patients with asthma associated with chronic sinusitis. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 108:355–359

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Chambers DW, Davis WE, Cook PR, Nishioka GJ, Rudman DT (1997) Long-term outcome analysis of functional endoscopic sinus surgery: correlation of symptoms with endoscopic examination findings and potential prognostic variables. Laryngoscope 107:504–510

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Wang PC, Chu CC, Liang SC, Tai CJ (2002) Outcome predictors for endoscopic sinus surgery. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 126:154–159

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Kim HY, Dhong HJ, Chung SK, Chung YJ, Kim MG (2006) Clinical characteristics of chronic rhinosinusitis with asthma. Auris Nasus Larynx 33:403–408

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Marks SC, Shamsa F (1997) Evaluation of prognostic factors in endoscopic sinus surgery. Am J Rhinol 11:187–191

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Smith TL, Mendolia-Loffredo S, Loehrl TA, Sparapani R, Laud PW, Nattinger AB (2005) Predictive factors and outcomes in endoscopic sinus surgery for chronic rhinosinusitis. Laryngoscope 115:2199–2205

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Seybt MW, McMains KC, Kountakis SE (2007) The prevalence and effect of asthma on adults with chronic rhinosinusitis. Ear Nose Throat J 86:409–411

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. McFadden EA, Woodson BT, Fink JN, Toohill RJ (1997) Surgical treatment of aspirin triad sinusitis. Am J Rhinol 11:263–270

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Amar YG, Frenkiel S, Sobol SE (2000) Outcome analysis of endoscopic sinus surgery for chronic sinusitis in patients having Samter’s triad. J Otolaryngol 29:7–12

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Smith TL, Batra PS, Seiden AM, Hannley M (2005) Evidence supporting endoscopic sinus surgery in the management of adult chronic rhinosinusitis: a systematic review. Am J Rhinol 19:537–543

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Cho SH, Min HJ, Han HX, Paik SS, Kim KR (2006) CT analysis and histopathology of bone remodeling in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 135:404–408

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Lee JT, Kennedy DW, Palmer JN, Feldman M, Chiu AG (2006) The incidence of concurrent osteitis in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis: a clinicopathological study. Am J Rhinol 20:278–282

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Kennedy DW, Senior BA, Gannon FH, Montone KT, Hwang P, Lanza DC (1998) Histology and histomorphometry of ethmoid bone in chronic rhinosinusitis. Laryngoscope 108:502–507

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Videler WJ, van Drunen CM, van der Meulen FW, Fokkens WJ (2007) Radical surgery: effect on quality of life and pain in chronic rhinosinusitis. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 136:261–267

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Videler WJ, Wreesmann VB, van der Meulen FW, Knegt PP, Fokkens WJ (2006) Repetitive endoscopic sinus surgery failure: a role for radical surgery? Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 134:586–591

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Kalkman PM, Fokkens WJ, de Wit HJ, van de Merwe JP, Hooijkaas H, van Haarst JM, et al. (2002) A hampered chemoattractant-induced cytoskeletal rearrangement in granulocytes of patients with unexplained severe chronic and relapsing infections of the upper and lower airways. In vitro restoration by G-CSF exposure. Clin Exp Immunol 127:115–122

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Chee L, Graham SM, Carothers DG, Ballas ZK (2001) Immune dysfunction in refractory sinusitis in a tertiary care setting. Laryngoscope 111:233–235

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Scadding GK, Lund VJ, Darby YC, Navas-Romero J, Seymour N, Turner MW (1994) IgG subclass levels in chronic rhinosinusitis. Rhinology 32:15–19

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Sethi DS, Winkelstein JA, Lederman H, Loury MC (1995) Immunologic defects in patients with chronic recurrent sinusitis: diagnosis and management. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 112:242–247

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Buckley RH (2002) Immunoglobulin G subclass deficiency: fact or fancy? Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 2:356–360

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Maguire GA, Kumararatne DS, Joyce HJ (2002) Are there any clinical indications for measuring IgG subclasses? Ann Clin Biochem 39:374–377

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Seppanen M, Suvilehto J, Lokki ML, Notkola IL, Jarvinen A, Jarva H, et al. (2006) Immunoglobulins and complement factor C4 in adult rhinosinusitis. Clin Exp Immunol 145:219–227

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Buehring I, Friedrich B, Schaaf J, Schmidt H, Ahrens P, Zielen S (1997) Chronic sinusitis refractory to standard management in patients with humoral immunodeficiencies. Clin Exp Immunol 109:468–472

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Cunningham-Rundles C, Bodian C (1999) Common variable immunodeficiency: clinical and immunological features of 248 patients. Clin Immunol 92:34–48

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Rose MA, Schubert R, Schmitt-Grohe S, Reichenbach J, Zielen S (2006) Immunoglobulins and inflammatory cytokines in nasal secretions in humoral immunodeficiencies. Laryngoscope 116:239–244

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Lusk RP, Polmar SH, Muntz HR (1991) Endoscopic ethmoidectomy and maxillary antrostomy in immunodeficient patients. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 117:60–63

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Gottschlich S, Ambrosch P, Kramkowski D, Laudien M, Buchelt T, Gross WL, et al. (2006) Head and neck manifestations of Wegener’s granulomatosis. Rhinology 44:227–233

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Hellmich B, Lamprecht P, Gross WL (2006) Advances in the therapy of Wegener’s granulomatosis. Curr Opin Rheumatol 18:25–32

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Braun JJ, Gentine A, Pauli G (2004) Sinonasal sarcoidosis: review and report of fifteen cases. Laryngoscope 114:1960–1963

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Aubart FC, Ouayoun M, Brauner M, Attali P, Kambouchner M, Valeyre D, et al. (2006) Sinonasal involvement in sarcoidosis: a case-control study of 20 patients. Medicine (Baltimore) 85:365–371

    Article  Google Scholar 

  55. Marks SC, Goodman RS (1998) Surgical management of nasal and sinus sarcoidosis. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 118:856–858

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Bacciu A, Bacciu S, Mercante G, Ingegnoli F, Grasselli C, Vaglio A, et al. (2006) Ear, nose and throat manifestations of Churg-Strauss syndrome. Acta Otolaryngol 126:503–509

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Olsen KD, Neel HB, III, Deremee RA, Weiland LH (1980) Nasal manifestations of allergic granulomatosis and angiitis (Churg-Strauss syndrome). Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 88:85–89

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Danieli MG, Cappelli M, Malcangi G, Logullo F, Salvi A, Danieli G (2004) Long term effectiveness of intravenous immunoglobulin in Churg-Strauss syndrome. Ann Rheum Dis 63:1649–1654

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Hellmich B, Gross WL (2004) Recent progress in the pharmacotherapy of Churg-Strauss syndrome. Expert Opin Pharmacother 5:25–35

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Bhattacharyya N (2005) Bacterial infection in chronic rhinosinusitis: a controlled paired analysis. Am J Rhinol 19:544–548

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Araujo E, Palombini BC, Cantarelli V, Pereira A, Mariante Al (2003) Microbiology of middle meatus in chronic rhinosinusitis. Am J Rhinol 17:9–15

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Kingdom TT, Swain RE Jr (2004) The microbiology and antimicrobial resistance patterns in chronic rhinosinusitis. Am J Otolaryngol 25:323–328

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Nadel DM, Lanza DC, Kennedy DW (1998) Endoscopically guided cultures in chronic sinusitis. Am J Rhinol 12:233–241

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Yildirim A, Oh C, Erdem H, Kunt T (2004) Bacteriology in patients with chronic sinusitis who have been medically and surgically treated. Ear Nose Throat J 83:836–838

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Bachert C, Gevaert P, van Cauwenberge P (2002) Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxins: a key in airway disease? Allergy 57:480–487

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Zhang N, Gevaert P, van Zele T, Perez-Novo C, Patou J, Holtappels G, et al. (2005) An update on the impact of Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxins in chronic sinusitis with nasal polyposis. Rhinology 43:162–168

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Cryer J, Schipor I, Perloff JR, Palmer JN (2004) Evidence of bacterial biofilms in human chronic sinusitis. ORL J Otorhinolaryngol Relat Spec 66:155–158

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Sanclement JA, Webster P, Thomas J, Ramadan HH (2005) Bacterial biofilms in surgical specimens of patients with chronic rhinosinusitis. Laryngoscope 115:578–582

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Harvey RJ, Lund VJ (2007) Biofilms and chronic rhinosinusitis: systematic review of evidence, current concepts and directions for research. Rhinology 45:3–13

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Bendouah Z, Barbeau J, Hamad WA, Desrosiers M (2006). Biofilm formation by Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa is associated with an unfavorable evolution after surgery for chronic sinusitis and nasal polyposis. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 134:991–996

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Ponikau JU, Sherris DA, Kern EB, Homburger HA, Frigas E, Gaffey TA, et al. (1999) The diagnosis and incidence of allergic fungal sinusitis. Mayo Clin Proc 74:877–884

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Braun H, Stammberger H, Buzina W, Freudenschuss K, Lackner A, Beham A (2003) Incidence and detection of fungi and eosinophilic granulocytes in chronic rhinosinusitis. German. Laryngorhinootologie 82:330–340

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Sasama J, Sherris DA, Shin SH, Kephart GM, Kern EB, Ponikau JU (2005) New paradigm for the roles of fungi and eosinophils in chronic rhinosinusitis. Curr Opin Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 13:2–8

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Shin SH, Ponikau JU, Sherris DA, Congdon D, Frigas E, Homburger HA, et al. (2004) Chronic rhinosinusitis: an enhanced immune response to ubiquitous airborne fungi. J Allergy Clin Immunol 114:1369–1375

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Weschta M, Rimek D, Formanek M, Polzehl D, Podbielski A, Riechelmann H (2004) Topical antifungal treatment of chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps: a randomized, double-blind clinical trial. J Allergy Clin Immunol 113:1122–1128

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Ebbens FA, Scadding GK, Badia L, Hellings PW, Jorissen M, Mullol J, et al. (2006) Amphotericin B nasal lavages: not a solution for patients with chronic rhinosinusitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 118:1149–1156

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Chen Y, Dales R, Lin M (2003) The epidemiology of chronic rhinosinusitis in Canadians. Laryngoscope 113:1199–1205

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Min YG, Jung HW, Kim HS, Park SK, Yoo KY (1996) Prevalence and risk factors of chronic sinusitis in Korea: results of a nationwide survey. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 253:435–439

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Murphy C, Davidson TM, Jellison W, Austin S, Mathews WC, Ellison DW, et al. (2000) Sinonasal disease and olfactory impairment in HIV disease: endoscopic sinus surgery and outcome measures. Laryngoscope 110:1707–1710

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Porter JP, Patel AA, Dewey CM, Stewart MG (1999) Prevalence of sinonasal symptoms in patients with HIV infection. Am J Rhinol 13:203–208

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Tami TA (1995) The management of sinusitis in patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Ear Nose Throat J 74:360–363

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Sabini P, Josephson GD, Reisacher WR, Pincus R (1998) The role of endoscopic sinus surgery in patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Am J Otolaryngol 19:351–356

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Savage DG, Taylor P, Blackwell J, Chen F, Szydlo RM, Rule SA, et al. (1997) Paranasal sinusitis following allogeneic bone marrow transplant. Bone Marrow Transplant 19:55–59

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Imamura R, Voegels R, Sperandio F, Sennes LU, Silva R, Butugan O, et al. (1999) Microbiology of sinusitis in patients undergoing bone marrow transplantation. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 120:279–282

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Sterman BM (1999) Sinus surgery in bone marrow transplantation patients. Am J Rhinol 13:315–317

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Anselmo-Lima WT, Lopes RP, Valera FC, Demarco RC (2004) Invasive fungal rhinosinusitis in immunocompromised patients. Rhinology 42:141–144

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. Hunt SM, Miyamoto RC, Cornelius RS, Tami TA (2000) Invasive fungal sinusitis in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Otolaryngol Clin North Am 33:335–347

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Morinaka S, Ichimiya M, Nakamura H (2003) Detection of Helicobacter pylori in nasal and maxillary sinus specimens from patients with chronic sinusitis. Laryngoscope 113:1557–1563

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. Ozdek A, Cirak MY, Samim E, Bayiz U, Safak MA, Turet S (2003) A possible role of Helicobacter pylori in chronic rhinosinusitis: a preliminary report. Laryngoscope 113:679–682

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  90. Kowalski ML, Grzegorczyk J, Pawliczak R, Kornatowski T, Wagrowska-Danilewicz M, Danilewicz M (2002) Decreased apoptosis and distinct profile of infiltrating cells in the nasal polyps of patients with aspirin hypersensitivity. Allergy 57:493–500

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Szucs E, Ravandi S, Goossens A, Beel M, Clement PA (2002) Eosinophilia in the ethmoid mucosa and its relationship to the severity of inflammation in chronic rhinosinusitis. Am J Rhinol 16:131–134

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. Zadeh MH, Banthia V, Anand VK, Huang C (2002) Significance of eosinophilia in chronic rhinosinusitis. Am J Rhinol 16:313–317

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  93. Bumbacea D, Campbell D, Nguyen L, Carr D, Barnes PJ, Robinson D, et al. (2004) Parameters associated with persistent airflow obstruction in chronic severe asthma. Eur Respir J 24:122–128

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Miranda C, Busacker A, Balzar S, Trudeau J, Wenzel SE (2004) Distinguishing severe asthma phenotypes: role of age at onset and eosinophilic inflammation. J Allergy Clin Immunol 113:101–108

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  95. Pumputiene I, Emuzyte R, Dubakiene R, Firantiene R, Tamosiunas V (2006) T cell and eosinophil activation in mild and moderate atopic and nonatopic children’s asthma in remission. Allergy 61:43–48

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. Carney AS, Tan LW, Adams D, Varelias A, Ooi EH, Wormald PJ (2006) Th2 immunological inflammation in allergic fungal sinusitis, nonallergic eosinophilic fungal sinusitis, and chronic rhinosinusitis. Am J Rhinol 20:145–149

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  97. Donovan R, Johansson SG, Bennich H, Soothill JF (1970) Immunoglobulins in nasal polyp fluid. Int Arch Allergy Appl Immunol 37:154–166

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. Lal D, Baroody FM, Weitzel EK, deTineo M, Naclerio RM (2006) Total IgE levels do not change 1 year after endoscopic sinus surgery in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 139:146–148

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. Van ZT, Gevaert P, Watelet JB, Claeys G, Holtappels G, Claeys C, et al. (2004) Staphylococcus aureus colonization and IgE antibody formation to enterotoxins is increased in nasal polyposis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 114:981–983

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. Watelet JB, Demetter P, Claeys C, van CP, Cuvelier C, Bachert C (2005) Neutrophil-derived metalloproteinase-9 predicts healing quality after sinus surgery. Laryngoscope 115:56–61

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  101. Watelet JB, Claeys C, van CP, Bachert C (2004) Predictive and monitoring value of matrix metalloproteinase-9 for healing quality after sinus surgery. Wound Repair Regen 12:412–418

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2008 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Fokkens, W., Rinia, B., Georgalas, C. (2008). Pathophysiology of Inflammation in the Surgically Failed Sinus Cavity. In: Revision Sinus Surgery. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-78931-4_4

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-78931-4_4

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-540-78930-7

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-540-78931-4

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics