Molecules, compared to atoms, have additional degrees of freedom. Not only do the electrons move around the nuclei, but also the nuclei move relative to each other. This allows for a multitude of new phenomena, already without the action of external fields.
By coupling an external electric field to the molecular dynamics, such diverse topics as femtosecond spectroscopy, control of molecular dynamics, and the realization of quantum logic operations emerge. Before entering that wide field, some basics of molecular theory will be repeated by discussing the simplest molecule, the hydrogen molecular ion.
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(2008). Molecules in Strong Laser Fields. In: Theoretical Femtosecond Physics. Springer Series on Atomic, Optical, and Plasma Physics, vol 48. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-77897-4_5
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