Abstract
• Despite many suggested methods of staging for chronic rhinosinusitis, there are intrinsic difficulties in finding the “perfect” solution.
• Most staging systems have relied on computed tomography (CT) scoring, endoscopic findings, symptom scores or combinations thereof and have concentrated on patients undergoing primary surgery rather than patients with recurrent symptoms awaiting revision surgery.
• Whilst a correlation can be shown between CT and endoscopic findings, the correlation between CT changes and symptoms is generally poor in either circumstance.
• The purpose of staging in inflammation/infection in contrast to malignancy may relate more to demonstration of the disease and as an inclusion criterion for clinical research than as a predictive tool.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsPreview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Annamalai S, Kumar NA, Madkour MB, et al. (2003) An association between acquired epiphora and the signs and symptoms of chronic rhinosinusitis: A prospective case-control study. Am J Rhinol 17:111–114
Ashraf N, Bhattacharyya N (2001) Determination of the “incidental” Lund score for the staging of chronic rhinosinusitis. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 125:483–486
Atlas SJ, Gallagher PM, Wu YA et al. (2005) Development and validation of a new health-related quality of life instrument for patients with sinusitis. Qual Life Res 14:1375–1386
Benninger MS, Senior BA (1997) The development of the Rhinosinusitis Disability Index. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 123:1175–1179
Bhattacharrya N (1999) Computed tomographic staging and the fate of the dependent sinuses in revision endoscopic sinus surgery. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 125: 994–999
Bhattacharyya N (2004) Clinical outcomes after revision endoscopic sinus surgery. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 130:975–978
Bhattacharyya N (2005) A comparison of symptom scores and radiographic staging systems in chronic rhinosinusitis. Am J Rhinol 19:175–179
Bhattacharyya N (2006) Radiographic stage fails to predict symptom outcomes after endoscopic sinus surgery for chronic rhinosinusitis. Laryngoscope 116:18–22
Bradley DT, Kountakis SE (2005) Correlation between computed tomograph scores and symptomatic improvement after endoscopic sinus surgery. Laryngoscope 115:466–469
Browne JP, Hopkins C, Slack R, et al. (2006) Health-related quality of life after polypectomy with and without additional surgery. Laryngoscope 116:297–302
Caldwell GW (1893) Diseases of the accessory sinuses of the nose and an improved method of treatment of suppuration of the maxillary sinus. N Y Med J 58:526–528
Cannady SB, Baztra PS, Sautter NB, et al. (2007) New staging system for sinonasal inverted papilloma in the endoscopic era. Laryngoscope 117:1283–1287
Cantu G, Solero CL, Miceli R, et al. (2005) Which classification for ethmoid malignant tumors involving the anterior skull base? Head Neck 27:224–231
Chandler JR, Goulding R, Moskowitz L (1984) Nasopharyngeal angiofibromas: staging and managements. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 93:322–329
Clement PA, Bijloos J, Kaufman L, et al. (1989) Incidence and etiology of rhinosinusitis in children. Acta Otorhinolaryngol Belg 43:523–543
Fokkens W, Lund VJ, Bachert C et al. European Academy of Allergology and Clinical Immunology (2005) European position paper on rhinosinusitis and nasal polyps. Rhinol Suppl 18:1–87
Fisch U (1983) The infratemporal fossa approach for nasopharyngeal tumours. Laryngoscope 93:36–44
Fokkens W, Lund VJ, Mullol J, et al. (2007) European position paper on rhinosinusitis and nasal polyps 2007. Rhinology Suppl 20:1–136
Friedman WH, Katsantonis GP, Bumpous JM (1995) Staging of chronic hyperplastic rhinosinusitis: treatment strategies. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 112:210–214
Gaskins RE (1992) A surgical staging system for chronic rhinosinusitis. Am J Rhinol 6:5–12
Giger R, Dulguerov P, Quinodoz D, et al. (2004) Chronic panrhinosinusitis without nasal polyps: long-term outcome after functional endoscopic sinus surgery. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 131:534–541
Gliklich R, Metson R (1994) A comparison of sinus computed tomography (CT) staging systems for outcomes research. Am J Rhinol 8:291–297
Greene FL, Compton CC, Fritz AG, Shah JP, Winchester DP (eds) (2006) American Joint Committee on Cancer: Cancer Staging Atlas. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York
Guerrero J, Molina B, Echeverría L, et al. (2007) Endoscopic sinonasal surgery: study of 110 patients with nasal polyposis and chronic rhinosinusitis. Acta Otorhinolaringol Esp 58:252–256
Hill M, Bhattacharyya N, Hall TR, et al. (2004) Incidental paranasal sinus imaging abnormalities and the normal Lund score in children. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 130:171–175
Holbrook EH, Brown CL, Lyden ER, et al. (2005) Lack of significant correlation between rhinosinusitis symptoms and specific regions of sinus computer tomography scans. Am J Rhinol 19:382–387
Hopkins C, Browne JP, Slack R, et al. (2006) The national comparative audit of surgery for nasal polyposis and chronic rhinosinusitis. Clin Otolaryngol 31:390–398
Hopkins C, Browne JP, Slack R, et al. (2006) Complications of surgery for nasal polyposis and chronic rhinosinusitis: the results of a national audit in England and Wales. Laryngoscope 116:1494–1499
Howard DJ, Lloyd G, Lund VJ (2001) Recurrence and its avoidance in juvenile angiofibroma. Laryngoscope 111:1509–1511
Johansson L, Akerlund A, Holmberg K, et al. (2000) Evaluation of methods for endoscopic staging of nasal polyposis. Acta Otolaryngol 120:72–76
Jorgensen RA (1991) Endoscopic and computed tomographic findings in ostiomeatal sinus disease. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 117:279–287
Kadish S, Goodman M, Wang C (1976) Olfactory neuroblastoma: a clinical analysis of 17 cases. Cancer 37:1571–1576
Kay DJ, Rosenfeld RM (2003) Quality of life for children with persistent sinonasal symptoms. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 128:17–26
Kennedy DW (1992) Prognostic factors, outcomes and staging in ethmoid sinus surgery. Laryngoscope 57: 1–18
Kountakis SE, Arango P, Bradley D, et al. (2004) Molecular and cellular staging for the severity of chronic rhinosinusitis. Laryngoscope 114:1895–1905
Lehman DA, Casiano RR, Polak M (2006) Reliability of the University of Miami chronic rhinosinusitis staging system. Am J Rhinol 20:11–19
Levine H, May E (eds) (1993) Rhinology and Sinusology. Thieme, New York, p 261
Lildholdt T, Rundcrantz H, Lindqvist N (1995) Efficacy of topical corticosteroid powder for nasal polyps: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study of budesonide. Clin Otolaryngol 20:26–30
Lim M, Lew-Gor, S. Darby Y, et al. (2007) The relationship between subjective assessment instruments in chronic rhinosinusitis. Rhinology 45:144–147
Lloyd GA (1990) CT of the paranasal sinuses: study of a control series in relation to endoscopic sinus surgery. J Laryngol Otol 104:477–481
Lund VJ, Kennedy DW (1997) Staging for rhinosinusitis. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 117:S35–S40
Lund VJ, MacKay IS (1993) Staging in rhinosinusitis. Rhinology 31:183–184
McMains KC, Kountakis SE (2005) Revision functional endoscopic sinus surgery: objective and subjective surgical outcomes. Am J Rhinol 19:344–347
McNeill E, O’Hara J, Carrie S (2006) The significance of MRI findings for non-rhinological disease. Clin Otolaryngol 31:292–296; discussion 296
Meltzer EO, Hamilos D, Hadley JA, et al. (2004) Rhinosinusitis: establishing definitions for clinical research and patient care. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 131:S1–S62
Meltzer EO, Hamilos DL, Hadley JA, et al. (2006) Rhinosinusitis: developing guidance for clinical trials. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 135:S31–S80
Morley AD, Sharp HR (2006) A review of sinonasal outcome scoring systems – Which is best? Clin Otolaryngol 31:103–109
Newman LJ, Platts-Mills TAE, Phillips DC, et al. (1994) Chronic sinusitis relationship of computed tomographic findings to allergy, asthma and eosinophilia. JAMA 271:363–367
Oikawa K, Furuta Y, Oridate N (2003) Pre-operative staging of sinonasal inverted papilloma by magnetic resonance imaging. Laryngoscope 113:1983–1987
Oluwole M, Russell N, Tan L, et al. (1996) A comparison of computerized tomographic staging systems in chronic sinusitis. Clin Otolaryngol Allied Sci 21:91–95
Piccirillo JF, Merritt MG Jr, Richards ML (2002) Psychometric and clinimetric validity of the 20-Item Sino-Nasal Outcome Test (SNOT-20). Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 126:41–47
Ponikau JU, Sherris DA, Weaver A, et al. (2005) Treatment of chronic rhinosinusitis with intranasal amphotericin B: a randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blinded pilot trial. J Allergy Clin Immunol 115:125–131
Report of the Rhinosinusitis Task Force Committee Meeting (1997) Alexandria, Virginia, August 17, 1996. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 117:S1–S68
Revicki DA, Leidy NK, Brennan-Diemer F, et al. (1998) Development and preliminary validation of the multiattribute Rhinitis Symptom Utility Index. Qual Life Res 7:693–702
Savy L, Lloyd G, Lund VJ, Howard DH (2000) Optimum imaging and diagnosis for inverted papilloma. J Laryngol Otol 114:891–893
Smith TL, Batra PS, Seiden AM, Hanley M (2005) Evidence supporting endoscopic sinus surgery in the management of adult chronic rhinosinusitis: A systematic review. Am J Rhinol 19:537–543
Smith TL, Mendolia-Loffredo S, Loehrl TA, et al. (2005) Predictive factors and outcomes in endoscopic sinus surgery for chronic rhinosinusitis. Laryngoscope 115:2199–2205
Stamm AC (2000) Surgical grading system for inverted papillomas. In: Stamm AC, Draf W (eds) Micro-endoscopic Surgery of the Paranasal Sinuses and the Skull Base. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, pp 147–152
Stewart MG, Sicard MW, Piccirillo J, et al. (1999) Severity staging in chronic sinusitis: are CT scans findings related to patient symptoms. Am J Rhinol 13:161–167
Toros SZ, Bölükbasi S, Naiboğlu B, et al. (2004) Comparative outcomes of endoscopic sinus surgery in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis and nasal polyps. Laryngoscope 114:1895–905
Wabnitz DAM, Nair S, Wormald PJ (2005) Correlation between preoperative symptom scores, quality-of-life questionnaires, and staging with computed tomography in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis. Am J Rhinol 19:91–96
Walker FD, White PS (2000) Sinus symptom scores: what is the range in healthy individuals. Clin Otolaryngol 25:482–484
Ware JE Jr, Sherbourne CD (1992) The MOS 36-item short-form health survey (SF-36) I. Conceptual framework and item selection. Med Care 30:473–483
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2008 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Lund, V. (2008). Staging of Disease after Sinus Surgery Failure. In: Revision Sinus Surgery. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-78931-4_24
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-78931-4_24
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-540-78930-7
Online ISBN: 978-3-540-78931-4
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)