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Global Diversity Patterns of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi–Community Composition and Links with Functionality

  • Chapter
Mycorrhiza

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF, phylum Glomeromycota) are ubiquitous plant root symbionts that have been considered as ‘keystone mutualists’ in terrestrial ecosystems. They form a link between biotic and abiotic components of ecosystems via carbon and nutrient fluxes that pass between plants and fungi in the soil (O’Neill et al. 1991). The global carbon flux from plants to AM fungi has been estimated as 5 billion tons per year (Bago et al. 2000). The global biomass of the Glomeromycota has been estimated as 1.4 Pg (Treseder and Cross 2006), compared with the estimation of global soil microbial biomass of 13.9 Pg (Wardle 1992). Thus, Glomeromycota is a considerable but largely overlooked sink in the carbon cycle, whilst these fungi possess ecologically important functions in plant nutrition, pathogen resistance and water relations (Smith and Read 1997). A formerly prevailing understanding that all AM fungi are functionally similar is under question and is being replaced by more complex view including gradients of host selection/preference and variation in AM fungal life strategies with evidence of generalists and specialists, ruderals, K- and r-strategists (Helgason et al. 2007; Mathimaran et al. 2007).

In this chapter, we aim to provide an overview about what is known about AM fungal natural (taxonomic) diversity patterns without attempting to cite every relevant publication. We discuss taxon delimitation and methodological issues affecting the revealed diversity and its interpretation. We outline the evidence of functional diversity and ways to link it with taxonomic diversity patterns in nature. Finally, we outline the areas and directions of research in the field of AM fungal ecology we consider essential to explore with fresh or renewed vigor in order to advance our understanding of functioning of AM fungi in ecosystems in the changing world.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Scottish Crop Research Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, UK

    Maarja Öpik, Jennifer Kennedy & Tim Daniell

  2. Department of Botany, University of Tartu, 51005, Tartu, Estonia

    Maarja Öpik & Ülle Saks

Authors
  1. Maarja Öpik
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  2. Ülle Saks
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  3. Jennifer Kennedy
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  4. Tim Daniell
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Correspondence to Maarja Öpik .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Amity Institute of Microbial Technology (AIMT), Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Block ‘A’, Ground Floor, Sector 125, Noida, UP, 201303, India

    Ajit Varma (Director, Vice President (International) (Director, Vice President (International)

  2. Amity Science, Technology & Innovation Foundation (ASTIF), Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Block ‘A’, Ground Floor, Sector 125, Noida, UP, 201303, India

    Ajit Varma (Director, Vice President (International) (Director, Vice President (International)

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Öpik, M., Saks, Ü., Kennedy, J., Daniell, T. (2008). Global Diversity Patterns of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi–Community Composition and Links with Functionality. In: Varma, A. (eds) Mycorrhiza. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-78826-3_5

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