Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Gladman DD, Urowitz MB (2003) Systemic lupus erythe-matosus: clinical features. In: Hochberg MC, Silman AJ, Smolen JS et al (eds) Rheumatology vol. 2. Mosby, Edinburgh, pp 1359–1379
Sontheimer RD (1999) Lupus erythematosus. In: Freedberg IM, Eisen AZ, Wolff K et al (eds) Dermatology in general medicine, vol. 2. Mcgraw-hill, New York, pp 1993–2008
Sontheimer RD, Euwer RL, Geppert TD et al (1992) Connective tissue diseases. In: Moschella SL, Hurley HJ (eds) Dermatology. WB Saunders, Philadelphia, pp 1217–1265
Marshak-Rothstein A (2006) Toll-like receptors in systemic autoimmune disease. Nat Rev Immunol 6:823–835
Browning JL (2006) B cells move to centre stage: novel opportunities for autoimmune disease treatment. Nat Rev Drug Discov 5:564–576
Hochberg MC (1997) Updating the American College of Rheumatology revised criteria for the classification of systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum 40:1725
Bombardier C, Gladman DD, Urowitz MB et al (1992) Derivation of the SLEDAI. A disease activity index for lupus patients. The Committee on Prognosis Studies in SLE. Arthritis Rheum 35:630–640
Liang MH, Socher SA, Roberts WN et al (1988) Measurement of systemic lupus erythematosus activity in clinical research. Arthritis Rheum 31:817–825
Symmons DP, Coppock JS, Bacon PA et al (1988) Development and assessment of a computerized index of clinical disease activity in systemic lupus erythematosus. Members of the British Isles Lupus Assessment Group (BILAG). Q J Med 69:927–937
Kanekura T, Yoshii N, Terasaki K et al (2003) Efficacy of topical tacrolimus for treating the malar rash of systemic lupus erythematosus. Br J Dermatol 148:353–356
Goldblatt F, Isenberg DA (2005) New therapies for systemic lupus erythematosus. Clin Exp Immunol 140:205–212
Houssiau FA, Vasconcelos C, D'Cruz D et al (2004) Early response to immunosuppressive therapy predicts good renal outcome in lupus nephritis: lessons from long-term followup of patients in the Euro-Lupus Nephritis Trial. Arthritis Rheum 50:3934–3940
Chan TM, Li FK, Tang CS et al (2000) Efficacy of mycophe-nolate mofetil in patients with diffuse proliferative lupus nephritis. Hong Kong-Guangzhou Nephrology Study Group. N Engl J Med 343:1156–1162
Contreras G, Pardo V, Leclercq B et al (2004) Sequential therapies for proliferative lupus nephritis. N Engl J Med 350:971–980
Ginzler EM, Dooley MA, Aranow C et al (2005) Mycophenolate mofetil or intravenous cyclophosphamide for lupus nephritis. N Engl J Med 353:2219–2228
Wallace DJ (2001) Apheresis for lupus erythematosus: state of the art. Lupus 10:193–196
Anolik JH, Barnard J, Cappione A et al (2004) Rituximab improves peripheral B cell abnormalities in human systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum 50:3580–3590
Leandro MJ, Edwards JC, Cambridge G et al (2002) An open study of B lymphocyte depletion in systemic lupus ery-thematosus. Arthritis Rheum 46:2673–2677
Smith KG, Jones RB, Burns SM et al (2006) Long-term comparison of rituximab treatment for refractory systemic lupus erythematosus and vasculitis: Remission, relapse, and re-treatment. Arthritis Rheum 54:2970–2982
Traynor AE, Barr WG, Rosa RM et al (2002) Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for severe and refractory lupus. Analysis after five years and fifteen patients. Arthritis Rheum 46:2917–2923
Croker JA, Kimberly RP (2005) SLE: challenges and candidates in human disease. Trends Immunol 26:580–586
Denton CP, Black C (2003) Management of systemic sclerosis. In: Hochberg MC, Silman AJ, Smolen JS et al (eds) Rheumatology, vol 2. Mosby, Edinburgh, pp 1493–1506
Goodfield MJD, Jones SK, Veale DJ (2004) The connective tissue diseases. In: Burns T, Breathnach S, Cox N et al (eds) Rook's textbook of dermatology, vol. 3. Blackwell, Malden, pp 56.1–56.147
Mayes MD, Reveille JD (2004) Epidemiology, demographics, and genetics. In: Clements PJ, Furst DE (eds) Systemic sclerosis. Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, pp 39–62
Steen VD (2003) Epidemiology of systemic sclerosis. In: Hochberg MC, Silman AJ, Smolen JS et al (eds), Rheumatology, vol. 2. Mosby, Edinburgh, pp 1455–1462
Charles C, Clements P, Furst DE (2006) Systemic sclerosis: hypothesis-driven treatment strategies. Lancet 367:1683–1691
Tan FK, Stivers DN, Foster MW et al (1998) Association of microsatellite markers near the fibrillin 1 gene on human chromosome 15q with scleroderma in a Native American population. Arthritis Rheum 41:1729–1737
Tan FK, Wang N, Kuwana M et al (2001) Association of fibrillin 1 single-nucleotide polymorphism haplotypes with systemic sclerosis in Choctaw and Japanese populations. Arthritis Rheum 44:893–901
Guiducci S, Pignone A, Matucci-Cerinic M (2004) Raynaud's phenomenon in systemic sclerosis. In: Clements PJ, Furst DE (eds) systemic sclerosis. Williams &Wilkins, Philadelphia, pp 221–240
Ihn H (2002) Pathogenesis of fibrosis: role of TGF-beta and CTGF. Curr Opin Rheumatol 14:681–685
Sato S, Fujimoto M, Hasegawa M et al (2004) Altered B lymphocyte function induces systemic autoimmunity in systemic sclerosis. Mol Immunol 41:1123–1133
Takehara K (2003) Hypothesis: pathogenesis of systemic sclerosis. J Rheumatol 30:755–759
Jimenez SA, Christner PJ, Gershwin ME (2004) Animal models of systemic sclerosis. In: Clements PJ, Furst DE (eds) Systemic sclerosis. Williams &Wilkins, Philadelphia, pp 39–62
Varga J, Korn JH (2004) Emphasis on human data. In: Clements PJ, Furst DE (eds) Systemic sclerosis. Williams &Wilkins, Philadelphia, pp 63–98
Hasegawa M, Hamaguchi Y, Yanaba K et al (2006) B-lymphocyte depletion reduces skin fibrosis and autoimmu-nity in the tight-skin mouse model for systemic sclerosis. Am J Pathol 169:954–966
Saito E, Fujimoto M, Hasegawa M et al (2002) CD19-dependent B lymphocyte signaling thresholds influence skin fibrosis and autoimmunity in the tight-skin mouse. J Clin Invest 109:1453–1462
Subcommittee for Scleroderma Criteria of the American Rheumatism Association Diagnostic and Therapeutic Criteria Committee (1980) Preliminary criteria for the clas-sification of systemic sclerosis (scleroderma). Arthritis Rheum 23:581–590
LeRoy EC, Krieg T, Black C et al (1988) Scleroderma (systemic sclerosis): classification, subsets, and pathogenesis. J Rheumatol 15:202–205
Medsger TA Jr (2004) Classification, prognosis. In: Clements PJ, Furst DE (eds) Systemic sclerosis. Williams &Wilkins, Philadelphia, pp 17–28
Steen VD, Medsger TA Jr (2000) Severe organ involvement in systemic sclerosis with diffuse scleroderma. Arthritis Rheum 43:2437–2444
Steen VD, Powell DL, Medsger TAJ (1988) Clinical correlations and prognosis based on serum autoantibodies in patients with systemic sclerosis. Arthritis Rheum 31:196–203
Okano Y (1996) Antinuclear antibody in systemic sclerosis (scleroderma). Rheum Dis Clin North Am 22:709–735
Clements PJ, Hurwitz EL, Wong WK et al (2000) Skin thickness score as a predictor and correlate of outcome in systemic sclerosis: high-dose versus low-dose penicillamine trial. Arthritis Rheum 43:2445–2454
Medsger TA Jr, Silman AJ, Steen VD et al (1999) A disease severity scale for systemic sclerosis: development and testing. J Rheumatol 26:2159–2167
Fries R, Shariat K, von Wilmowsky H et al (2005) Sildenafil in the treatment of Raynaud's phenomenon resistant to vaso-dilatory therapy. Circulation 112:2980–2985
Korn JH, Mayes M, Matucci Cerinic M et al (2004) Digital ulcers in systemic sclerosis: prevention by treatment with bosentan, an oral endothelin receptor antagonist. Arthritis Rheum 50:3985–9393
Rosenkranz S, Diet F, Karasch T, Weihrauch J, Wassermann K, Erdmann E (2003) Sildenafil improved pulmonary hypertension and peripheral blood flow in a patient with sclero-derma-associated lung fibrosis and the raynaud phenomenon. Ann Intern Med 139:871–873
Rubin LJ, Badesch DB, Barst RJ et al (2002) Bosentan therapy for pulmonary arterial hypertension. N Engl J Med 346:896–903
Steen VD (2004) Renal involvement in systemic sclerosis. In: Clements PJ, Furst DE (eds) Systemic sclerosis. Williams &Wilkins, Philadelphia, pp 279–292
Lopez-Ovejero JA, Saal SD, D'Angelo WA et al (1979) Reversal of vascular and renal crises of scleroderma by oral angiotensin-converting-enzyme blockade. N Engl J Med 300:1417–1419
Clements P, Lachenbrush P, Seibold J et al (1995) Inter and intraobserver variability of total skin thickness score (modi-fied Rodnan TSS) in systemic sclerosis. J Rheumatol 22:1281–1285
Pope JE, Bellamy N, Seibold JR et al (2001) A randomized, controlled trial of methotrexate versus placebo in early diffuse scleroderma. Arthritis Rheum 44:1351–1358
van den Hoogen FH, Boerbooms AM, Swaak AJ et al (1996) Comparison of methotrexate with placebo in the treatment of systemic sclerosis: a 24 week randomized double-blind trial, followed by a 24 week observational trial. Br J Rheumatol 35:364–372
Clements PJ, Lachenbruch PA, Sterz M et al (1993) Cyclosporine in systemic sclerosis. Results of a forty-eight-week open safety study in ten patients. Arthritis Rheum 36:75–83
Hoyles RK, Ellis RW, Wellsbury J et al (2006) A multicenter, prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of corticosteroids and intravenous cyclophosphamide followed by oral azathioprine for the treatment of pulmonary fibrosis in scleroderma. Arthritis Rheum 54:3962–3970
Khanna D, Clements PJ, Furst DE et al (2005) Correlation of the degree of dyspnea with health-related quality of life, functional abilities, and diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide in patients with systemic sclerosis and active alveoli-tis: results from the Scleroderma Lung Study. Arthritis Rheum 52:592–600
Tashkin DP, Elashoff R, Clements PJ et al (2006) Cyclophosphamide versus placebo in scleroderma lung disease. N Engl J Med 354:2655–2666
Furst DE, Nash R, Sullivan KM et al (2004) High dose immunotherapy with stem cell rescue in severe systemic sclerosis: an idea that is moving forward. J Rheumatol 31:2331–2335
Denton CP, Black CM (2005) Targeted therapy comes of age in scleroderma. Trends Immunol 26:596–602
Varga J (2004) Antifibrotic therapy in scleroderma: extracellular or intracellular targeting of activated fibroblasts? Curr Rheumatol Rep 6:164–170
Denton CP, Merkel PA, Furst DE et al (2004) Anti-TGF beta 1 therapy for diffuse cutaneous systemic sclerosis: a multicenter, randomized, placebo-controlled PhaseI/II trial of CAT-192. Arthritis Rheum 50:S691–S692
Ishida W, Bhattacharyya S, Hinchcliff M et al (2006) Novel role of C-abl tyrosine kinase in profibrotic TGF-beta responses: selective moduration by the anticancer drug ima-tinib methylate (gleevec). Arthritis Rheum 54:S776–S777
Lafyatis R, Kissin E, Viger K et al (2006) Rituximab treatment for patients with diffuse cutaneous systemic sclerosis-A phase I study. Arthritis Rheum 54:S523–S524
Oddies CV, Medsger TA Jr (2003) Inflammatory muscle disease:clinical features. In: Hochberg MC, Silman AJ, Smolen JS (eds) Rheumatology, vol. 2. Mosby, Edinburgh, pp 1537–1554
Sontheimer RD (1999) Dermatomyositis. In: Freedberg IM, Eisen AZ, Wolff K et al (eds) Dermatology in general medicine, vol 2. McGraw-Hill, New York, pp 2009–2022
Arnett FC, Goldstein R, Duvic M et al (1988) Major histo-compatibility complex genes in systemic lupus erythemato-sus, Sjogren's syndrome, and polymyositis. Am J Med 85:38–41
Christopher-Stine L, Plotz PH (2004) Myositis: an update on pathogenesis. Curr Opin Rheumatol 16:700–706
Love LA, Leff RL, Fraser DD et al (1991) A new approach to the classification of idiopathic inflammatory myopathy: myositis-specific autoantibodies define useful homogeneous patient groups. Medicine (Baltimore) 70:360–374
Christensen ML, Pachman LM, Schneiderman R et al (1986) Prevalence of Coxsackie B virus antibodies in patients with juvenile dermatomyositis. Arthritis Rheum 29:1365–1370
Medsger TA Jr, Dawson WN Jr, Masi AT (1970) The epidemiology of polymyositis. Am J Med 48:715–723
Friedman AW, Targoff IN, Arnett FC (1996) Interstitial lung disease with autoantibodies against aminoacyl-tRNA syn-thetases in the absence of clinically apparent myositis. Semin Arthritis Rheum 26:459–467
Bohan A, Peter JB (1975) Polymyositis and dermatomyosi-tis (first of two parts). N Eng J Med 292:344–348
Bohan A, Peter JB (1975) Polymyositis and dermatomyosi-tis (second of two parts). N Eng J Med 292:403–407
Euwer RL, Sontheimer RD (1991) Amyopathic dermato-myositis (dermatomyositis sine myositis). Presentation of six new cases and review of the literature. J Am Acad Dermatol 24:959–966
Gerami P, Schope JM, McDonald L et al (2006) A systematic review of adult-onset clinically amyopathic dermato-myositis (dermatomyositis sine myositis): a missing link within the spectrum of the idiopathic inflammatory myopathies. J Am Acad Dermatol 54:597–613
Euwer RL, Sontheimer RD (1994) Dermatologic aspects of myositis. Curr Opin Rheumatol 6:583–589
Clawson K, Oddis CV (1995) Adult respiratory distress syndrome in polymyositis patients with the anti-Jo-1 antibody. Arthritis Rheum 38:1519–1523
Sato S, Hirakata M, Kuwana M et al (2005) Autoantibodies to a 140-kd polypeptide, CADM-140, in Japanese patients with clinically amyopathic dermatomyositis. Arthritis Rheum 52:1571–1576
Roberts LJ, Fink CW (1988) Childhood polymyositis/der-matomyositis. Clin Dermatol 6(36–46):49–51
Kaji K, Fujimoto M, Hasegawa M et al (2007) Identification of a novel autoantibody reactive with 155 and 140 kDa nuclear proteins in patients with dermatomyositis: an association with malignancy. Rheumatology (Oxford) 46:25–28
Dalakas MC, Illa I, Dambrosia JM et al (1993) A controlled trial of high-dose intravenous immune globulin infusions as treatment for dermatomyositis. N Engl J Med 329:1993–2000
Berger RG, Featherstone GL, Raasch RH et al (1987) Treatment of calcinosis universalis with low-dose warfarin. Am J Med 83:72–76
Oliveri MB, Palermo R, Mautalen C et al (1996) Regression of calcinosis during diltiazem treatment in juvenile dermato-myositis. J Rheumatol 23:2152–2155
Wilkes MR, Sereika SM, Fertig N et al (2005) Treatment of antisynthetase-associated interstitial lung disease with tac-rolimus. Arthritis Rheum 52:2439–2446
Pisoni CN, Cuadrado MJ, Khamashta MA et al (2007) Mycophenolate mofetil treatment in resistant myositis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 46:516–518
Levine TD (2005) Rituximab in the treatment of dermatomy-ositis: an open-label pilot study. Arthritis Rheum 52:601–607
Mandell BF, Hoffman GS (1999) Systemic necrotizing arteritis. In: Freedberg IM, Eisen AZ, Wolff K et al (eds) Dermtology in general medicine. McGraw-Hill, New York, pp 2034–2044
Soto O, Conn DL (2003) Polyarteritis nodosa and microscopic polyangiitis. In: Hochberg MC, Silman AJ, Smolen JS (eds) Rheumatology, vol 2. Mosby, Edinburgh, pp 1611–1621
Xiao H, Heeringa P, Hu P et al (2002) Antineutrophil cyto-plasmic autoantibodies specific for myeloperoxidase cause glomerulonephritis and vasculitis in mice. J Clin Invest 110:955–963
Jennette JC, Falk RJ, Andrassy K et al (1994) Nomenclature of systemic vasculitides. Proposal of an international consensus conference. Arthritis Rheum 37:187–192
Gayraud M, Guillevin L, le Toumelin P et al (2001) Longterm followup of polyarteritis nodosa, microscopic poly-angiitis, and Churg-Strauss syndrome: analysis of four prospective trials including 278 patients. Arthritis Rheum 44:666–675
Guillevin L, Cohen P, Mahr A et al (2003) Treatment of polyarteritis nodosa and microscopic polyangiitis with poor prognosis factors: a prospective trial comparing glucocorti-coids and six or twelve cyclophosphamide pulses in sixty-five patients. Arthritis Rheum 49:93–100
Gordon M, Luqmani RA, Adu D et al (1993) Relapses in patients with a systemic vasculitis. Q J Med 86:779–789
Specks U (2005) Methotrexate for Wegener's granulomato-sis: what is the evidence? Arthritis Rheum 52:2237–2242
Jayne D, Rasmussen N, Andrassy K et al (2003) A randomized trial of maintenance therapy for vasculitis associated with antineutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibodies. N Engl J Med 349:36–44
Jayne DR, Chapel H, Adu D et al (2000) Intravenous immunoglobulin for ANCA-associated systemic vasculitis with persistent disease activity. QJM 93:433–439
Daikeler T, Kotter I, Bocelli Tyndall C et al (2006) Haematopoietic stem cell transplantation for vasculitis including Behcet;s disease and polychondritis—a retrospective analysis of patients recorded to the European Bone Marrow Transplantation (EBMT) and European League Against Rheumatism (EULAR) databases and a review of the literature. Ann Rheum Dis 66:202–207
Wegener's Granulomatosis Etanercept Trial (WGET) Research Group (2005) Etanercept plus standard therapy for Wegener's granulomatosis. N Engl J Med 352:351–361
Catoggio LJ (2003) Inflammatory muscle disease: management. In: Hochberg MC, Silman AJ, Smolen JS, Weinblattt ME, Weisman MH (eds) Rheumatology, vol 2. Mosby, Edinburgh, pp 1555–1562
Targoff IN, Mamyrova G, Trieu EP et al (2006) A novel autoantibody to a 155-kd protein is associated with der-matomyositis. Arthritis Rheum 54:3682–3689
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2010 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Hasegawa, M., Sato, S. (2010). Connective Tissue Diseases. In: Krieg, T., Bickers, D.R., Miyachi, Y. (eds) Therapy of Skin Diseases. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-78814-0_37
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-78814-0_37
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-540-78813-3
Online ISBN: 978-3-540-78814-0
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)