Many benefits that accrue to plants from their association with arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi are a function of the increased volume of soil that can be explored by the extraradical mycelium. Sieverding (1991) estimates that for each centimeter of colonized root there is an increase of 15 cm3 on the volume of soil explored, this value can increase to 200 cm3 depending on the environmental conditions. The enhanced volume of soil explored, together with the ability of the extraradical mycelium to absorb and translocate nutrients to the plant, results in one of the most obvious and important advantages of mycorrhizal formation: the ability to take up more nutrients. The more important nutrients in this respect are those that have limited mobility in soil, such as phosphorus (P). In addition to nutrient acquisition many other benefits are associated with AM plants (Gupta et al. 2000): alleviation of water stress (Augé 2004; Cho et al. 2006), protection from root pathogens (Graham 2001), tolerance to toxic metals (Audet and Charest 2006), tolerance to adverse temperature, salinity and pH (Sannazzaro et al. 2006; Yano and Takaki 2005), and better performance following transplantation shock (Subhan et al. 1998). The enhanced tolerance to toxic metals provide by arbuscular mycorrhizas can be of benefit in phytoremediation (Göhre and Paszkowski 2006). The extraradical hyphae also stabilize soil aggregates by both enmeshing soil particles (Miller and Jastrow 1990) and as a result of the production of substances that adhere soil particles together (Goss and Kay 2005).
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsPreview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Abbott LK, Robson AD (1981) Infectivity and effectiveness of vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi: effect of inoculum type. Aust J Agric Res 32:631-639
Abbott LK, Robson AD (1991) Field management of VA mycorrhizal fungi. In: Keister DL, Gregan PB (eds) The rhizosphere and plant growth. Kluwer, Dordrecht, pp 355-362
Abbott LK, Robson AD, Scheltema MA, (1995) Managing soils to enhance mycorrhizal benefits in Mediterranean agriculture. Crit Rev Biotechnol 15:213-228
Addy HD, Miller MH, Peterson RL (1997) Infectivity of the propagules associated with extraradical mycelia of two AM fungi following winter freezing. New Phytol 135:745-753
Ahmed FRS, Killham K, Alexander I. (2006) Influences of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus mosseae on growth and nutrition of lentil irrigated with arsenic contaminated water. Plant Soil 283:33-41
Al-Karaki GN, Clark, RB (1998) Growth, mineral acquisition, and water use by mycorrhizal wheat grown under water stress. J Plant Nutr 21:263-276
Allen BL, Jolley VD, Robbins CW, Freeborn LL (2001) Fallow versus wheat cropping of una-mended and manure-amended soils related to mycorrhizal colonization, yield, and plant nutrition of dry bean and sweet corn. J Plant Nutr 24:921-943
Antunes PM, de Varennes A, Rajcan I, Goss MJ (2006a) Accumulation of specific flavonoids in soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) as a function of the early tripartite symbiosis with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and Bradyrhizobium japonicum (Kirchner) Jordan. Soil Biol Biochem 38:1234-1242
Antunes PM, Deaville D, Goss MJ (2006b) Effect of two AMF life strategies on the tripartite symbiosis with Bradyrhizobium japonicum and soybean. Mycorrhiza 16:167-173
Antunes PM, Schneider K, Hillis D, Klironomos JN (2007) Can the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus intraradices actively mobilize P from rock phosphates? Pedobiologia 51:281-286
Arihara J, Karasawa T (2000) Effect of previous crops on arbuscular mycorrhizal formation and growth of succeeding maize. Soil Sci Plant Nutr 46:43-51
Arines J, Vilariño A (1989) Use of nutrient: phosphorus ratios to evaluate the effects of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhiza on nutrient uptake in unsterilized soils. Biol Fertil Soils 8:293-297
Audet P, Charest C (2006) Effects of AM colonization on “wild tobacco” plants grown in zinc-contaminated soil. Mycorrhiza 16:277-283
Augé RM (2004) Arbuscular mycorrhizae and soil/plant water relations. Can J Soil Sci 84:373-381
Azcón R, Ocampo JA (1981) Factors affecting the vesicular-arbuscular infection and mycorrhizal dependency of thirteen wheat cultivars. New Phytol 87:677-685
Azcón-Aguilar C, Barea JM, Olivares J (1980) Effects of Rhizobium polysaccharides on VA mycorrhiza formation. 2nd International Symposium on Microbial Ecology, University of Warwick, Coventry, U.K., Abstract No 187
Becard G, Pfeffer PE (1993) Status of nuclear division in arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi during in-vitro development. Protoplasma 174:62-68
Bethlenfalvay GJ, Franson RL (1989) Manganese toxicity alleviated by mycorrizae in soybean. J Plant Nutr 12:953-970
Black RLB, Tinker PB (1977) Interaction between effects of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhiza and fertiliser phosphorus on yields of potatoes in the field. Nature 267:510-511
Boddington CL, Dodd JC (2000a) The effect of agricultural practices on the development of indigenous arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. I. Field studies in an Indonesian ultisol. Plant Soil 218:137-144
Boddington CL, Dodd JC (2000b) The effect of agricultural practices on the development of indigenous arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. II. Studies in experimental microcosms. Plant Soil 218:145-157
Bolan NS (1991) A critical review on the role of mycorrhizal fungi in the uptake of phosphorus by plants. Plant Soil 134:189-207
Borie F, Rubio R, Rouanet JL, Morales A, Borie G, Rojas C (2006) Effects of tillage systems on soil characteristics, glomalin and mycorrhizal propagules in a Chilean Ultisol. Soil Tillage Res 88:253-261
Brito I, Carvalho M, van Tuinen D, Goss MJ (2006a) Effect of soil management and weed control on the diversity and establishment of arbuscular mycorrhizal colonisation of wheat in Mediterranean climates. In: Barea JM, Azcón C, Gutiérrez F, Gonzalez F, Molina AJ (Eds). 5th International Conference on Mycorrhiza. Estacion Experimental del Zaidín, Spain, p 268
Brito I, Carvalho M, van Tuinen D, Goss MJ (2006b) Effects of soil management on arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in autumn-sown crops in Mediterranean climates. In: Horn R, Fleige H, Peth S, Peng X (eds) Soil management for sustainability. Advances in geoecology 38. Catena, Germany, pp 149-156
Bucher M (2007) Functional biology of plant phosphate uptake at root and mycorrhiza interfaces. New Phytol 173:11-26
Burleigh SH, Cavagnaro T, Jakobsen I (2002) Functional diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizas extends to the expression of plant genes involved in P nutrition. J Exp Bot 53:1593-1601
Cavagnaro TR, Jackson LE, Six J, Ferris H, Goyal S, Asami D, Scow KM (2006) Arbuscular mycorrhizas, microbial communities, nutrient availability, and soil aggregates in organic tomato production. Plant Soil 282:209-225
Chalk PM, Souza RD, Urquiaga S, Alves BJR, Boddey RM (2006) The role of arbuscular mycorrhiza in legume symbiotic performance. Soil Biol Biochem 38:2944-2951
Chandrashekara CP, Patil VC, Sreenivasa MN (1995) VA-mycorrhiza mediated P effect on growth and yield of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) at different P levels. Plant Soil 176:325-328
Cho K, Toler HD, Lee J, Ownley BH, Jean C. Stutz JC, Moore JL, Augé RM (2006) Mycorrhizal symbiosis and response of sorghum plants to combined drought and salinity stresses. J Plant Physiol 163: 517-528
Clark RB, Zeto SK (2000) Mineral acquisition by arbuscular mycorrhizal plants. J Plant Nutr 23:867-902
Clark RB, Zobel RW, Zeto SK (1999) Effects of mycorrhizal fungus isolates on mineral acquisition by Panicum virgatum in acidic soil. Mycorrhiza 19:167-176
Cook RJ (1992) Wheat root health management and environmental concern. Can J Plant Path 14:76-85
Cordier C, Gianinazzi-Pearson V, Gianinazzi S (1996) An immunological approach for the study of spatial relationships between mycorrhizal fungi in planta. In: Barea JM, Azcón-Aguilar C (eds) Mycorrhizas in integrated systems: from genes to plant development. European Commission, Luxembourg EUR 16 728:25-30
Corkidi L, Rowland DL, Johnson NC, Allen EB (2002) Nitrogen fertilization alters the function-ing of arbuscular mycorrhizas at two semiarid grasslands. Plant Soil 240:299-310
Del Val C, Barea J M, Azcón-Aguilar C (1999) Diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus popu-lations in heavy-metal-contaminated soils. Appl Environ Microbiol 65:718-723
Dickson S, Smith SE, Smith FA (1999) Characterization of two arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in symbiosis with Allium porrum. Colonization, plant growth and phosphate uptake. New Phytol 144:163-172
Dodd JC, Boddington CL, Rodriguez A, Gonzalez-Chavez C, Mansur I (2000) Mycelium of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) from different genera: form, function and detection. Plant Soil 226:131-151
Dodd JC, Rosendahl S, Giovannetti M, Broome A, Lanfranco L, Walker C (1996) Inter-and intraspecific variation within the morphologically similar arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi Glomus mosseae and Glomus coronatum. New Phytol 133:113-122
Douds DDJr., Millner PA (1999) Biodiversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in agroecosystems. Agric. Ecosyst Environ 74:77-93
Douds DDJr., Galvez L, Janke RR, Wagoner P (1995) Effect of tillage and farming system upon populations and distribution of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Agric Ecosyst Environ 52:111-118
Douds DDJr., Nagahashi G, Pfeffer PE, Reider C, Kayser WM (2006) On-farm production of AM fungus inoculum in mixtures of compost-vermiculite. Bioresourc Technol 97:809-818
Drew EA, Murray RS, Smith SE, Jakobsen I (2003) Beyond the rhizosphere: growth and function of arbuscular mycorrhizal external hyphae in sands of varying pore sizes. Plant Soil 251:105-114
Driver JD, Holben WE, Rillig MC (2005) Characterization of glomalin as a hyphal wall compo-nent of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Soil Biol Biochem 37:101-106
Duponnois R, Plenchette C, Ba AM (2001) Growth stimulation of seventeen fallow leguminous plants inoculated with Glomus aggregatum in Senegal. Eur J Soil Biol 37:181-186
El-Hassanin AS, Lynd JQ (1985) Soil fertility effects with tripartite symbiosis for growth, nodula-tion and nitrogenase activity of Vicia faba L. J Plant Nutr 8:491-504
Evans DG, Miller MH (1988) Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizas and the soil-disturbance-induced reduction of nutrient absorption in maize. I. Causal relations. New Phytol 110:67-74
Evans DG, Miller MH (1990) The role of the external mycelial network in the effect of soil distur-bance upon vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization of maize. New Phytol 114:65-71
Fairchild GL, Miller MH (1988) Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizas and the soil-disturbance-induced reduction of nutrient absorption in maize. II. Development of the effect. New Phytol 110:75-84
Fairchild GL, Miller MH (1990) Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizas and the soil-disturbance-induced reduction of nutrient absorption in maize. New Phytol 114:641-650
Feldmann F, Boyle C (1999) Weed mediated stability of arbuscular mycorrhizal effectiveness in maize monocultures. Angew Bot 73:1-5
Franke-Snyder M, Douds DDJr, Galvez L, Philips JG, Wagoner P, Drinkwater L, Morton JB (2001) Diversity of communities of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi present in conventional versus low-input agricultural sites in eastern Pennsylvania, USA. Appl Soil Ecol 16:35-48
Frey B, Schuepp H (1992) Transfer of symbiotically fixed nitrogen from berseem (Trifolium alex-andrinum L.) to maize via vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal hyphae. New Phytol 122:447-454
Galvez L, Douds DDJr, Drinkwater LE, Wagoner P (2001) Effect of tillage and farming system upon VAM fungus populations and mycorrhizas and nutrient uptake of maize. Plant Soil 228:299-308
Gavito ME, Miller MH (1998a) Changes in mycorrhiza development in maize induced by crop management practices. Plant and Soil 198:185-192
Gavito ME, Miller MH (1998b) Early phosphorus nutrition, mycorrhizae development, dry matter partitioning and yield of maize. Plant Soil 199:177-186
George E, Marschner H, Jakobsen I (1995) Role of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in uptake of phosphorus and nitrogen from soil. Crit Rev Biotechnol 15:257-270
Gianinazzi S, Vosátka M (2004) Inoculum of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi for production systems: science meets business. Can J Bot 82: 1264-1271
Göhre V, Paszkowski U (2006) Contribution of the arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis to heavy metal phytoremediation. Planta 223:1115-1122
Gollner M, Friedel JK, Freyer B (2004) Influence of different agricultural practices on the arbus-cular mycorrhiza in organic farming systems. In: Baar J and Josten E (eds) Applied plant research, WUR, Netherlands: role of mycorrhiza in sustainable land management. COST 8.38 Meeting, 26-27.02.2004, Vught, Netherlands
Gollotte A, van Tuinen D, Atkinson D (2004) Diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi colonising roots of the grass species Agrostis capillaris and Lolium perenne in a field experiment. Mycorrhiza 14:111-117
Gosling P, Hodge A, Goodlass G, Bending GD (2006) Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and organic farming. Agric Ecosyst Environ 113:17-35
Goss MJ, de Varennes A (2002) Soil disturbance reduces the efficacy of mycorrhizal associations for early soybean growth and N2 fixation. Soil Biol Biochem 34:1167-1173
Goss MJ, Kay BD (2005) Soil aggregation. In: Wright SF, Zobel RW (eds) Roots and soil manage-ment: interactions between root and the soil. Agronomy Monograph No 48. ASA, CSSA, and SSSA, Madison, WI, USA, pp 163-180
Graham JH (2001) What do root pathogens see in mycorrhizas? New Phytol 149:357-359
Graham JH, Hodge NC, Morton JB (1995) Fatty acid methyl ester profiles for characterization ofglomalean fungi and their endomycorrhizae. Appl Environ Microbiol 61:58-64
Grant C, Bittman S, Montreal M, Plenchette C, Morel C (2005) Soil and fertilizer phosphorus: effects on plant P supply and mycorrhizal development. Can J Plant Sci 85:3-14
Gryndler M, Larsen J, Hrselova H, Rezacova V, Gryndlerova H, Kubat J (2006) Organic and mineral fertilization, respectively, increase and decrease the development of external mycelium of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in a long-term field experiment. Mycorrhiza 16:159-166
Gupta V, Satyanarayana T, Garg S (2000) General aspects of mycorrhiza. In: Mukherji KG, Chamola BP, Singh J (eds) Mycorrhizal biology. Kluwer, Dordrecht, pp 27-44
Habte M, Manjunath A (1992) Initial and residual toxicity of soil-applied thiram on the vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis. Mycorrhiza 2:25-31
Harinikumar KM, Bagyaraj DJ (1988) Effect of crop rotation on native vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal propagules in soil. Plant Soil 110:77-80
Hart MM, Reader RJ (2002) Taxonomic basis for variation in the colonization strategy of arbus-cular mycorrhizal fungi. New Phytol 153:335-344
Hauggaard-Nielsen H, Jensen ES (2005) Facilitative root interactions in intercrops. Plant Soil 274:237-250
He X, Critchley C, Bledsoe C (2003) Nitrogen transfer within and between plants through com-mon mycorrhizal networks (CMNs). Crit Rev Plant Sci 22:531-567
Heggo A, Angle JS, Chaney RL (1990) Effects of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on heavy metal uptake by soybeans. Soil Biol Biochem 22:865-869
Hendrix W, Guo BZ, An ZQ (1995) Divergence of mycorrhizal fungal communities in crop pro-duction systems. Plant Soil 170: 131-140
Hepper CM, Azcon-Aguilar C, Rosendahl S, Sen R (1988) Competition between three species of Glomus used as spatially separated introduced and indigenous mycorrhizal inocula for leek (Allium porrum L.). New Phytol 110:207-215
Hepper CM, Sen R, Maskall CS (1986) Identification of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in roots of leek (Allium porrum L.) and maize (Zea mays L.) on the basis of enzyme mobility during polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. New Phytol 102:529-539
Hetrick BAD, Wilson GWT, Cox TS (1993) Mycorrhizal dependence of modern wheat cultivars and ancestors: a synthesis. Can J Bot 71:512-518
Hodge A, Campbell CD, Fitter AH (2001) An arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus accelerates decomposition and acquires nitrogen directly from organic material. Nature 413:297-299
Holford ICR (1997) Soil phosphorus: Its measurement, and its uptake by plants. Aust J Soil Res 35:227-239
Jakobsen I (1992) Phosphorus transport by external hyphae of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizas. In: Read DJ, Lewis DH, Fitter AH, Alexander IJ (eds) Mycorrhizas in ecosystems. CABI, Wallingford, UK, pp 48-54
Jansa J, Mozafar A, Anken T, Ruh R, Sanders IR, Frossard E (2002) Diversity and structure of AMF communities as affected by tillage in a temperate soil. Mycorrhiza 12:225-234
Jansa J, Mozafar A, Kuhn G, Anken T, Ruh R, Sanders IR, Frossard E (2003) Soil tillage affects the community structure of mycorrhizal fungi in maize roots. Ecol Appl 13:1164-1176
Jansa J, Mozafar A, Frossard E (2005) Phosphorus acquisition strategies within arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal community of a single field site. Plant Soil 276:163-176
Jayachandran K, Schwab AP, Hetrick BAD (1989) Mycorrhizal mediation of phosphorus availa-bility: synthetic iron chelate effects on phosphorus solubilization. Soil Sci Soc Am J 53:1701-1706
Johnson, NC (1993) Can fertilization of soil select less mutualistic mycorrhizae? Ecol Appl 3:749-757
Johnson NC, Pfleger FL, Crookston RK, Simmons SR, Copeland PJ (1991) Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizas respond to corn and soybean cropping history. New Phytol 117: 657-663
Johnson NC, Copeland PJ, Crookston RK, Pfleger FL (1992) Mycorrhizae: possible explanation for yield decline with continuous corn and soybean. Agron J 84:387-390
Joner EJ, Jakobsen I (1995) Growth and extracellular phosphatase activity of arbuscular mycor-rhyzal hyphae as influenced by soil organic matter. Soil Biol Biochem 27:1153-1159
Joner EJ, Magid J, Gahoonia TS, Jakobsen I (1995) P depletion and activity of phosphatases in the rhizosphere of mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) Soil Biol Biochem 27:1145-1151
Joner EJ, van Aarle IM, Vosatka M (2000) Phosphatase activity of extra-radical arbuscular mycorrhizal hyphae: a review. Plant Soil 226:199-210
Jordan NR, Zhang J, Huerd S (2000) Arbuscular-mycorrhizal fungi: potential roles in weed man-agement. Weed Res 40:397-410
Kabir Z (2005) Tillage or no-tillage: impact on mycorrhizae. Can J Plant Sci 85:23-29
Kabir Z, Koide RT (2000) The effect of dandelion or a cover crop on mycorrhiza inoculum poten-tial, soil aggregation and yield of maize. Agric Ecosyst Environ 78:167-174
Kabir Z, Koide RT (2002) Effect of autumn and winter mycorrhizal cover crops on soil properties, nutrient uptake and yield of sweet corn in Pennsylvania, USA. Plant Soil 238:205-215
Kabir Z, O’Halloran IP, Fyles JW, Hamel C (1997a) Seasonal changes of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi as affected by tillage practices and fertilization: hyphal density and mycorrhizal root colonization. Plant Soil 192:285-293
Kabir Z, O’Halloran IP, Hamel C (1997b) Overwinter survival of arbuscular mycorrhizal hyphae is favored by attachment to roots but diminished by disturbance. Mycorrhiza 7:197-200
Kabir Z, O’Halloran IP, Fyles JW, Hamel C (1998a) Dynamics of the mycorrhizal symbiosis of corn (Zea mays L.): effects of host physiology, tillage practice and fertilization on spatial dis-tribution of extra-radical mycorrhizal hyphae in the field. Agric Ecosyst Environ 68:151-163
Kabir Z, O’Halloran IP, Widden P, Hamel C (1998b) Vertical distribution of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi under corn (Zea mays L.) in no-till and conventional tillage systems. Mycorrhiza 8:53-55
Kahiluoto, H (2004) Systems management of AM in sustainable agriculture the case of P supply. In: Baar J and Josten E (Eds) Programme and abstracts of the COST-Meeting role of mycorrhiza in sustainable land management. Applied Plant Research, WUR, Netherlands
Kahiluoto H, Ketoja E, Vestberg M (2000) Promotion of utilization of arbuscular mycorrhiza through reduced P fertilization 1. Bioassays in a growth chamber. Plant Soil 227:191-206
Kahiluoto H, Ketoja E, Vestberg M, Saarela I (2001) Promotion of AM utilization through reduced P fertilization 2. Field studies. Plant Soil 231:65-79
Karasawa T, Arihara J, Kasahara, Y (2000) Effects of previous crops on arbuscular mycorrhizal forma-tion and growth of maize under various soil moisture conditions. Soil Sci Plant Nutr 46:53-60
Karasawa T, Kasahara Y, Takebe M (2001) Variable response of growth and arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization of maize plants to preceding crops in various types of soils. Biol Fertil Soils 33:286-293
Karasawa T, Kasahara Y, Takebe M (2002) Differences in growth responses of maize to preceding cropping caused by fluctuation in the population of indigenous arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Soil Biol Biochem 34:851-857
Kesava RPS, Tilak KVBR, Arunachalam V (1990) Genetic variation for VA mycorrhiza-depend-ent phosphate mobilisation in groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.). Plant Soil 122:137-142
Kjøller R, Rosendahl S (2000) Effects of fungicides on arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi: differential responses in alkaline phosphatase activity of external and internal hyphae. Biol Fertil Soils 31:361-365
Klironomos JN, Hart MM (2002) Colonization of roots by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi using different sources of inoculum. Mycorrhiza 12:181-184
Koide RT, Kabir Z (2000) Extraradical hyphae of the mycorrhizal fungus Glomus intraradices can hydrolyze organic phosphate. New Phytol 148:511-517
Koide RT, Li M (1990) On host regulation of the vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis. New Phytol 114:59-74
Kothari SK, Marschner H, Römheld V (1990) Direct and indirect effects of VA mycorrhizial fungi and rhizosphere microorganisms on acquisition of mineral nutrients by maize (Zea mays) in a calcareous soil. New Phytol 116:637-645
Lal R, Reicosky DC, Hanson JD (2007) Evolution of the plow over 10,000 years and the rationale for no-till farming. Soil Tillage Res 93: 1-12
Lekberg Y, Koid RT, Twomlow SJ (2008) Effect of agricultural management practices on arbus-cular mycorrhizal fungal abundance in low-input cropping systems of southern Africa: a case study from Zimbabwe. Biol Fertil Soils DOI 10.1007/s00374-008-0274-6
Li XL, George E, Marchner H (1991) Extension of the phosphorus depletion zone in VA-mycorrhizal white clover in a calcareous soil. Plant Soil 136:41-48
Liu A, Hamel C, Hamilton RI, Ma BL, Smith DL (2000) Acquisition of Cu, Zn, Mn and Fe by mycorrhizal maize (Zea mays L.) grown in soil at different P and micronutrient levels. Mycorrhiza 9:331-336
Lu S, Miller MH (1989) The role of VA mycorrhizae in the. absorption of P and Zn by maize in field and growth. chamber experiments. Can J Soil Sci 69:97-109
Manjunath A, Bagyaraj DJ (1984) Effects of fungicides on mycorrhizal colonization and growth of onion. Plant Soil 80:147-150
Martins MA, Read DJ (1997) The effects of disturbance on the external mycelium of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on plant growth. Pesqui Agropecu Bras 32:1183-1189
Mathimaran N, Ruh R, Vullioud P, Frossard E, Jansa J (2005) Glomus intraradices dominates arbus-cular mycorrhizal communities in a heavy textured agricultural soil. Mycorriza 16:61-66
McGonigle TP, Fitter AH (1990) Ecological specificity of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal asso-ciations. Mycol Res 94:120-122
McGonigle TP, Miller MH (1996a) Development of fungi below ground in association with plants growing in disturbed and undisturbed soils. Soil Biol Biochem 28:263-269
McGonigle TP, Miller MH (1996b) Mycorrhizae phosphorus absorption and yield of maize in response to tillage. Soil Sci Soc Am J 60:1856-1861
McGonigle TP, Miller MH (2000) The inconsistent effect of soil disturbance on colonization of roots by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi a test of the inoculum density hypothesis. Appl Soil Ecol 14:147-155
McGonigle TP, Miller MH, Young D (1999) Mycorrhizae crop growth and crop phosphorus nutri-tion in maize-soybean rotations given various tillage treatments. Plant Soil 210:33-42
McGonigle TP, Yano K, Shinhama T (2003) Mycorrhizal phosphorus enhancement of plants in undisturbed soil differs from phosphorus uptake stimulation by arbuscular mycorrhizae over non-mycorrhizal controls. Biol Fertil Soils 37:268-273
Menge JA (1982) Effect of soil fumigants and fungicides on vesicular-arbuscular fungi. Phytopathology 72:1125-1132
Menge JA, Steirle D, Bagy Araj DJ, Johnson ELV, Leonard RT (1978) Phosphorus concentrations in plants responsible for inhibition of mycorrhizal infection. New Phytol. 80:575-578
Miller MH, McGonigle T, Addy H (1994) An economic approach to evaluate the role of mycorrhizas in managed ecosystems. Plant Soil 159:27-35
Miller MH (2000) Arbuscular mycorrhizal and the phosphorus nutrition of maize: a review of Guelph studies. Can J Plant Sci 80:47-52
Miller RM, Jastrow JD (1990) Hierarchy of root and mycorrhizal fungal interactions with soil aggregation. Soil Biol Biochem 22:579-584
Miranda JCC, Vilela L, de Miranda LN (2005) Dynamics and contribution of arbuscular mycorrhiza in culture systems with crop rotation. Pesqui Agropecu Bras 40:1005-1014
Mohandas S, Gowda MJC, Manamohan M (2004) Popularization of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) inoculum production and application on-farm. Acta Hort (ISHS) 638:279-283
Mollier A, Pellerin S (1999) Maize root system growth and development as influenced by phos-phorus deficiency. J Exp Bot 50:487-497
Morton J B, Benny G L (1990) Revised classification of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (Zygomycetes): a new order, Glomales, two new suborders, Glomineae and Gigasporineae, and two new families, Acaulosporaceae and Gigasporaceae, with an emendation of Glomaceae. Mycotaxon 37:471-491
Morton JB, Bentivenga SP (1994) Levels of diversity in endomycorrhizal fungi (Glomales, Zygomycetes) and their role in defining taxonomic and nontaxonomic groups. Plant Soil 159: 47-59
Moyer-Henry KA, Burton JW, Israel D, Rufty T (2006) Nitrogen transfer between plants: A N-15 natural abundance study with crop and weed species. Plant Soil 282:7-20.
Mozafar A, Anken T, Ruh R, Frossard E (2000) Tillage intensity, mycorrhizal and nonmycorrhizal fungi, and nutrient concentrations in maize, wheat, and canola. Agron J 92:1117-1124
Munkvold L, Kjoller R, Vestberg M, Rosendahl S, Jakobsen I. (2004) High functional diversity within species of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. New Phythol 164:357-364
Niemi M, Eklund M (1988) Effect of VA mycorrhizae and bark ash on the growth and N2-fixation of two legumes. Symbiosis 6:167-180
Nogueira MA, Cardoso EJBN (2002) Interacções microbianas na disponibilidade e absorção de manganês por soja. Pesq Agropec Bras 37:1605-1612
Nogueira MA, Magalhães GC, Cardoso EJBN (2004) Manganese toxicity in mycorrhizal and phosphorus-fertilized soybean plants. J Plant Nutr 27:141-156
Oehl F, Sieverding E, Ineichen K, Mäder P, Boller T, Wiemken A (2003) Impact of land use intensity on the species diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in agroecosystems of central Europe. Appl Environ Microbiol 69: 2816-2824
Oehl F, Sieverding E, Ineichen K, Mäder P, Boller T, Wiemken A (2004) Impact of conventional and organic farming on the diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. In: Baar J and Josten E (eds) Programme and abstracts of the COST-Meeting role of mycorrhiza in sustainable land management. Applied Plant Research, WUR, Netherlands
Oliveira RS, Dodd JC, Castro PML (2001) The mycorrhizal status of phragmites australis in sev-eral polluted soils and sediments of an industrialised region of northern Portugal. Mycorrhiza 10:241-247
Ortas I, Akpinar C (2006) Response of kidney bean to arbuscular mycorrhizal inoculation mycorrhizal dependency in P and Zn deficient soils. Acta Agric Scan 56:101-109
Pandey R, Singh B, Nair TVR (2005) Impact of arbuscular-mycorrhizal fungi on phosphorus efficiency of wheat, rye, and triticale. J Plant Nutr 28:1867-1876
Plenchette C (1989) Potentiel infectieux mycorhizogene du sol des parcelles du dispositif Deherain. Rend Séances Acad Agric Fr 75:23-29
Plenchette C, Clermont-Dauphin C, Meynard JM, Fortin JA (2005) Managing arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in cropping systems. Can J Plant Sci 85:31-40
Read DJ, Koveheri HK, Hodson J (1976) Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhiza in natural vegetation systems. New Phytol 77:641-653
Redecker D, Kodner R, Graham LE (2000) Glomalean fungi from the Ordovician. Science 289:1920-1921
Richardson AE (1994) Soil microorganisms and phosphorus availability. In: Pankhurst CE, Doube BM, Gupta VVSR, Grace PR (eds) Soil biota: management in sustainable farming systems. CSIRO, Australia, pp 50-62
Rillig MC, Mummey, DL (2006) Mycorrhizas and soil structure. New Phytol 171:41-53
Rillig MC, Wright SF, Nichols KA, Schmidt WF, Torn MS (2001) Large contribution of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi to soil carbon pools in tropical forest soils. Plant Soil 233:167-177
Rivera-Becerril F, Calantzis C, Turnau K, Caussanel JP, Belimov AA, Gianinazzi S, Strasser RJ, Gianinazzi-Pearson V (2002) Cadmium accumulation and buffering of cadmium induced stress by arbuscular mycorrhiza in three Pisum sativum L. genotypes. J Exp Bot 53:1177-1185
Rovira AD (1994) The effect of farming practices on the soil biota. In: Pankhurst CE, Doube BM, Gupta VVSR, Grace PR (eds) Soil biota: management in sustainable farming systems. CSIRO, Australia, pp 81-87
Ryan MH, Angus JF, (2003) Arbuscular mycorrhizae in wheat and field pea crops on a low P soil: increased Zn_uptake but no increase in P-uptake or yield. Plant Soil 250:225-239
Saito M, Marumoto T (2002) Inoculation with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi: the status quo in Japan and the future prospects. Plant Soil 244:273-279
Salem SF, Dobolyi C, Helyes L, Pçk, Z, Dimçny J (2003) Side-effect of benomyl and captan on arbuscular mycorrhiza formation in tomato. Acta Hort (ISHS) 613:243-246
Sanders FE, Tinker PB (1973) Phosphate flow into mycorrhizal roots. Pestic Sci 4: 385-395
Sannazzaro AI, Ruiz OA, Alberto EO, Menendez AB (2006) Alleviation of salt stress in Lotus glaber by Glomus intraradices. Plant Soil 285:279-287
Schreiner RP, Bethlenfalvay GJ (1997) Mycorrhizae, biocides, and biocontrol. 3. Effects of three different fungicides on developmental stages of three AM fungi. Biol Fertil Soils 24:18-26
Schreiner RP, Ivors KL, Pinkerton JN (2001) Soil solarization reduces arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi as a consequence of weed suppression. Mycorrhiza 11:273-277
Schwartz MW, Hoeksema JD, Gehring CA, Johnson NC, Klironomos JN, Abbott LK, Pringle A (2006) The promise and the potential consequences of the global transport of mycorrhizal fungal inoculum. Ecol Lett 9:501-515
Scullion J, Eason WR, Scott EP (1998) The effectivity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi from high input conventional and organic grassland and grass-arable rotations. Plant Soil 204: 243-254
Sieverding E (1991) Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhiza management in tropical agrosystems. Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ), Eschborn, Germany.
Simon L, Bousquet J, Lévesque RC, Lalonde M (1993) Origin and diversification of endomycorrhizal fungi and coincidence with vascular land plants. Nature 363:67-69
Smith SE, Read DJ (1997) Mycorrhizal symbiosis. Academic, London Sorensen JN, Larsen J, Jakobsen I (2005) Mycorrhiza formation and nutrient concentration in leeks (Allium porrum) in relation to previous crop and cover crop management on high P soils. Plant Soil 273:101-114
Steinberg PD, Rillig MC (2003) Differential decomposition of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal hyphae and glomalin. Soil Biol Biochem 35:191-194
Stribley DP (1987) Mineral nutrition. In: Safir GR (Ed) Ecophysiology of VA mycorrhizae plants. CRC, Boca Raton, Fla., pp 59-70
Subhan S, Sharmila P, Pardha Saradhi P (1998) Glomus fasciculatum alleviates transplantation shock of micropropagated Sesbania sesban. Plant Cell Rep 17:268-272
Tawaraya K, Naito M, Wagatsuma T (2006) Solubilization of insoluble inorganic phosphate by hyphal exudates of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. J Plant Nutr 29:657-665
Thomas RS, Franson RL, Bethlenfalvay GJ (1993) Separation of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus and root effects on soil aggregation. Soil Sci Soc Am J 57:77-81
Tisdall JM (1991) Fungal hyphae and structural stability of soil. Aust J Soil Res 29:729-743
Tisdall JM, Oades JM (1982) Organic matter and water-stable aggregates in soils. J Soil Sci 33:141-163
Toth R, Toth D, Stark D, Smith DR (1990) Vesicular-Abucular mycorrhizal colonization in Zea mays affected by breeding for resistance to fungal pathogens. Can J Bot 68: 1039-1044
Troeh ZI, Loynachan TE (2003) Endomycorrhizal fungal survival in continuous corn, soybean, and fallow. Agron J 95:224-230
Turnau K, Ryszka P, Gianinazzi-Pearson V, van Tuinen D (2001) Identification of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in soils and roots of plants colonizing zinc wastes in southern Poland. Mycorrhiza 10:169-174
van Kessel C, Singleton PW, Hoben HJ (1985) Enhanced N-transfer from a soybean to maize by vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) fungi. Plant Physiol 79:562-563
van Tuinen D, Charvolin E, Gianinazzi-Pearson V (2004) Ribosomal sequences as a tool to study and monitor arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. In: Baar J and Josten E (eds) Programme and abstracts of the COST -Meeting role of mycorrhiza in sustainable land management. Applied Plant Research, WUR, Netherlands
Vandenkoornhuyse P, Husband R, Fitter AH, Young JPW (2002) Arbuscular mycorrhizal com-munity composition associated with two plant species in a grassland ecosystem. Mol Ecol 11: 1555-1564
Vestberg M, Saari K, Kukkonen S, Hurme T (2005) Mycotrophy of crops in rotation and soil amendment with peat influence the abundance and effectiveness of indigenous arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in field soil. Mycorrhiza 15:447-458
Vivekanandan M, Fixen PE (1991) Cropping systems effects on mycorrhizal colonization, early growth, and phosphorus uptake of corn. Soil Sci Soc Am J 55:136-140
von Alten HA, Lindemann A, Schönbeck F (1993) Stimulation of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhiza by fungicides and rhizosphere bacteria. Mycorrhiza 2: 167-173
Vyas SC, Vyas S (2000) Effect of agrochemicals on mycorrhizae. In: Mukerji KG, Chamola BP, Singh J (eds) Mycorrhizal biology. Kluwer, New York pp 289-327
Wellings NP, Wearing AH, Thompson JP (1991) Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae (VAM) improve phosphorus and zinc nutrition and growth of Pigeopea in a vertisol. Aust J Agric Res 42: 835-845
Wright SF, Upadhyaya A (1996) Extraction of an abundant and unusual protein from soil and comparison with hyphal protein of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Soil Science 161:575-586
Wright SF, Starr JL, Paltineanu IC (1999) Changes in aggregate stability and concentration of glomalin during tillage management transition. Soil Sci Soc Am J 63:1825-1829
Yamato M (2004) Morphological types of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in roots of weeds on vacant land. Mycorrhiza 14:127-131
Yano K, Takaki M (2005) Mycorrhizal alleviation of acid soil stress in the sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas). Soil Biol and Biochem 37:1569-1572
Zhu YG, Smith SE, Barritt AR, Smith FA (2001) Phosphorus (P) efficiencies and mycorrhizal responsiveness of historical and modern wheat cultivars. Plant and Soil 237:249-255
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2008 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Brito, I., Goss, M.J., de Carvalho, M., van Tuinen, D., Antunes, P.M. (2008). Agronomic Management of Indigenous Mycorrhizas. In: Varma, A. (eds) Mycorrhiza. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-78826-3_19
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-78826-3_19
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-540-78824-9
Online ISBN: 978-3-540-78826-3
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)